ii

Basic Old Testament

Hebrew
Eddy Lanz
Rawalpindi
Eved Adonai - Is 53:11
2013

ii
Copyright 2013 Eddy Lanz.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no
Back-Cover Texts.

Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Letters of the Alphabet

1.1 The Letters of the Hebrew Alphabet
1.2 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Guttural Sounds . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Syllables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Emphasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 The bakpa-Sounds . . . . . . .
1.7 The Dagesh and the Mappiq . . . . .
1.8 The Meteg . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9 Vocab: Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

1
1
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7

2 Nouns
2.1 Vowel Reduction . . . . .
2.2 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Gender . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Number . . . . . .
2.2.3 Some Abbreviations
2.3 Vocab: Nouns . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

9
9
10
10
11
11
12

iii

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

iv

CONTENTS

3 Nouns cont.
3.1 Characteristics of the Gutturals and of R
3.2 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 The Definite Article . . . . . . .
3.2.2 The Hebrew Construct Chain . .
3.3 Vocabulary: Nouns . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.

15
15
16
16
18
20

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

23
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
25
26

.
.
.
.
.

29
29
30
31
31
32

6 Qal Imperfect
6.1 The Meaning of the Imperfect . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Qal Imperfect Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35
35
37
38

4 Adjectives, Qal Part.

4.1 Adjectives: Forms . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 The Use of Adjectives . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Attributive Use . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 Predicative Use . . . . . . . .
4.2.3 Substantive Use . . . . . . . .
4.3 Qal Active Participles . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Qal Passive Participles . . . . . . . . .
4.5 The Use of Participles . . . . . . . . .
4.6 Vocabulary: Adjectives, Participles etc.
5 Qal Perfect
5.1 The Meaning of the Perfect . . . . .
5.2 Abbreviations for Verb Form Tables
5.3 Qal Perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Weak Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Vocab: Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

CONTENTS

7 Qal Imperatives
7.1 Positive and Negative Commandments . . . . . .
7.2 Qal Imperative Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41
41
42
43

8 Qal Infinitives
8.1 Noun with Suffixes . . . . . .
8.2 Qal Infinitives . . . . . . . . .
8.3 Use of the Infinitive Construct .
8.4 Use of the Infinitive Absolute .
8.5 Vocabulary: Verbs . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.

45
45
46
46
48
49

.
.
.
.
.

53
53
55
55
56
56

.
.
.
.

59
59
60
60
61

.
.
.
.
.

63
63
65
65
65
66

9 Niphal Perf., Impv., Inf.

9.1 Meaning of the Niphal
9.2 Niphal Perfect . . . . .
9.3 Niphal Imperatives . .
9.4 Niphal Infinitives . . .
9.5 Vocabulary: Verbs etc.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

10 Niphal Impf., Pass. Part.

10.1 Niphal Imperfect . . . . . .
10.2 Niphal Participle . . . . . .
10.3 The Forms of the Conjunction
10.4 Vocab: Prepositions . . . . .
11 Pil Perf., Impv., Inf.
11.1 Meaning of the Pil
11.2 Pil Perfect . . . .
11.3 Pil Imperatives . .
11.4 Pil Infinitives . .
11.5 Vocabulary . . . .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. . .
. . .
w
. . .
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

vi

CONTENTS

12 Pil Impf., Act. Part.

12.1 Waw Consecutive . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2 The Verb with Pronominal Object Suffixes
12.3 Pil Imperfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.4 Pil Active Participle . . . . . . . . . . .
12.5 Vocab: Pronouns, Nouns . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

69
69
70
71
71
71

13 Pual Perf., Inf.

13.1 The Meaning of the Pual . .
13.2 Pual Perfect . . . . . . . . .
13.3 Pual Infinitive . . . . . . . .
13.4 Vocab: Small Words, Nouns

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

75
75
76
76
76

14 Pual Impf., Pass. Part.

14.1 Pual Imperfect . . . . . . . . .
14.2 Pual Passive Participle . . . . .
14.3 Volitional Sequences . . . . . .
14.4 Numbers and others . . . . . . .
14.5 Vocabulary: Numbers and others

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

79
79
80
80
81
82

15 Hithpal Perf., Impv., Inf.

15.1 Meaning of the Hithpal
15.2 Hithpal Perfect . . . . .
15.3 Hithpal Imperatives . .
15.4 Hithpal Infinitives . . .
15.5 Vocab: Nouns . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

85
85
87
87
87
88

16 Hithpal Impf., Part.

16.1 Hithpal Imperfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.2 Hithpal Participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.3 Vocabulary: Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

91
91
92
92

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

CONTENTS

vii

17 Hiphil Perf., Impv., Inf.

17.1 Meaning of the Hiphil
17.2 Hiphil Perfect . . . . .
17.3 Hiphil Imperatives . .
17.4 Hiphil Infinitives . . .
17.5 Vocabulary . . . . . .

95
95
98
98
99
99

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

18 Hiphil Impf., Act. Part.

103
18.1 Hiphil Imperfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
18.2 Hiphil Active Participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
18.3 Vocab: Hiphil, Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
19 Hophal Perf., Inf.
19.1 Meaning of the Hophal
19.2 Hophal Perfect . . . .
19.3 Hophal Infinitive . . .
19.4 Vocabulary: Nouns . .

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

107
107
108
108
109

20 Hophal Impf., Pass. Part.

111
20.1 Hophal Imperfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
20.2 Hophal Passive Participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
20.3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
A The Hebrew Alphabet

115

B Most Frequent Words

B.1 lep . . . . . .
B.2 b . . . . . . .
B.3 gmel . . . . . .
B.4 dle . . . . . .
B.5 h . . . . . . .
B.6 ww . . . . . .

119
120
123
124
125
125
126

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

viii

CONTENTS
B.7
B.8
B.9
B.10
B.11
B.12
B.13
B.14
B.15
B.16
B.17
B.18
B.19
B.20
B.21
B.22
B.23
B.24
B.25

zayin . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
y . . . . . . . . . .
kap . . . . . . . . . .
lme . . . . . . . .
mm . . . . . . . . .
nn . . . . . . . . . .
sme . . . . . . . .
ayin . . . . . . . . .
ph . . . . . . . . . .
h . . . . . . . . .
qp . . . . . . . . . .
r . . . . . . . . . .
n . . . . . . . . . .
n . . . . . . . . . .
tw . . . . . . . . . .
Urdu Abbreviations .
Heb-Ur Transcription

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

126
127
129
129
131
133
134
137
139
140
143
144
145
147
149
150
154
156
157

C Verb Forms
C.1 Strong Verb . . . . . . . . .
C.2 Strong Verb with Suffixes . .
C.3 I-Guttural . . . . . . . . . .
C.4 II-Guttural . . . . . . . . . .
C.5 III-Guttural . . . . . . . . .
C.6 Geminate . . . . . . . . . .
C.7 I-Nun . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.8 I-Aleph . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.9 I-Yod/Waw . . . . . . . . .
C.10 Biconsonantal (II-Waw/Yod)

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

159
160
162
164
165
166
168
170
171
172
174

CONTENTS

ix

C.11 III-Aleph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

C.12 III-He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
D Hebrew Verses

181

E Abbreviations

221

CONTENTS

Preface
This is a very basic Old Testament Hebrew text book. The vocabulary in the 20 lessons is less than 500 words. But these words
are used very often and will make up 70 percent or more of any
given text.
The same approach has been used with regard to the verb
forms. With the different forms of we have given one example for the strong verb. The student who has mastered these forms
has a good starting point to recognize other verb forms as well,
for example the different weak verbs, examples of which are also
given in the appendix. It is a minimalistic approach to introduce
the student into Old Testament Hebrew. Much more has to be
learned. But it is a start.
The Bible verses in the appendix have been added to encourage the student to use his skills to read the Word of God of the
Old Covenant in the original language. The excitement of recognizing the Word of God anew in its more original setting may lead
him to study more and dig more into the Word of God. This is
the ultimate purpose of this book. To encourage people out of the
love for the Word of God to work harder to get to its treasures.
May this be rewarding and a blessing for God's church.

Chapter 1

The Hebrew Alphabet. The

Letters and Sounds.
1.1

The Letters of the Hebrew Alphabet

In the writing system of the Hebrew letters the consonants were

historically more important than the vowels. It is a well known
fact that the Hebrew text of the Old Testament was for centuries
only written with consonants.1 The vowel signs were added at a
time when the consonant text was already fixed. The Masoretic
consonant text goes back to about 100 C.E. and has become dominant around 132-135 C.E. The vowel signs are added above or
below the consonants.
Consonants
1. See E. Wrthwein, Der Text des Alten Testaments, edition no. 4 (Stuttgart:
Wrttembergische Bibelanstalt, 1973), 230 pp, p. 15-18.

CHAPTER 1. LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET

Name

Letter

lep
b

gmel
dle
h
ww
zayin

y
kap
lme
mm
nn
sme
ayin
ph
h
qp
r
n
n
tw

Transcription

h
w
z

y
k

l
m
n
s

p
p

q
r

IPA
Pronunciation
[] or
[b]
[v]
[g]
[g]
[d]
[]
[h] or
[w]
[z]
[H]
[t]
[j] or
[k]
[x]
[l]
[m]
[n]
[s]
[]
[p]
[f]
[ts]
[q]
[r]
[s]
[]
[t]
[]

1.2. LITERATURE

The Vowel Signs

Name
simple
paa
qme
req
r
sl
lem
qibb/req

ba
b or bo
bi or b
b
be
b
bu qibb

w
p paa
p sl
p qme

1.2

+ m. l.
y

+ m. l.
w

b
b
b
b

req

+
m. l.
h

Literature

A very good book to get an overview of and a good introduction

into biblical Hebrew is Thomas O. Lambdin and Heinrich von
Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, Third (Giessen: Brunnen,
1999). A good "classical" grammar is W. Gesenius, Kautzsch E.,
and A. E. Cowley, Hebrew Grammar, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1976). A
standard lexicon is Fr. Brown, S. R. Driver, and Ch. A. Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (Oxford, 1980).
Together with the last mentioned book Bruce Einspahr, Index to
Brown, Driver & Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (Chicago: Moody Press,
1980) can be very useful.
If not otherwise mentioned the Hebrew Bible texts are given according to OpenScriptures.org, ed., Westminster Leningrad Codex,

CHAPTER 1. LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET

[accessed September 1, 2012], 2010, http : / / www . crossw

ire . org / sword / modules / ModInfo . jsp ? modName = OS
MHB and the English Bible texts according to Good News Publishers, ed., English Standard Version, [Accessed May 9, 2011],
2001, http://www.crosswire.org/sword/modules/Mod
Info.jsp?modName=ESV.

1.3

Guttural Sounds

The following four sounds are called gutturals. They are mentioned here as an extra group because there will be some special
rules for them in the following.
Name
Letter
Transcribed IPA Pronunciation
lep

[] or
h

h
[h] or

[H]
ayin

[] or

1.4

Syllables

Syllables are either open or closed. Syllables ending in a vowel

are open. Syllables ending in a consonant are closed. For example
in br the first syllable b is open and the second syllable
r is closed: b-r.2
2. For further information see Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch BibelHebrisch, 2.

1.5. EMPHASIS

1.5

Emphasis

The accented or stressed syllable in a Hebrew word is either the

last syllable (ultima) or the second-last syllable (penult or penultimate syllable). Most often the stress is on the ultima.
Ultima stressed:
br .
Penult stressed: mle.3
The accented syllable is the tonic syllable or tone syllable. The
syllable before the tonic syllable is called pretonic syllable. The
syllable before the pretonic syllable is called propretonic.4 In this
book no accent mark is used if a Hebrew word is stressed on the
last syllable. An accent mark may be used if the Hebrew word is
stressed on the penult.

1.6

The bakpa-Sounds

The following six plosives and six affricates are related to each
other and we have to look at them especially:5
plosives
bgdkpt
affricates
b k p .
6
Some simplifying rules may help to understand the use of the
plosives and the affricates.
1. Only the plosives can be doubled, for example in relationship with the use of the definite article: habbyi.
3. For further information see ibid., 3.
4. See Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001), p. 18.
5. See Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 4.
6. For more information see ibid., 4.

CHAPTER 1. LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET

2. The plosives stand at the beginning of a syllable if a consonant is preceding the syllable: mal-k (my king).
3. In all other cases the affricates are used.
(a) At the end of a syllable: m-le or
(b) at the beginning of a syllable if a vowel is preceding
it: m-l-m kings.

1.7

The Dagesh and the Mappiq

The Dagesh is a point placed in the middle of a consonant. It is

called Dagesh Forte (strong Dagesh) if it shows the doubling of
the consonant. It is a Dagesh Lene (soft Dagesh) if it marks the
six plosives of the bakpa-Sounds. The point used in the final
is called Mappiq.

1.8

The Meteg

The Meteg is a short vertical stroke placed under a consonant on

the left side of the vowel sign. It is used for several functions. For
example it can be used to show that the pronunciation of a qme
is and not o where there could be doubts:
lh "she ate" is different from olh "food".7
7. See Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 11.

1.9. VOCAB: NOUNS

1.9

Vocabulary: Nouns and others

English
father
man, people,
mankind
brother
man
mother
woman

Urdu
: 001
: 007

: 015

: 025
036
053

house
flesh
great
he
she
and
this (sg. f.)
this (sg. m.)
wise
good

068
083
089
(
)106
(
)107
117
(
)
118
(
)
121

144

163

216

228
236
: 245

173

what?
who?
king

child
bread

Transcribed Hebrew

CHAPTER 1. LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET

eye, spring
mouth
face, surface
head, leader, capital

2 1 : 320

: 345
2
1:
350

2
1 : 395
3

Chapter 2

Nouns
2.1

Vowel Reduction

A lot of changes within different forms of Hebrew words can be

understood on the background of clear and predictable patterns.
One of the more important patterns is the reduction of vowels.1
1. Rule 1: The vowels and are regularly reduced to if
they are found in a propretonic open syllable.
n + m *n--m2 nm
.
2. Rule 2: The vowels and are often reduced to if they
are found in a pretonic open syllable. This happens especially in words in which the first syllable (the propretonic)
is unchangeable (because it contains an unchangeable long
vowel or because it is a closed syllable) and in which the
1. For this section see Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch,
5.
2. The sign * is used to show that the form is only imagined, but not real.

10

CHAPTER 2. NOUNS
second syllable would contain an .
ql + m *qlm qlm .
Many verbforms can be explained on the background of this
rule 2 with every kind of vowel involved:
yiql + yiql.
3. The Shewa-Rule: In Hebrew there can not be two subsequent syllables both containing the (w sound):
consonant + + cons. + cons. + i + cons. +
l + n
lin
( not *ln).

2.2

Nouns

"Noun" in English means name and is also a grammatical term.

which also means both name and
The equivalent in Urdu is
3
points to a grammatical term.

2.2.1

Gender

The gender ( ) of a noun is normally either masculine ( ) or

feminine (
) in Hebrew. If a noun can be both masculine or
feminine, then it is of common gender, but this is seldom.4 The
form of the noun can be a pointer to the gender: Nouns which end
in -h or - (especially -e or -a) are almost exclusively feminine.
For example queen or daughter. Nouns with other
endings are usually masculine. But there are some important exceptions like the following feminine words stone, city,
3. For this section see Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch,
12-13 and Pratico and Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, p. 28-35.
4. An example for a word which is used both as masculine and feminine is
way.

2.2. NOUNS

11

and earth. Because there are exceptions the gender for each
word has to be learned separately.

2.2.2

Number

The noun is singular ( )or dual or plural ( ). The dual is

only used for the parts of the body which come in pairs ( like
"two hands" yyim ) and for certain expressions of time
and number (like "two days" ymyim ) . Here are some
singular and plural examples of masculine and feminine words.
Singular English
Plural English

king

kings

queen

queens

son

sons

father

fathers

woman

women

man

men

2.2.3
as.
cs.
v.
c.

Some Abbreviations
absolute state
construct state
vocative
common gender

Sg. or s
Pl. or p
m.
f.

Singular
Plural
masculine gender
feminine gender

12

2.3

CHAPTER 2. NOUNS

Vocabulary: Nouns and others

English
noun: light; verb,
Q.: shine, light up
sign
end, behind, issue,
the future

Urdu
: 011
:

: 012
: 021

024
:

030
046
159

is not, non
existence, nothing
god
nose, anger
(short) sword
hand, power
existence, there is,
it exists
the whole, all

: 200

205

207

: 214

silver (the metal)

heart

water, waters
prophet
horse
servant, slave

throne

shield

166
185

Transcribed Hebrew

225

:
237
: 271
: 301

: 306

2.3. VOCAB: NOUNS

flying creatures,
bird
dust
tree(s)
bone, being
fruit
rock
verb: be
insignificant; adj.:
small

13

317

: 335

2
1 : 336
2 1 : 337
3

: 355
2
1 : 367
:

: 382

14

CHAPTER 2. NOUNS

Chapter 3

More about Nouns

3.1

Characteristics of the Gutturals and of R

1. The gutturals and can not be doubled.1 Normally after

the definite Article the following consonant is doubled.
But in the case of gutturals and this can not happen. In
this case the definite article might just be or it might
be a lengthened both without doubling of the following
consonant.
2. The Shewa sound can not follow a guttural. In most cases
the expected is substituted by and less often by or .
m + m mm ( not *mm).
3. If a word ends on a "paa furtivum" follows a
preceding , , or . For example the word for wind,
breath, spirit is

ra . This rule is not valid for a

1. See Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 6.

15

16

CHAPTER 3. NOUNS CONT.

used as a mater lectionis, meaning which is used as a vowel
sign.

3.2

Nouns

3.2.1

The Definite Article

The use of the definite article in Hebrew is similar to the use of

the definite article in English ("the").2
1. General form
Generally its form is ha- plus doubling of the following
consonant. The definite article is prefixed to the noun or
adjective which is made thus definite through the definite
article.
Indefinite English
Definite English

(a) king

the king

women

the women
There is no indefinite article (like "a" in English) in Hebrew. Therefore the word for "king" above can mean without definite article "a king" or "king". A noun with definite
article can also stand for the vocative. Therefore the Hebrew phrase above for "the king" can also mean: "O king!"
2. Its form before gutturals and
As we have seen above these consonants can not be doubled. Therefore the prefixing of the definite article here is
different.
2. For the definite article see Pratico and Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, p.
40-43 and Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 14, 18, and 21.

3.2. NOUNS

17

(a) The definite article before and is h-.

Indefinite English
Definite English

(a) man

the man

(a) head

the head
(b) The definite article before is normally h-,
but if an unstressed follows it is he-.
Indefinite English
Definite English

(a) city

the city

cities

the cities
(c) The definite article before is normally ha(without doubling of the consonant),
but if an unstressed follows it is he-.
Indefinite English
Definite English

(a) palace

the palace

mountains

the mountains
(d) The definite article before is normally ha(without doubling of the consonant),
but if a stressed or unstressed follows it is he-.
Indefinite English
Definite English

(a) sword

the sword

(a) wise one

the wise one
3. Its form before y- or mIf a word starts with y- or m- (in case of m- only if the
following syllable is closed), the definite article is normally
ha- (without doubling of the consonant, which has the
effect that one syllable is "lost"). But this rule is not valid
if the second syllable of the noun starts with
or .

18

CHAPTER 3. NOUNS CONT.

Indefinite

3.2.2

Engl. + Transcr.
boys yldm
spies mragglm
kings mlm

Definite

Engl. + Transcr.
the boys hayldm
the spies hamragglm
the kings hammlm

The Hebrew Construct Chain

The Hebrew construct chain conveys an idea which is expressed

in English by "of" and in Urdu by
.3
1. Construct and absolute state.
If there are two words in a construct chain, then the first
(here: dar) is in the construct state (cs.) and the second
(here: hammele) in the absolute state (as.):
"the word of the king". Often the construct state of a noun
is different from the absolute state and has to be learned
separately.
2. Definiteness and indefiniteness.
Only the last noun in a construct chain may have the definite
article. The definiteness of the whole chain depends on the
last noun. If the last noun is definite,4 then the whole chain
is definite.
(a) definite: the word of the king .
(b) indefinite: a word of a king .
3. For the construct chain in Hebrew see Pratico and Pelt, Basics of Biblical
Hebrew, p. 97-107 and Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch,
72-73.75-76.78-79.
4. A noun is definite, if 1. it has the definite article, 2. has a pronominal
suffix, 3. is in the construct state before a definite phrase or 4. is a proper name.
See ibid., p. 68 note.

3.2. NOUNS

19

(c) To convey the idea that the first noun is indefinite,

but the second definite, another construction is used
which is accomplished by the preposition :
a psalm of David .

3. Plural or singular.
The nouns in the construct state or those in the absolute
state can both be singular or plural.

4. Multiple construct nouns.

The construct chain can have more than two nouns:
the word of the king of the country .

5. Construct chains with adjectives.

An adjective modifying a construct or an absolute noun follows the entire construct chain:5
the good word of the queen .
the word of the good queen .

Examples: Ps 31:5; 32:1; 33:4; 36:9; 103:08; 145:8; Prv 1:7; 3:11;
4:18; 9:10; 13:9.

5. See Pratico and Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, p. 100.

20

3.3

CHAPTER 3. NOUNS CONT.

Vocabulary: Nouns

English
stone
master, lord
lord
(arable) soil

tent
ear
ram
god
god, gods
(maid), servant
faithfulness,
trustworthiness
faithfulness
chest, ark of the
covenant
ground, country,
territory, the earth
fire
garment, covering

Urdu
004
: 005
) : 006

: 008

: 010
: 014
: 023

032
(
)
033

037

039

Transcribed Hebrew

041

049

050

052

059

3.3. VOCABULARY: NOUNS

cattle, animals
cistern, water pit
first-born
hill, high-place,
place of worship
son
cattle
morning
covenant,
arrangement
the (definite article)

21

061

063
070

072

073
076
077
080
104

22

CHAPTER 3. NOUNS CONT.

Chapter 4

Adjectives and Qal

Participles
4.1
ms
fs
mp
fp

4.2

Adjectives: Forms
English
good
good
good
good

Transcribed

h
m

Hebrew

The Use of Adjectives

The use of adjectives is attributive, predicative or substantive.1

1. See Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 23 and Pratico
and Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, p. 62-66.

23

24

4.2.1

CHAPTER 4. ADJECTIVES, QAL PART.

Attributive Use

In Hebrew the attributive adjective follows the noun with which

it agrees in gender, number and definiteness.
a good man
the good man
good men
the good woman

4.2.2

Predicative Use

The predicative adjective can precede or follow the noun with

which it agrees in gender and number. But a predicative adjective
has never the definite article. The following examples are nominal sentences.2
The man is good.
The man is good.
The men are good.
The men are good.
The woman is good.
The woman is good.
A man is good.

The last example shows that if the noun is indefinite (without definite article), the phrase can be both a nominal sentence ("A man
is good.") if the adjective is used predicatively or an attributive
phrase (a good man) if the adjective is used attributively. The
context has to help to decide this in case of doubt.
2. Nominal sentences lack a finite verb like for example the equivalent of "to
be". They are quite common in Hebrew.

4.3. QAL ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

4.2.3

25

Substantive Use

If the adjective is used as a substantive, it stands alone as a noun

in itself. The adjective "wise" can be used substantively
and mean "a wise man". With definite article it can be
translated as "the wise one". Examples: Is 5:20.

4.3

Qal Active Participles

English

Hebrew

ms
fs

killing
killing

mp
fp

killing
killing

4.4

Transcribed

Qal Passive Participles

For the forms see Pratico and Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, p.
264.
English
Hebrew Transcribed
ms
killed

fs
killed



mp
killed

fp
killed

4.5

The Use of Participles

Because the Hebrew participles function just like adjectives, they

can be used attributively, predicatively and substantively as we

26

CHAPTER 4. ADJECTIVES, QAL PART.

have seen above.3

4.6

Vocabulary: Adjectives, Participles etc.

English
sister
another,
different
enemy
not
new

:
:

pass. part.:
utterance (of
god)
righteous

136
139

189

: 269

1:
2

not

Urdu
017
019

Transcribed Hebrew

: 022
029
129

firm, strong
alive, living

straight, right,
upright

362

3
213

3. See Pratico and Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, p. 261-263.

4.6. VOCABULARY: ADJECTIVES, PARTICIPLES ETC. 27

anointed

the upper, the

highest

: 262

1:
3

325

poor, humble

1:

)
332

2
Hebrew
holy

: 310
373

:
392

: 396

near
the first
(position)
much, many
bad, evil
wrong, guilty,
impious
complete,
blameless

: 398
412

420

486

28

CHAPTER 4. ADJECTIVES, QAL PART.

Chapter 5

Qal Perfect
5.1

The Meaning of the Perfect

The meaning of Hebrew verb forms very much depends on the

syntactic context they are found in. In this section we look at
perfect verb forms in isolated sentences.1
1. Past Tense.
The perfect of all verbs can be translated with some kind of
past tense. Therefore could be translated in English
with "he killed", "he has killed", "he had killed".
Examples: Ps 90:1.
2. Present Tense for relational verbs or perception verbs.
These verbs can also be translated with an English or Urdu
present tense form.
1. For the meaning of the perfect we follow Lambdin and Siebenthal,
Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 44.

29

30

CHAPTER 5. QAL PERFECT

(a) Verbs of perception: he knows .
Examples: Is 1:3.
(b) Relational verbs: he loves
3. Present Tense of to be with adjective for stative verbs.
These verbs describe a mental or bodily state and have thus
no accusative object.2
He is old .
4. Present Tense in poetic or proverbial statements.
In poetic statements the perfect is used quite often to express repeated or continuous action without specific temporal meaning. Example: Ps 103:10; Prv 26:12.

5.2

Abbreviations for Verb Form Tables

1s

First person singular

2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

Second person singular

Third person singular
First person plural
Second person plural
Third person plural

you
he/she/it
we
you
they

2. Verbs that do not have an "accusative object" or "direct object" are called
intransitive verbs.

5.3. QAL PERFECT

5.3

31

Qal Perfect - Strong Verb

Persons
3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs

English
he killed
she killed
you killed
you killed

1cs

I killed

they killed

2mp

you killed

2fp

you killed

5.4

we killed

3cp

1cp

Classification of Weak Verbal Roots

See Pratico and Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, p. 132 and Gesenius, E. And Cowley, Hebrew Grammar, p. 514-529.
I-Guttural
Guttural as 1st
section C.3

II-Guttural
Guttural as 2nd
section C.4

section C.5

III-Guttural
Guttural as 3rd
Geminate
Identical 2nd+3rd
section C.6
,
I-Nun
Nun as 1st
section C.7

I-Aleph
Aleph as 1st
section C.8

I-Yod
Yod as 1st
section C.9

section C.10

Biconsonantal 2-consonant root
III-Aleph
Aleph as 3rd
section C.11

III-He
He as 3rd
section C.12

32

5.5

CHAPTER 5. QAL PERFECT

Vocabulary: Verbs

English

Urdu
: 003
: 009

be willing
like, love

Transcribed Hebrew

eat
gather (food),
collect
curse
choose, elect

: 027
044

be reliant, trust
weep

build

be high/tall, be
exalted
be, become
great/strong
drive out
cling, cleave to
seek, inquire of

079

085

086

: 090

) 074

create (god
exclusively)
redeem

051
064
065
069

: 096

103

095

5.5. VOCAB: VERBS

33

occur, happen
go
kill
be, become
pregnant
to sacrifice,
slaughter
remember, call to
mind
be unfaithful,
commit fornication
cry out, call for
help
be old, grow old

108

110
115
116

119
(
123

124

) 125

126

34

CHAPTER 5. QAL PERFECT

Chapter 6

Qal Imperfect
6.1

The Meaning of the Imperfect

A verb form in the imperfect can denote future action, habitual or

customary action or modal values of the expressed verbal action.1
1. Future
In the future use of the imperfect the action is thought of as
quite specific. He will kill.
Examples: 2 Sm 7:13.
2. Durative Aspect.
In the durative aspect of the imperfect no special temporal
meaning is expressed. The context has to be analysed to
determine the temporal meaning.
1. In defining the meaning of the impferfect we follow Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 91. Cf. Pratico and Pelt, Basics of Biblical
Hebrew, p. 129-130.

35

36

CHAPTER 6. QAL IMPERFECT

He kills / was killing / will kill (habitually).
Examples: 1 Sm 16:7; Ps 103:9.
3. Modal Use.
The imperfect is also often translated with English modal
auxiliary verbs like "can, could, will, would, shall, should,
may, might".
Examples for modal use that is not volitional: Is 1:18.
Within the greater modal use of the imperfect we can distinguish the following special volitional uses2 for the first
person (cohorative), second person (imperative), and third
person (jussive).
(a) Cohortative:
"Whom shall I send?" (Is 6:8)

.
The cohortative has often the suffix -h added to the
first person imperfect form.
Examples: Ps 34:1; 118:24; Prv 20:22.

(b) Imperative:
"...but do not perceive." (Is 6:9) .
In addition to the special imperative forms which we
will learn later the second person of the imperfect can
also be used as an imperative. For negative commandments the imperfect form is even the normal way to
express them.
Examples: Ex 20:14-17; Lv 19:2; 19:18; Ps 143:2;
Prv 20:22.
(c) Jussive:
And who will go for us? (Is 6:8)

2. Volitional uses are uses related to the "will" of the first, second or third
person.

6.2. QAL IMPERFECT FORMS

37

The normal imperfect form of the third person can

be used as jussive, but there is also an apocopated
(=shortened) imperfect form of the third person which
is used as a special jussive form.
Examples: Gn 1:3; Ex 20:3; Nm 6:24-26; Is 1:18.
The durative aspect and the modal use present the action of the
verb as general, non-specific, habitual, potential and up to a certain
degree as probable. But it is not correct to understand such actions
as "incomplete" or "imperfect" as this is often done and taught (the
name "imperfect" has its origin in this misunderstanding). The
imperfect is negated with and in poetic texts in addition to this
also with .

6.2

Qal Imperfect Forms

Persons
3ms
3fs
2ms

English
he will kill
she will kill
you will kill

Hebrew

2fs
1cs

you will kill

I shall kill

3mp
3fp

2mp
2fp
1cp

they will kill

they will kill

you will kill

you will kill
we shall kill

Transcribed

38

6.3

CHAPTER 6. QAL IMPERFECT

Vocabulary

English
see, behold
miss, offend,
commit a sin
be alive
be wise

Urdu
134

137

140

143

to dream
encamp

147

152

153

to favour
take pleasure in,
take care off
to plough
be good, be
pleasant
dry up, wither
(get to) know
be able, have it in
ones power
advise, give an
advise
pour out

155

160

: 162

165

168
171

Transcribed Hebrew

177

: 179

6.3. VOCABULARY
form, shape

39

to fear
descend, go down
sit, dwell

180

181
183

186

help, save

write
catch, seize
take

reject, despise

188

: 211

learn

: 218
: 219

: 220

: 224

40

CHAPTER 6. QAL IMPERFECT

Chapter 7

Qal Imperatives
7.1

Positive and Negative Commandments

In Hebrew positive and negative commandments are expressed in

different ways. The imperative forms can only be used for positive
commandments. The Hebrew imperative is never negated.1 For
negative commandments the second person of the imperfect is
used combined with two different forms for "not":
1. Imperatives
are used to express positive commandments:
Eat! (Neh 8:10) .
Examples: Prv 23:26; 31:8; Eccl 5:1; 12:13; Is 6:9.
2. + imperfect
express immediate, specific negative commandments. This
means, the commandments are related to a specific situation
1. See Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 102.

41

42

CHAPTER 7. QAL IMPERATIVES

where something should not be done:
Fear not! (Is 43:1)

.
Examples: Ps 143:2; Prv 20:22.
3. + imperfect
express durative, non-specific negative commandments. This
means, this should never be done:
You shall not commit adultery. (Ex 20:14) .
Examples: Ex 20:15-17; Lv 19:18.

7.2

Qal Imperative Forms

The basic form of the imperative stem is always closely related to

the imperfect stem. The endings of the imperatives are the same
as the endings of the second person of the imperfect.2
Persons English
Hebrew
Transcribed
2ms
kill!

2fs
kill!


2mp
kill!

2fp
kill!

The suffix -h is often combined with the imperative ms without discernible difference of meaning. In these cases the vowel of
the stem is "o": Kill! (ms) qolh .
The particle can follow any imperative form. It is possible
to translate it with "please" or equally possible not to translate it
separately.
2. See Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 102.

7.3. VOCABULARY

7.3

43

Vocabulary

English
sell

be full, be
accomplished

be king, to reign

anoint

rule

: 255

: 261

vow
flee
set out, journey

280
288

fall
bear, carry

: 291
1 : 294

2
4

kiss

: 275
: 277

Hebrew

: 264
: 270

commit adultery
touch, hurt a person

Transcribed

: 244

find

Urdu
: 238

: 239

: 296

44

CHAPTER 7. QAL IMPERATIVES

give

tear down, destroy

fly
leave, abandon
stand
answer, hear, grant

make, manufacture
buy (off), ransom,
redeem

: 319

: 328

: 330

2 1 : 339
1 : 344
2

3
305
: 308

: 316

: 298

2 1 : 299

turn, be round
about, march
around
serve, work
pass by, go over

: 297

Chapter 8

Qal Infinitives
8.1

Noun with Suffixes

It is useful to learn the suffixes for the singular and plural, masculine and feminine nouns.1

1. Adapted from J. P. Lettinga, Grammatica van het Bijbels Hebreeuws, edition no. 8 (Leiden / Niederlande: Brill, 1976), p. 54.

45

46

CHAPTER 8. QAL INFINITIVES

horse, ms

as.
cs.
1cs
2ms
2fs
3ms
3fs
1cp
2mp
2fp
3mp
3fp

8.2

horses, mp

horses, fp

Qal Infinitives

State
Absolute
Construct

8.3

horse, fs

English
to kill
to kill

Hebrew

Transcribed

Use of the Infinitive Construct

The infinitive construct has qualities of a noun and also qualities

of a verb.2 In its verbal function the infinitive can have for example subjects and objects. Within a sentence the infinitive construct
2. For the use of the the infinitive construct we follow Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 115.

8.3. USE OF THE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT

47

can function as a noun does. A pronominal subject of the infinitive is shown by a suffix:
1cs
my killing

2ms
your killing

2fs
your killing

3ms
his killing

3fs
her killing

1cp
our killing

2mp
your killing

2fp
your killing

3mp
their killing

3fp
their killing

If the infinitive construct is followed by a noun, it can function
as object or subject of the infinitive.
Subject:

that my salvation may reach to the end of the earth (Is 49:6).
Object:

to serve the LORD (Josh. 24:15).
In this second example the object (the LORD) is definite and has
therefore the sign of the direct object .
The infinitive construct is most frequently used with the prepositions .
1. Inf. cs. with or : translated with adverbial (mostly
temporal) sentences.

( 1 Kgs 8:10)
when the priests came out of the Holy Place.
2. Inf. cs. with : often translated with final (to), consecutive
(so that) or modal (by ... +ing) meaning.
( Ps 104:27)
to give them their food in due season

48

CHAPTER 8. QAL INFINITIVES

( Ps 119:9)

By guarding it according to your word.

The infinitive construct is negated with or :

( Gn 3:11) of which ... not to eat.

Examples: 1 Sm 15:22; 1 Kgs 8:10-11; Ezra 8:22; Ps 133:1; Prv
14:13; Eccl 5:1.

8.4

Use of the Infinitive Absolute

The infinite absoute (inf.as.) is not inflected.3 It fulfills mainly an

adverbial function.
1. Inf.as. + inflected verb of same root.
It is used before or after an inflected verb of the same root
to put an emphasis on the verbal action. It is then often
translated with some adverb which equals the same emphasis in the target language.
Ex 15:26

"If you will diligently listen to the voice of the Lord..."
2. Two inf.as. + inflected verb.
The two infiniti absoluti describe adverbially what happens
at the same time of the action of the main verb. They often
describe two antithetical verbal actions.
Ps 126:6

He who goes out weeping, bearing the seed for sowing...
3. Inf.as. used on one level with inflected main verb.
It is possible that an inf. as. is used on the same level as the
3. For the use of the the infinitive absolute we follow Lambdin and Siebenthal,
Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 129.

8.5. VOCABULARY: VERBS

49

main verb of the sentence. The inf. as. is then translated

like an inflected verb.
Eccl 8:9

All this I observed while applying my heart to all that is
done...
4. Inf.as. used on its own like an inflected main verb.
It can also happen that an inf. as. is used on its own like an
inflected verb, especially if it is used like an imperative.
Ex 20:8

Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
Examples: Eccl 5:1; Song 8:7; Is 6:9; 40:30; 58:7.

8.5

Vocabulary: Verbs

English
turn toward a
direction

make, do

go to see, take care

of

rebel, revolt against

Urdu
: 349

Transcribed Hebrew

1 : 351
1 : 353
2
3
: 356

50
open
be in the right, be
just
cry, call (to aid)
hide
bury

CHAPTER 8. QAL INFINITIVES

: 358

: 363

: 368

: 370

: 372

arise, last

1 : 381

1 : 385

acquire, buy, create

: 387
1 : 391

3
call
meet, occur

: 400

1 : 403

be, become many,

much
pursue, persecute

be high above, be
exalted

1 : 405

8.5. VOCABULARY: VERBS

be far, become far
dispute, conduct a
(legal) case
pasture, tend

: 408

1 : 409

2
4
5

1 : 415
3

be bad, do evil
be, become guilty,
act wickedly
set, put, put down
rejoice

51

: 417

: 419

2 1 : 422

1:
425
2

hate

1 : 427

burn

: 430

52

CHAPTER 8. QAL INFINITIVES

Chapter 9

Niphal Perfect, Imperative,

and Infinitive
9.1

Meaning of the Niphal

Up till now we have only looked at the Qal stem which is the basic
verbal stem. If we add the six following verbal stems Niphal,
Pil, Pual, Hithpal, Hiphil, and Hophal, then we have the
seven most important verbal stems of Biblical Hebrew. There
are more verbal stems than that, but these seven cover most verb
forms.
The basic meaning of the Niphal can be seen as middlepassive.1
1. Incomplete Passive.
1. In the analysis of the meaning of the Niphal we follow Lambdin and
Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 140. Cf. Pratico and Pelt, Basics of
Biblical Hebrew, p. 125 and 286.

53

54

CHAPTER 9. NIPHAL PERF., IMPV., INF.

In the incomplete passive the agent of the verbal action is
not indicated. Is 30:15

In returning and rest you shall be saved.

2. Middle.
If the verb has middle meaning, the subject does the action
himself. The vessel broke.

3. Reflexive.
In a reflexive action the subject does something to himself.
Lv 25:39

If your brother becomes poor beside you and sells himself
to you...
Lv 25:49


Or if he grows rich he may redeem himself.

4. Resultative.
If the verb has resultative meaning, the verb denotes the result of the action of the verb.
Is 14:29

Rejoice not, O Philistia, all of you, that the rod that struck
you is broken...

Examples: Eccl 12:14; Prv 22:1.

9.2. NIPHAL PERFECT

9.2

55

Niphal Perfect

Persons English

3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs

he was killed
she was killed
you were killed
you were killed

1cs

I was killed

3cp

they were killed

2mp

you were killed

2fp

you were killed

1cp

we were killed

Examples: Is 10:20; 45:23; 49:6; 53:5.

9.3

Niphal Imperatives

Persons English
2ms
be killed!
2fs
be killed!

2mp
2fp

be killed!
be killed!

Examples: Is 45:22.

Hebrew

Transcribed

56

9.4

CHAPTER 9. NIPHAL PERF., IMPV., INF.

Niphal Infinitives

State
English
Absolute to be killed
Construct to be killed

Hebrew

Transcribed

Examples: Is 10:20.

9.5

Vocabulary: Verbs etc.

English
Ni. fight

Ni. swear

Urdu
: 215

say
ask, inquire

437
040

1:

432

Transcribed

2
break (in
pieces)
slaughter

2 1 : 438

: 442

sing
lie down
forget

447

: 444
2
1 : 446
:

Hebrew

9.5. VOCABULARY: VERBS ETC.

settle down to
abide, live in

1:

57

send

448

3

: 450

be intact, complete

1 : 453

hear

2
1:
2

keep, watch over,

retain
judge

people, nation
valley
sojourner

: 474
1 : 487

2
4

hero, fighter

: 473

be complete

464

1 : 465

pour out

capture
blessing
daughter
boundary, territory

: 490
082
084

087

088
091
092
094

58

CHAPTER 9. NIPHAL PERF., IMPV., INF.

Chapter 10

Niphal Imperfect and

Passive Participle
10.1

Niphal Imperfect

Persons
3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp

English
he will be killed
she will be killed
you will be killed
you will be killed
I shall be killed

Hebrew

they will be killed

they will be killed

Transcribed

2mp
you will be killed

2fp
you will be killed

1cp
we shall be killed

Examples: Ex 14:14; Ps 41:2; Is 1:18; 7:9; 30:15 44:28-45:1;

59

60

CHAPTER 10. NIPHAL IMPF., PASS. PART.

45:23; 60:2.

10.2

Niphal Participle

Persons English
Hebrew Transcribed
sm
being killed


Examples: Prv 11:13; 22:1; Eccl 12:14; Is 45:24; 57:15(2x).

10.3

The Forms of the Conjunction w

Depending on the beginning of the following word the conjunction

w has different forms.1
1. Before the labials it is .
Is 35:10

And the ransomed of the Lord shall return and come to Zion
with singing.
Jgs 2:18-19

They did not drop any of their practices or their stubborn
ways.
2. If a follwing word would begin with y , w and y are
contracted to w.
Jer 33:16

In those days Judah will be saved and Jerusalem will dwell
securely.
3. If the following word begins with any other consonant plus
(except y), its form is .
1. See Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 46.

10.4. VOCAB: PREPOSITIONS

61

Ps 145:8

The Lord is gracious and merciful, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love.
4. Before a guttural plus , or , its form is wa, we or
wo.

Ez 36:27 And I will ... cause you to walk in my statutes

and be careful to obey my rules.
Ex 34:6-7

... the Lord, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger,
and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness.
1 Kgs 9:26

King Solomon built a fleet of ships at Ezion-geber.

10.4

Vocabulary: Prepositions and others

English
later on, afterwards

towards
together with,
along with;
accusative particle
in, at, because of,
by way of

Transcribed Hebrew

020

028
055

058

:
after

Urdu
018

018)

62

CHAPTER 10. NIPHAL IMPF., PASS. PART.

part/apart,
alone, only
between

: 060

067

without

071

for, for the

benefit of
as
for, concerning

075

191

212

248

from, off, "than"

(comparative:
"A" is greater
than "B")
on the top of,
above
in front of
all around
the region
beyond/opposite
upon, above,
against
(together) with
in front, bygone
days, east

: 252

274
2
1 : 300
:

: 309

1 :

322

3 2

1 :

327

2
:
1 : 374
3 : 2

the midst
under, instead of

: :

: 481

1 : 484
2

Chapter 11

Pil Perfect, Imperative,

and Infinitive
11.1

Meaning of the Pil

If we ask the question what the special meaning of the Pil verb
forms is in comparison to verb forms of the same root in Qal or
in comparison to other Hebrew nouns related to the same root, we
can categorize three or four main groups. The different possible
meanings of the Pil can be seen as factitive, denominative, and
perhaps intensive.1
1. Factitive.
Factitive means here that an intransitive verb in the Qal
1. In the analysis of the meaning of the Pil we follow Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 148. Cf. Pratico and Pelt, Basics of Biblical
Hebrew, p. 125 and 307-308.

63

64

CHAPTER 11. PIL PERF., IMPV., INF.

stem becomes transitive in the Pil stem.2
Qal: be light, unimportant,
Pil: curse (make unimportant).
2. Denominative.
If a Pil verb is in its meaning nearer to a noun or an adjective than to a Qal verb of the same root, this can be classified
as denominative. This implies that the meaning of the Pil
verb has been derived from the meaning of the noun.
Noun: word,
Pil: speak.
3. Pluralizing, therefore perhaps intensive.
In some cases the meaning of a Pil verb presents a pluralization of the meaning of a Qal verb. It may be that the
idea of an intensification goes hand in hand with this, but in
most of the cases an intensive meaning can only be determined with difficulties. Pratico and Pelt, Basics of Biblical
Hebrew present the following example:3
Qal: "he broke",
Pil: "he smashed", "he shattered".
4. Non-classifiable.
With regard to a lot of Pil verbs we do not know where
they come from. The material of Old Testament Hebrew
is limited. Had we more information, we might be able to
classify them under factitive, denominative or intensive.
For example " to seek" is a Pil verb that can not be
classified.

2. An intransitive verb can not have an accusative or direct object. A transitive verb is a verb with a direct or accusative object.
3. Page 307. But the two can be equally seen as synonymous.

11.2. PIL PERFECT

11.2

65

Pil Perfect

Persons
3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs

English
he slaughtered
she slaughtered
you slaughtered
you slaughtered

1cs

I slaughtered

3cp

they slaughtered

2mp

you slaughtered

2fp

you slaughtered

1cp

11.3

we slaughtered

Pil Imperatives

Persons English

Hebrew

2ms

slaughter!

2fs

slaughter!

2mp

slaughter!

Transcribed

2fp
slaughter!

Examples: Ps 27:8; 51:10; 103:1-2.22.

11.4

Pil Infinitives

State

English

Absolute

to slaughter

Construct to slaughter
Examples: Ps 92:1; Is 61:1-2.

Hebrew

Transcribed

66

11.5

CHAPTER 11. PIL PERF., IMPV., INF.

Vocabulary

English

Urdu

seek
Pi. bless

speak
Pi. praise
Q. be heavy,
weighty; Pi. honour
Q. be completed,
cease; Pi. bring to
an end, finish

Q. count; Ni. be
counted; Pi. tell
Q. be downcast,
afflicted; Pi.
humiliate, do
violence

:
: 206

: 209
: 243

Pi. make expiation

Pi. test, try

:
: 201

Pi. cover

Ni. save oneself,

escape; Pi. save

078
081

097
111
: 192

Transcribed Hebrew

: 287

: 303
:
2
1 : 331
1 :
2

11.5. VOCABULARY

67

Q. escape, Pi. save

Pi. to command

Pi. hope, wait for

Q. be slight, Pi.
curse
Pi. have
compassion
word, matter, affair
honey

generation
blood
way, road
palace, temple

1 : 366

: 371

2
1 : 379

Q., Pi. collect,

assemble

Pi. send sacrifices

up in smoke

: 346

1 : 383
3

1 : 384
3
2
:

: 407

098
099
100
101

102

109

68

CHAPTER 11. PIL PERF., IMPV., INF.

Chapter 12

Pil Imperfect and Active

Participle
12.1

Waw Consecutive

In the context of biblical narrative the waw can be used as waw

consecutive in narrative sequences.1 A sequence can be interrupted by waw + non-verb. For example a negated verb interrupts
the sequence. The sequence can then be continued with another
waw consecutive.
1. Perfect + (Waw) + Imperfect.
This sequence is mainly used in narrative texts presenting
the past. Its characteristic is the special form of the conjunction waw as "wa" plus the doubling of the following
consonant. The imperfect used with the waw consecutive
1. See Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 98. Cf. Pratico
and Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, p. 192.

69

70

CHAPTER 12. PIL IMPF., ACT. PART.

has the value of the perfect. It seems "converted" to the
perfect. Therefore the waw consecutive is also called waw
conversive. The perfect meaning of a wa + imperfect got
so wide spread that such a narrative sequence could even
be started without a beginning perfect as in Ruth 1:1.

3 ...

1

Gn 1:1 In the beginning, God created the heavens and the

earth... 3 And God said, Let there be light, and there was
light.

2. Imperfect + (Waw) + Perfect.

In this sequence the perfect forms are used with all the possible meanings of the imperfect (future, durative, modal).
The conjunction has the normal form as we have seen in
section 10.3.
Ex 20:9

Six days you shall labor, and do all your work.

12.2

The Verb with Pronominal Object Suffixes

Verb forms can be combined with pronominal object suffixes denoting the direct object. For an overview of the forms see the list
of the strong verb with suffixes in section C.2.
Examples: Ps 50:15; 86:11; 115:12; 121:7-8; 139:23; Song 8:6;
Is 41:10; 54:7-8; 63:16; Jer 10:24; 17:14.

12.3. PIL IMPERFECT

12.3

71

Pil Imperfect

Persons English

Hebrew

3ms

he will slaughter

3fs

she will slaughter

2ms

you will slaughter

2fs

you will slaughter

Transcribed

3mp
they will slaughter

3fp
they will slaughter



2mp
you will slaughter

2fp
you will slaughter

1cp
we shall slaughter

Examples: Ps 27:8; Is 45:1; 60:2; 61:10; 66:13; Jer 7:3.
1cs

12.4

I shall slaughter

Pil Active Participle

Persons English

Hebrew

ms
slaughtering
Examples: Prv 28:13; Is 52:7; 54:10.

12.5

Transcribed

Vocabulary: Pronouns and Nouns

English
these
I
I

Urdu
031
042
043

Transcribed

Hebrew

72

CHAPTER 12. PIL IMPF., ACT. PART.

relative clause
you (2ms)
you (2mp)
they

( ) 057
) : 112

behold! (demonstr.
particle)

we
relative particle
Sabbath

283
431
: 439

: 441
2 1 : 445

bull, ox, steer

song
peace
table
name
heaven
oil (of olives)
sun
tooth
year
gate
maid-servant

054
)056

: 451
: 457
:
461

1 : 462

466

: 467

: 468

: 471
: 472

: 113

1 : 449

12.5. VOCAB: PRONOUNS, NOUNS

shekel
lie, deception

: 475
2 1
(

)
2 1 : 476

73

74

CHAPTER 12. PIL IMPF., ACT. PART.

Chapter 13

Pual Perfect and Infinitive

13.1

The Meaning of the Pual

The Pual is the passive counterpart of the Pil.1

" he sought", " he was sought".
" he praised", " he was praised".

1. See Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 154 and Pratico

and Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, p. 125 and 328.

75

76

13.2

CHAPTER 13. PUAL PERF., INF.

Pual Perfect

Persons English

3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs

he was slaughtered
she was slaughtered
you were slaughtered
you were slaughtered

1cs

I was slaughtered

3cp

they were slaughtered

2mp

you were slaughtered

2fp

you were slaughtered

1cp

we were slaughtered

13.3

Pual Infinitive

State

English

Hebrew

Absolute to be slaughtered
Construct -

13.4

Transcribed

Vocabulary: Small Words and Nouns

English
then
only
if
also, even

:
:

Urdu
013

026

035
045

Transcribed

Hebrew

13.4. VOCAB: SMALL WORDS, NOUNS

also
thus
therefore,
because
thus

for the sake

of, in order
that
now! come!

lest
only
there

093

195

199

:
:
203

:
253

still, once
more, again
now

77

268

313

1 343

348
:
418
:
458

thither, (as
far as) there

:
460

78

CHAPTER 13. PUAL PERF., INF.

continually,
regular

479

480
482
483

: 489

: 491

the
primaeval
ocean

: 485

1 :

glory, praise
abomination

instruction

:
:
1:

prayer
tribute,
contribution

Chapter 14

Pual Imperfect and Passive

Participle
14.1

Pual Imperfect

Persons English

Hebrew

Transcribed

3ms

he will be slaughtered

3fs

she will be slaughtered

2ms

you will be slaughtered

2fs

you will be slaughtered

1cs

I shall be slaughtered

3mp
3fp

they will be slaughtered

they will be slaughtered

2mp
2fp

you will be slaughtered

you will be slaughtered

1cp

we shall be slaughtered

79

80

CHAPTER 14. PUAL IMPF., PASS. PART.

Examples: Prv 28:13; 66:13.

14.2

Pual Passive Participle

Persons English
ms
being slaughtered
Examples: Is 53:4-5.

14.3

Hebrew

Transcribed

Sequences with Imperative, Jussive or Cohortative

We have already seen in section 6.1 that imperative, jussive and

cohortative forms can be summarized as volitional uses of the
respective verb forms targeting the second, third or first persons.
The following sequences are met in the Old Testament implicating
these verb forms.1
1. Imperative + w + imperative.
Imperatives can just follow each other and are connected
with the normal form of the conjunction waw (see section 10.3).
These imperatives which are connected with waw may or
may not present actions which follow timewise or logically
upon each other.
Jo 1:7


"Only be strong and very courageous..."
2. Imperative/jussive/cohortative + perfect consecutive.
The sequence expresses actions which follow upon each
1. We follow here Lambdin and Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 107.

14.4. NUMBERS AND OTHERS

81

other. It is the counterpart to the narrative sequence imperfect + perfect consecutive (see autorefsec:waw-consecutive).
Is 6:9

"Go, and say to this people..."
3. Impv./juss./coh. + w + impv./juss./coh.
This is an important sequence where the different sentences
are connected with the normal form of the conjunction waw
(see section 10.3). The second sentence of this sequence
expresses the purpose or the result ("that" or "so that") of
the first sentence.
Amos 5:4

"Seek me and live."

14.4

Numbers and others

The numbers 3 to 10 have a special characteristic: a feminine

looking number ending in -h is combined with a masculine noun
and a masculine looking number without special ending is combined with a feminine noun.2
seven women

seven men

2. See ibid., 130.

82

14.5

CHAPTER 14. PUAL IMPF., PASS. PART.

Vocabulary: Numbers and others

English
one

thousand
forearm,
cubit

048
149

223
: 250

: 251
:

: : 340

341
2
1 : 397
3

twenty
beginning,
the first,
choicest

047

fifty
half
very

ten

Hebrew

forty
five

few, a little

Transcribed
( : )

034
038

four

hundred
number

Urdu
: 016

150

156

: 222


:

83

14.5. VOCABULARY: NUMBERS AND OTHERS

: 435

436
454

463 :

: 469
(:

470 ) (:

: 455
456

seven

seventy
three
the third
thirty

eight

the second

two

477 :
492 :

six

nine

84

CHAPTER 14. PUAL IMPF., PASS. PART.

Chapter 15

Hithpal Perfect,
Imperative, and Infinitive
15.1

Meaning of the Hithpal

Hithpal verbs are intransitive. They often have reflexive or reciprocal meaning compared to the active verbs of the same root
in Qal, Pil or Hiphil.1
1. Reflexive.
1 Chr 15:12 Consecrate yourselves...2

Dn 11:36

He shall ... magnify himself above every god...
1. In the analysis of the meaning of the Hithpal we follow Lambdin and
Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 177. Cf. Pratico and Pelt, Basics of
Biblical Hebrew, p. 126 and 384f.
2. In a reflexive verb somebody does something to himself.

85

86

CHAPTER 15. HITHPAL PERF., IMPV., INF.

2. Reciprocal.
Gn 42:1 Why do you look at one another?3

3. Indirect reflexive.
In an indirect reflexive verb somebody does something for
himself, to his own advantage or damage. The following
two words for prayer and pleading for grace are Hithpal
in Hebrew.
1 Kgs 8:33

and if they ... pray and plead with you in this house...

4. Iterative.
An iterative verb presents an action which is repeated. The
verb in the following example is "going to and fro", "going
continuously".
Gn 13:17


Arise, walk through the length and the breadth of the land...

5. Denominative.
We have seen denominative verbs before in the Pil stems.
They are also found in the Hithpal stem.
While a prophet is a , to prophesy is .

3. In a reciprocal verb the agents do something to one another.

15.2. HITHPAL PERFECT

15.2

87

Hithpal Perfect

Persons English
3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs

he killed himself
she killed herself
you killed yourself
you killed yourself

1cs

I killed myself

3cp

they killed themselves

2mp

you killed yourselves

2fp

you killed yourselves

1cp
we killed ourselves
Examples: Prv 24:10.

15.3

Hithpal Imperatives

Persons English

Hebrew

2ms

kill yourself!

2fs

kill yourself!

2mp
2fp

15.4

kill yourselves!
kill yourselves!

Transcribed

Hithpal Infinitives

State

English

Hebrew

Absolute

to kill oneself

Construct to kill oneself

Transcribed

88

15.5

CHAPTER 15. HITHPAL PERF., IMPV., INF.

Vocabulary: Nouns

English
Hitp. pray
mountain(s)
(communion)
sacrifice
gold
seed, descendant(s)

Urdu
: 347

114
120

feast
(new) moon, month
wall
outside, street
offence, sin
life
faculty, power
wisdom
dream
rage, wrath

favour, grace
kindness, mercy

122
127

) 128
(
( ) 130

Transcribed Hebrew

132
133
: 138

141
142

145

146
148

151

154

15.5. VOCAB: NOUNS

court
regulation,
prescription

river (mostly: Nile)

day
wine
sea
right hand, the right
side
fear, reverence

157

: 158

:
)164
(
169
170

174
175

182

89

90

CHAPTER 15. HITHPAL PERF., IMPV., INF.

Chapter 16

Hithpal Imperfect and

Participle
16.1

Hithpal Imperfect

Persons English

Hebrew

3ms

he will kill himself

3fs

she will kill herself

2ms

you will kill yourself

2fs

you will kill yourself

1cs

I shall kill myself

3mp
3fp

they will kill themselves

they will kill themselves

2mp
2fp

you will kill yourselves

you will kill yourselves

1cp

we shall kill ourselves

91

Transcribed

92

CHAPTER 16. HITHPAL IMPF., PART.

Examples: Prv 27:1; 31:30; Is 58:7; Jer 9:23-24.

16.2

Hithpal Participle

Persons English

Hebrew

ms
killing oneself
Examples: Is 45:15; Jer 9:24.

16.3

Transcribed

Vocabulary: Nouns

English
(acts of) help
splendour

193

lamb, young ram

priest

wing

pasture-ground

198

202

204
: 208

: 217
: 221

palm, flat of the

hand
night
tongue, language

Transcribed Hebrew

194
196

strength, power
vessel

Urdu
187

: 226

16.3. VOCABULARY: NOUNS

wilderness

appointed time
death
altar
song, psalm
encampment
staff, rod, tribe

: 227

: 229

: 231

messenger, angel
sending, labour,
work

93

:
:
:
:

232
233
234
235

: 240

241

fight, battle

242

royal power, reign

kingdom, dominion

:
:

246
247

: 249

: 254

gift, present
deed

94

CHAPTER 16. HITHPAL IMPF., PART.

Chapter 17

Hiphil Perfect, Imperative,

and Infinitive
17.1

Meaning of the Hiphil

In most cases verbs in the Hiphil stem have a causative meaning

with the result that it is also called the "causative stem".1 The
following categories can be distinguished.
1. Causative.
Causative comes from Latin "causa", English "cause". The
Hiphil verb denotes an action which "causes" the action of
the related Qal verb.
(a) Doubly transitive verbs.
If the related Qal verb is transitive, then the Hiphil
1. In the analysis of the meaning of the Hiphil we follow Lambdin and
Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 157. Cf. Pratico and Pelt, Basics of
Biblical Hebrew, p. 126 and 345-46.

95

96

CHAPTER 17. HIPHIL PERF., IMPV., INF.

verb can be a doubly transitive verb. That means a
verb with two accusative objects. In one direct object
the action of the root is caused. The other object is
the real object of the root action.
2 Kgs 7:6




For the Lord had made the army of the Syrians hear
the sound of chariots...
In most cases there is only one object. The translation
has then to be adjusted. In these cases the above verb
could be translated with "to inform somebody" or "to
proclaim something", depending on which of the two
objects is missing.
(b) Simply transitive verbs.
If the related Qal verb is intransitive,2 then the Hiphil
verb is simply transitive. That means it is a verb with
one accusative object.
Qal: "go out", "come forth",
Hiphil: "cause to go forth", "bring forth".
2. Tolerative.
Sometimes the Hiphil verb can be understood in a permissive sense (to let ...) which is of course closely related to the
causative meaning. The context has to be consulted whether
the translation should be causative (causing the action) or
tolerative (permitting the action).
Gn 48:11


... and behold, God has let me see your offspring also.

2. An intransitive verb can not have an accusative or direct object. A transitive verb is a verb with a direct or accusative object.

17.1. MEANING OF THE HIPHIL

97

3. Stative (or Intransitive).

Sometimes a Hiphil verb form of a root which is used in the
Qal stem in a stative sense, can also have a stative meaning
in the Hiphil.
Qal: "to be near",
Hiphil: "to be near", "to be about (to do something)".
It can be very difficult to translate such Hiphil verbs, because all of them can also be used in a transitive-causative
way.
4. Denominative.
As we have seen in the Pil and the Niphal, it is also
possible in the Hiphil that a verb is in its meaning nearer
to a noun or an adjective than to a Qal or other stem verb
of the same root. Such a Hiphil verb can be classified as
denominative, as having been derived from the meaning of
the noun.
Noun: "ear",
Hiphil: "to turn the ear to (somebody)", "to hear
attentively".
5. Non-classifiable.
As was the case with many Pil verbs, so it is also with
many Hiphil verbs that we do not know where they come
from. Because of the limited material at our disposal, we
are not able to classify them.
For example " to give something to drink, to water"
is a Hiphil verb that can not be classified.

98

17.2

CHAPTER 17. HIPHIL PERF., IMPV., INF.

Hiphil Perfect

Persons English

3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs

he caused to kill
she caused to kill
you caused to kill
you caused to kill

1cs

I caused to kill

3cp

they caused to kill

2mp

you caused to kill

1cp
we caused to kill

Examples: Is 9:1; 30:33; 38:17; 43:24; 45:1; 48:18; 50:6; 53:6;
54:8; 55:10-11; 61:10; Jer 1:5; 23:5.
2fp

17.3

you caused to kill

Hiphil Imperatives

Persons English

Hebrew

2ms

cause to kill!

2fs

cause to kill!

2mp
cause to kill!

2fp
cause to kill!

Examples: Prv 25:21; Jer 7:3.

Transcribed

17.4. HIPHIL INFINITIVES

17.4

99

Hiphil Infinitives

State

English

Hebrew

Absolute

to cause to kill

Transcribed
Ex

Construct to cause to kill

amples for inf. as.: Jer 9:24. Examples for inf. cs.: Is 9:7; 49:6;
57:15.

17.5

Vocabulary

English
Q. perish; Pi., Hi.
ruin
Q. enter, come to
Hi bring (conduct,
lead) in

Urdu
: 002

: 062

066

Q. grow strong,
firm; Hi. seize, take
hold of

: 135

Q. be deaf; Hi. be
silent
Hi. praise

Q., Hi. to
understand

Transcribed Hebrew

: 161

: :

:
167

100

CHAPTER 17. HIPHIL PERF., IMPV., INF.

Q. bear, Hi.
procreate
Q., Hi. add,
continue
Q. go out, come
forth; Hi. cause to
go forth, bring forth
Q. take possession
of, inherit; Hi.
drive away
Ni. remain, Hi.
leave over
Ni. be firm, be
established; Hi.
make ready,
prepare

: 172

: 176

: 178
:

:
184

Hi. make known,

report, tell
Q., Ni. draw near,
approach; Hi.
bring, bring near

190

:
: 197
:

Q. cut off, make a

covenant; Hi. cut
off, destroy
Q. die, Hi. kill

: 210

: 230
:

: : 273
: 276

:

17.5. VOCABULARY

101

Q. to rest; Hi. to
cause to rest, lay
down
Q. extend, incline;
Hi. recline, bend

Hi. strike, smite

Hi. tear away,
deliver
Q. turn side, Hi.
remove
Q. go up, ascend,
Hi. bring, lead up,
offer sacrifices
Q. be holy, Pi., Hi.
consecrate

Ni. assemble, Hi.

call together
Q. approach, Hi.
offer

279

: 285

:

286

: 293

: 302
:

: 323
:
1 : 375
2

377

:

: 388
:

102

CHAPTER 17. HIPHIL PERF., IMPV., INF.

Chapter 18

Hiphil Imperfect and

Active Participle
18.1

Hiphil Imperfect

Persons English

Hebrew

3ms

he will cause to kill

3fs

she will cause to kill

2ms

you will cause to kill

2fs

you will cause to kill

1cs

I shall cause to kill

103

Transcribed

104

CHAPTER 18. HIPHIL IMPF., ACT. PART.

3pm

they will cause to kill

3fp

they will cause to kill

2mp

you will cause to kill

2fp

you will cause to kill

1cp
we shall cause to kill

Examples: Ps 31:5; 119:19; Eccl 12:14; Is 1:18; 7:9; 26:19; 42:3.

18.2

Hiphil Active Participle

Persons English

Hebrew

ms
causing to kill

Examples: Is 28:16; 43:11; 45:15; 50:6; 52:7.

18.3

Transcribed

Vocabulary: Hiphil Verbs, Nouns

English
Q. see, Ni. be seen,
show oneself,
appear, Hi. show
Q. become many;
Hi. make many

Urdu
1 : 394
:


:
1 : 401
:
2

Transcribed Hebrew

18.3. VOCAB: HIPHIL, NOUNS

Hi. understand,
have success,
prosper
Q. turn back, turn
around; Hi. bring
back
Hi. spoil, ruin

1 : : 423

1 : 440
2

:

1 : 443
2
: 452

Hi. throw
Hi. exterminate,
Ni. be destroyed,
exterminated
Q. drink, Hi. to
water
Pi. be abhorred

unleavened bread
commandment(s)
place

105

459

:
: 478

1 : 488
:
:

:
:
:

256
257
258

106

CHAPTER 18. HIPHIL IMPF., ACT. PART.

appearance

burden, utterance

dwelling-place

proverbial saying
(larger) family, clan
(legal) decision,
justice
south, the
south-country
river
wadi, torrent
hereditary property
copper, bronze

: 259

: 260

: 263

: 265


: 266

: 267

272
278
281

282

lad, young boy,

servant

young girl, maid

284

: 289

: 290

Chapter 19

Hophal Perfect and

Infinitive
19.1

Meaning of the Hophal

The Hophal is the passive counterpart of the Hiphil.1

1. Is the Hiphil simply transitive, the Hophal is the direct
passive counterpart:
Hiphil: "he threw",
Hophal: "he was thrown".
2. Is the Hiphil doubly transitive, the causative part of the
verbal action is translated in the Hophal with a passive
sense:
1. In the analysis of the meaning of the Hophal we follow Lambdin and
Siebenthal, Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebrisch, 175. Cf. Pratico and Pelt, Basics of
Biblical Hebrew, p. 126 and 367.

107

108

CHAPTER 19. HOPHAL PERF., INF.

Gn 48:11


... and behold, God has let me see your offspring also.
Dt 4:35

To you it was shown, that you might know that the Lord is
God.

19.2

Hophal Perfect

Persons English
3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs

he was caused to be killed

she was caused to be killed
you were caused to be killed
you were caused to be killed

1cs

I was caused to be killed

3cp

they were caused to be killed

2mp

you were caused to be killed

2fp

you were caused to be killed

Hebrew

Transcribed

1cp

19.3

we were caused to be killed

Hophal Infinitive

State

English

Absolute

to be caused to be
killed

Construct -

19.4. VOCABULARY: NOUNS

19.4

109

Vocabulary: Nouns

English

Urdu

soul, living
being, person

1 :(

book
work, labour,
service
witness
gathering,
congregation
eternity
sin, guilt
power, strength
town, city

292

)
2
3

5

: 295

: 304
2
1 : 307

: 311
: 312

deputy, chief

Transcribed Hebrew

2
3 2

1 : 314

1 : 315

: 318

: 321

2 1 :

pillar, column

326

: 329

324

(whole burnt-)
offering
people

110

CHAPTER 19. HOPHAL PERF., INF.

poverty,
affliction
cloud
evening
time
step,
occurrence, time
young bull
rebellion, revolt,
opening,
entrance
small cattle

host
righteousness

righteousness

1 : 333
2
: 334

: 338
: 342

: 357

: 359

: 1 : 360
2

2 1 : 361

1:

352

: 354

2 1 : 364

2 1 : 365

Chapter 20

Hophal Imperfect and

Passive Participle
20.1

Hophal Imperfect

Pers. English

Hebrew

3ms he will be caused to be killed

3fs

she will be caused to be killed

2ms you will be caused to be killed

2fs

you will be caused to be killed

1cs

I shall be caused to be killed

3mp they will be caused to be killed

3fp they will be caused to be killed
2mp you will be caused to be killed
2fp you will be caused to be killed
1cp

we shall be caused to be killed

111

Transcribed

112

20.2

CHAPTER 20. HOPHAL IMPF., PASS. PART.

Hophal Passive Participle

English
ms
being caused to be
killed
Examples: Is 53:4.

20.3

Hebrew

Transcribed

Vocabulary

English
Hit. honor, adore
north
holiness, holy place

Urdu

131

: 369
1 : 376
2
3

assembly,
convocation of the
people
sound, voice

harvest of grains
the inward part (of
body), in the midst

1 : 378
3

: 380
2
1 : 386
3

1 : 389

Transcribed Hebrew

20.3. VOCABULARY

113

offering, gift
bow
multitude
foot
wind, breath, spirit
breadth
dispute, case of
law, lawsuit
vehicle, chariot

fellow, companion,
friend
hunger, famine
evil, misery,
trouble

1:

: 390

393
2
: 399

402

2 1 : 404
3
: 406
2
1 : 410

1 : 411
(
) 2
3

: 413

2 1 : 414

2 1 :

416
3

114

CHAPTER 20. HOPHAL IMPF., PASS. PART.

open field
the left side, left
joy, gladness
lip, shore, bank

official, chief,
leader
underworld, realm
of dead
rod, staff

1 421
2 1 : 424

2
1 : 426
3

3 2
1 : 428

2
1 : 429
:
3

: 433

2
1 : 434
3

Appendix A

The Hebrew Alphabet

Name

Letter

lep
b

gmel
dle
h
ww
zayin

Transcription

h
w
z

115

IPA
Pronunciation
[] or
[b]
[v]
[g]
[g]
[d]
[]
[h] or
[w]
[z]
[H]
[t]

116
y
kap
lme
mm
nn
sme
ayin
ph
h
qp
r
n
n
tw

APPENDIX A. THE HEBREW ALPHABET

Vowel
Name

Signs
simple

paa
qme

ba
b or bo

y
k

l
m
n
s

p
p

q
r

[j] or
[k]
[x]
[l]
[m]
[n]
[s]
[]
[p]
[f]
[ts]
[q]
[r]
[s]
[]
[t]
[]

+ m. l.
y

+ m. l.
w

+
m. l.
h

117
req
r
sl
lem
qibb/req

bi or b
b
be
b
bu qibb

w
p paa
p sl
p qme

b
b
b

req

118

APPENDIX A. THE HEBREW ALPHABET

Appendix B

OT Hebrew Most Frequent

Vocabulary
This list is based with some adjustments on the seclection of Siegfried
Kreuzer.1 The Urdu abbreviations are listed in section B.24 and
the Hebrew Urdu transcription is found in section B.25.

1. See Siegfried Kreuzer, 500 Basic Hebrew Words [in English], [accessed
January 8, 2013], 2011, http://www.kreuzer- siegfried.de/hilfsmi
ttel / hebr - 500 - engl . pdf. The Urdu was added by E. Lanz. For Urdu
I have found these sites helpful: urduenglishdictionary.org, [accessed January
12, 2012], http : / / www . urduenglishdictionary . org; urduseek.com,
[accessed January 12, 2012], 2012, http://urduseek.com/dictionary/.

119

120

B.1

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

lep

English
father
Q. perish; Pi., Hi.
ruin
be willing
stone
master, lord
lord
man, mankind,
people
(arable) soil

like, love
tent
noun: light; verb,
Q.: shine, light up
sign
then
ear
brother
one

Urdu
: 001

: 002

: 003

004
: 005
(
) : 006

: 007

: 008

: 009

: 010
: 011
:

: 012
:
013

: 014

: 015
:
016

Transcribed Hebrew

B.1. LEP

121

sister

later on, afterwards

017
018

018)

man

019

020

021

end, behind, issue,

the future
enemy
ram
is not, non
existence, nothing

eat
towards
not
god
these
god
god, gods
thousand
if
mother
(maid), servant

another, different

only

after

: 022
: 023
024
:
: 025
026
: 027

028

029

030
031

032
(
)
033
034
035
036

037

122

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

forearm, cubit
faithfulness,
trustworthiness
say
faithfulness
I
I
gather (food),
collect
also, even
nose, anger

038
039

040
041
042
043
044

047

048

049

050

051
052
053
054

055

045
046

four

forty
chest, ark of the
covenant
ground, country,
territory, the earth
curse
fire
woman
relative clause
together with,
along with;
accusative particle
you (sg.)
you (pl.)

)056
( ) 057

B.2. B

B.2

123

in, at, because

of, by way of
garment, covering
part/apart,
alone, only
cattle, animals

Q. enter, come
to Hi bring
(conduct, lead)
in
cistern, water
pit
choose, elect

061

: 062

063

064
065

be reliant, trust

Q., Hi. to understand

between
house
weep
first-born
without

058

059

: 060

066

067

068
069
070
071
:

124

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

hill, high-place,
place of worship
son

build

072

073
(

) 074

for, for the benefit of

cattle
morning

075

seek
create (god exclusively)
covenant,
arrangement
Pi. bless

078
079

080

076
077

blessing
flesh
daughter

B.3

081

082

083
084

gmel

redeem
be high/tall, be
exalted
boundary, territory

085

086

087

B.4. DLE

125

hero, fighter
great
be,
become
great/strong
people, nation

088
089

: 090

091

valley

092

also
sojourner
drive out

093
094
095

: 096

matter,

097
098

generation
blood
way, road
seek, inquire of

099
100
101

102
103

104

B.4

B.5

dle

cling, cleave to
speak
word,
affair
honey

the (definite article)

126

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

interrogative
particle
he
she
occur, happen
palace, temple
go
Pi. praise
they

behold!
mountain(s)
kill
be,
become
pregnant

B.6

105

(
)106
(
)107

108

109

110
111
(
) : 112
! : 113

114
115

116

117

118
119
(
120

121
122

ww

and

B.7

zayin

this (sg. f.)

to
sacrifice,
slaughter
(communion)
sacrifice
this (sg. m.)
gold

)
)

B.8.

127

remember, call
to mind
be
unfaithful,
commit
fornication
cry out, call for
help
be old, grow old
seed, descendant(s)

B.8

123

124

) 125

126

127

feast
new
(new)
month

moon,

) 128
(
129
( ) 130

Hit.
honor,
adore
wall
outside, street
see, behold
Q. grow strong,
firm; Hi. seize,
take hold of
firm, strong

131

132
133
134

: 135

136

128
miss,
offend,
commit a sin
offence, sin

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

137

: 138

alive, living
be alive
life
faculty, power

be wise

wise
wisdom

139
140
141
142

144

145

146
147
148
:
149

to dream
rage, wrath
five
fifty

favour, grace
encamp

kindness,
mercy
take pleasure in,
take care off

150
151
152
153

143

dream

to favour

154

155

B.9.

129

half
court
regulation, prescription
(short) sword
to plough
Q. be deaf; Hi.
be silent

B.9

be good,
pleasant
good

B.10

156
157
: 158

159

160

: 161

be

: 162

163

river (mostly:
Nile)
dry up, wither

hand, power
Hi. praise

(get to) know

day

)164
(
165

166
167

168
169

130

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

wine
be able, have it
in ones power
Q. bear,
procreate

Hi.

child
sea
right hand, the
right side

170

171

: 172
:

173
174
175

: 176


177

: 178

Q., Hi.
add,
continue
advise, give an
advise

Q. go out, come
forth; Hi. cause
to go forth,
bring forth

pour out
form, shape

: 179

180

181
182

183

to fear
fear, reverence
descend,
down

go

Q. take possession of, inherit;

Hi. drive away

184
:

B.11. KAP

131

existence, there
is, it exists
sit, dwell

(acts of) help

help, save

straight, right,
upright
Ni. remain, Hi.
leave over

B.11

Q. be heavy,
weighty;
Pi.
honour
splendour

priest

185

186

187
188

189

: 190

191

: 192

193

kap

as

lamb,
ram
thus

young

194

195

196

132

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

Ni.
be firm,
be established;
Hi. make ready,
prepare

strength, power

therefore,
because
the whole, all

198

199

: 200

: 201

Q. be completed, cease;
Pi. bring to an
end, finish
vessel

197

wing
throne
Pi. cover
silver
metal)

(the

palm, flat of the

hand
Pi. make expiation

205

: 206

207

202

:
:
203

204

thus

208

: 209

B.12. LME

Q. cut off, make

a covenant; Hi.
cut off, destroy

133

write

B.12

210

: 211

lme

for, concerning

not
heart

212

213
: 214

Ni. fight

bread

216

: 217
: 218

: 219
: 220

catch, seize
learn

night

take

: 215

tongue,
guage

lan-

221

134

B.13

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

mm

very

hundred

reject, despise

shield
pasture-ground
wilderness
what?
appointed time

Q. die, Hi. kill

death
altar
song, psalm
encampment
staff, rod, tribe
who?
water, waters

: 222


223
: 224

:

: 231

232
233
234
235

236
237

:
:
:
:

225

: 226
: 227

228
: 229

: 230

B.13. MM
sell
be full, be accomplished
messenger, angel
sending, labour,
work
fight, battle
Ni. save oneself, escape; Pi.
save

135

few, a little
on the top of,
above
for the sake of,
in order that

238

: 239

240

241

: 244

246

247

248

: 249

: 250

: 251
:

: 252
:

253
:

: 245

: 242
: 243
:

king

gift, present
number

be king, to reign

royal
power,
reign
kingdom,
dominion
from, off

136

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

deed

find
unleavened
bread
commandment(s)
place
appearance

burden,
ance

utter-

anoint

: 255
: 256

: 257
: 258

: 259


: 260

: 261

anointed

254

262

263

dwelling-place

rule
proverbial saying

(larger) family,
clan
(legal) decision,
justice

: 264

: 265

:
266

: 267

B.14. NN

B.14

137

nn

now! come!

utterance
god)

(of

commit adultery
prophet
south,
the
south-country
Hi.
make
known, report,
tell
in front of
touch, hurt a
person
Q., Ni. draw
near, approach;
Hi. bring, bring
near

268

: 269

: 270
: 271

272
: :

273

274

: 275

276
:

vow
river

: 277
278

rest

279

138

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

flee
wadi, torrent

hereditary property
we
copper, bronze
Q. extend, incline; Hi. recline, bend

Pi. test, try

young
maid

girl,

283
284

: 285

288

: 289

:
290

: 291

fall
soul, living being, person

1 :(

)
2

: 286

: 287

set out, journey

lad, young boy,
servant

strike, smite

280
281

282

292

3
Hi. tear away,
deliver

5 4
: 293

B.15. SME

139

bear, carry

deputy, chief

kiss
give

tear down, destroy

B.15

1 : 294
4
3

: 295

: 296

: 297

: 298

sme

turn, be round
about, march
around
all around

horse
Q. turn side, Hi.
remove
Q. count; Ni. be
counted; Pi. tell
book

2 1 : 299

3
2
1 : 300

: 301
: 302
:

: : 303
:
: 304

140

B.16

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

ayin

serve, work

servant, slave
work, labour,
service

pass by, go over

the region beyond/opposite

Hebrew
witness
gathering, congregation
still, once more,
again
eternity
sin, guilt
fly
flying creatures,
bird
power, strength

305

:
1 :
3
:

306
307

308

2 1 : 309

: 310
: 311
: 312

313

1 : 314
2

2
1 : 315

:
: 316

317

:

: 318

B.16. AYIN
leave, abandon
eye, spring
town, city
upon,
above,
against

Q. go up, ascend, Hi. bring,

lead up, offer
sacrifices
(whole burnt-)
offering

the upper, the

highest

141

: 319

2 1 :
320

: 321

322
3
2 1
4

: 323

:
2
4

1 :
3

324

325

people
(together) with
stand

(
326
2

1 :

327

: 328

1 :

142

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

pillar, column
answer,
grant

hear,

Q. be downcast,
afflicted;
Pi.
humiliate, do
violence

1:

poor, humble

poverty, affliction
cloud
dust
tree(s)
bone, being
evening
make, manufacture
ten
twenty
time
now

: 329
: 330

331
1 :

2
2

332
2

1 : 333
2
: 334

: 335

2
1 : 336

2 1 : 337
3

: 338
2 1 : 339
: 340
:
341
: 342
2 1 343

B.17. PH

B.17

143

ph

buy (off), ransom, redeem

mouth
Q. escape, Pi.
save
Hitp. pray
lest
turn toward a
direction
face, surface

1 : 344
2

: 345

: 346
:

: 347
348

: 349

make, do

step,
occurrence, time

go to see, take
care of

young bull

rebellion,
revolt,

1:

revolt

352

: 355
: 356
:

357

350

1 : 351

1 : 353

2

3

: 354

fruit
rebel,
against

1 :

144

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

open
opening,
trance

B.18

: 358
en-

: 359

small cattle

host
righteous

be in the right,
be just
righteousness

: 1 : 360
2

2 1 : 361

1:
362

2

3

: 363
2

righteousness

1 : 364

3

1 :
365
2

B.19. QP

145

Pi. to command
rock
cry, call (to aid)
north
hide

B.19

1 : 366

2
1 : 367

: 368

: 369

: 370

qp

Q., Pi. collect,

assemble

: 371

bury

: 372
373

holy

in front, bygone
days, east

Q. be holy, Pi.,
Hi. consecrate

1 : 375
2

holiness,
place

:
1 : 376
2
3

holy

1 :
: 2

374

146

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

Ni. assemble,
Hi.
call together
assembly, convocation of the
people
Pi. hope, wait
for

: 377

sound, voice
arise, last

verb:
be insignificant;
adj.: small
Pi. send sacrifices up in
smoke
Q. be slight, Pi.
curse
acquire,
create
harvest
grains

1 : 378
3
1 : 379

: 380
1 : 381

: 382

buy,

1 : 384

2
:
1 : 385

3
of

call
Q.
approach,
Hi. offer

2
1 : 386
3

: 387
: 388

1 : 383
3

B.20. R

147

the inward part

(of body), in the
midst
offering, gift

meet, occur

near
bow

B.20

1 : 389

: 390

1 : 391

:
392

2 1 : 393

Q. see, Ni. be
seen, show oneself, appear, Hi.
show
head, summit,
upper end
the first (position)
beginning, the
first, choicest

1 : 394

:

1 : 395
3
: 396

2
3

1:

397

148

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

much, many

multitude

be,
become
many, much

Q.
become
many;
Hi.
make many

foot
pursue,
cute

wind,
spirit

be high above,
be exalted
breadth
Pi. have compassion

1 : 401
2

2
2

: 408

1 : 409

2 1 : 404
3

1 : 405
2

: 406
: 407

be far, become
far
dispute,
conduct a (legal)
case
dispute, case of
law, lawsuit

402

1 : 403
2

perse-

breath,

: 398
: 399

: 400

1 :

410

B.21. N

149

vehicle, chariot
bad, evil
fellow,
companion, friend
hunger, famine
pasture, tend

1 : 411
) 2
3

:
412

: 413

2 1 : 414
2 1 : 415

5
evil,
misery,
trouble

2 1 :

be bad, do evil

416
3

: 417

only

be,
become
guilty,
act
wickedly
wrong, guilty,
impious

418
: 419

B.21

420

open field
set, put,
down

put

1 421

1 : 422

150

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

Hi. understand,
have success,
prosper
the left side, left
rejoice
joy, gladness
hate
lip, shore, bank

official,
leader

chief,

burn

B.22

1 :

423

2
2 1 : 424

1 :
425
2

2
1 : 426
3

1 : 427
3 2

2
:

1:

2
428

429

1 :
3

: 430

relative particle

431

ask, inquire

1:

underworld,
realm of dead

432
2
:
433

B.22. N

151

rod, staff

seven

1:
3

seventy

434

:
435

436

Ni. swear
break
pieces)
Sabbath

(in

Q. turn back,
turn around; Hi.
bring back

bull, ox, steer

slaughter
Hi. spoil, ruin

437

1 : 438

439

1 : 440

:

: 441
: 442

1 : 443
2
: 444

sing
song

lie down

1 : 445

1 : 446

forget

447

152

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

settle down to
abide, live in

1:

peace

send
table

448

3
1 : 449
2

: 450

:
451

: 452

Hi. throw
intact, complete

1 : 453

three

454

the third
thirty
name

: 455
456
: 457
458

there

Hi.
exterminate, Ni. be destroyed, exterminated

459

153

B.22. N

460

heaven

:
1 :

462
2

463 :

466

467 :

: 468

: 469

470 :

)oil (of olives

eight

464

1 : 465
3
2

1:
2

461

thither, (as far

as) there

hear
keep,
watch
over, retain

sun
tooth
year
the second
two

154

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

gate

maid-servant
judge

pour out

shekel

lie, deception
six
Q. drink, Hi. to
water

B.23

: 471

: 472
: 473

: 474
: 475
2 1
(

)
2 1 : 476
: 477
: 478

tw

the primaeval
ocean
glory, praise

the midst

1:

479
2
:
480

: 481

B.23. TW

155

abomination
instruction

:
1 :
3

482
483

under,
of

instead

: 485

continually,
regular

complete,
blameless

be complete

1 : 484

486

1 : 487

Pi. be abhorred

prayer
capture
tribute, contribution
nine

2
4
2

1 : 488

:

:
: 489
: 490

491

: 492

156

B.24

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

Urdu Abbreviations Used in the Vocabulary

English
Adjective

Urdu

Adverb
Arabic
Construct Noun
denominative (verb
derived from a noun)
Emphatic State of Noun
Feminine
Hebrew

Niphal
Noun
Participle
Particle
patronymic (name derived
from father)
Piel
Plural
Poel or Polel

Hiphil
Hithpael
Hothpael
Imperative
Infinitive
Ithpael
Masculine

Abbreviated

B.25. HEB-UR TRANSCRIPTION

157

Prefix Conjugation
Preposition
Pronoun
Pual

Qal
Sukun (jazm) indicating
absence of vowels.
Singular
Suffix Conjugation

B.25

Hebrew Urdu Transcription

Hebrew

Urdu

Hebrew

Urdu

Hebrew

Urdu

158

APPENDIX B. MOST FREQUENT WORDS

Appendix C

Verb Forms
The verb forms in this appendix have been taken from the Hebrew Grammar of Gesenius-Kautzsch-Cowley and adjusted to the
format used here.1 An * indicates analogous formations not occurring in the Old Testament.

1. See Gesenius, E. And Cowley, Hebrew Grammar, p. 510-529. This site W.

Gesenius, Kautzsch E., and A. E. Cowley, Hebrew Grammar, [accessed April
22, 2013], 1976, http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Gesenius%
27_Hebrew_Grammar_%281910_Kautzsch- Cowley_edition%29.djvu
was helpful to get digital material to start with, but it had to be checked against
the book.

159

160

APPENDIX C. VERB FORMS

Strong Verb
Pil

Niphal

Qal

Qal

C.1

Pf 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3cp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Inf. cs.
Inf. as.
Impv. 2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Impf. 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Part Act
Part Pass

C.1. STRONG VERB

161

Hithpal

Hophal

Hiphil

Pual

wanting

wanting

wanting

wanting

162

APPENDIX C. VERB FORMS

Strong Verb with Suffixes

C.2

Suffixes:
Qal pf 3ms

3ms

2fs

2ms

1cs

3fs

2ms

2fs
1cs

3cp

2mp
1cp
Inf. cs.
Inf. cs.
Impv.2ms

Impf.3ms

3ms+Nn en.
3mp

Pi pf 3ms

C.2. STRONG VERB WITH SUFFIXES

163

2fp

2mp

1cp

3fs

3fp

3mp

wnt

want.

want.

want.

want.

wnt

wnt

want.

want.
want.

want.

wnt

want.

wnt

want.

wnt

want.

wnt

wnt

want.

164

APPENDIX C. VERB FORMS

I-Guttural

Hophal

wanting

Hiphil

Niphal

Qal

C.3

pf 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3cp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Inf. cs.
Inf. as.
Impv. 2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Impf. 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Part Act
Part Pass

C.4. II-GUTTURAL

165

II-Guttural

Hithpal

*
*




*

Pual

*










wanting

wanting

Pil

Niphal

Qal

C.4

pf 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3cp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Inf. cs.
Inf. as.
Impv.2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Impf.3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Part Act
Part Pass

166

APPENDIX C. VERB FORMS

III-Guttural
Pil

Niphal

Qal

C.5

pf 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3cp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Inf. cs.
Inf. as.
Impv. 2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Impf. 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Part Act
Part Pass

C.5. III-GUTTURAL

167

Hithpal

Hophal

Hiphil

wanting

Pual

wanting

168

APPENDIX C. VERB FORMS

Geminate
Niphal

,









,



*






*

*


fem

Qal

*

*

Qal

,
,



,

C.6

pf 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3cp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Inf. cs.
Inf. as.
Impv.2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Impf.3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Part Act
Part Pass

C.6. GEMINATE

169

Poal

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

wanting

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Pol

*
*
*



*
*

*

*
*

Hophal

*
*
*

*
*
*

wanting

,
*
*
*

*
*

*
*

Hiphil

,




,








*
,


*

,

170

APPENDIX C. VERB FORMS

I-Nun
Hophal

Hiphil

Niphal

Qal

Qal

wanting

regular

regular

C.7

pf 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3cp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Inf. cs.
Inf. as.
Impv.2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Impf.3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Part Act
Part Pass

C.8. I-ALEPH

C.8

171

I-Aleph

pf 3ms

Inf. cs.
Inf. as.
Impv.2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Impf.3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Part Act
Part Pass

Qal

Niphal

Hiphil

Hophal

Like

I-Gut-

tu-

ral

wanting

wanting

etc.

etc.

wanting

etc.

etc.

etc.

172

APPENDIX C. VERB FORMS

I-Yod/Waw
Niphal

Qal

regular

wanting



*







*


*

Qal

C.9
pf 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3cp
2mp
2fp
1cp

Inf. cs.
Inf. as.
Impv.2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Impf.3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Part Act
Part Pass

173

Hiphil

C.9. I-YOD/WAW

Qal

regular

*

*

Hophal

Hiphil

wanting

*


*

174

APPENDIX C. VERB FORMS

)Biconsonantal (II-Waw/Yod
Hiphil

Niphal

*

*




*
*

,

*




*

Qal

*


*
*

Qal

C.10
pf 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3cp
2mp
2fp
1cp

Inf. cs.
Inf. as.
Impv.2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Impf.3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Part Act
Part Pass

175

Niphal

*
*
*

See
Verbs
II-Waw

)C.10. BICONSONANTAL (II-WAW/YOD

Qal

*
*

Plal

*

*

*
*
*

Pll

*
*
*

wanting

Hophal

*

*

*
*

*
*
*

*
*
*
*

*
*

*

*
*
*

*

*

,
,

176

APPENDIX C. VERB FORMS

III-Aleph
Pil

Niphal

Qal

Qal

*

*




*

*
*



*
*
*









*

C.11

pf 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3cp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Inf. cs.
Inf. as.
Impv.2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Impf.3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Part Act
Part Pass

C.11. III-ALEPH

177

Hithpal

Hophal

Hiphil

Pual

*
*
*

*

*
*
*

*

*
*
*

*
*
*
*

*
*

*
*
*

*
*


*
*
*
*

wanting
*
*
*
*




*
*

*


*

*

wanting

wanting

wanting

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

wanting

*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*

*

178

APPENDIX C. VERB FORMS

III-He
Pil

Niphal

Qal

,




*

*
*

*
,

C.12

pf 3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3cp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Inf. cs.
Inf. as.
Impv.2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Impf.3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Part Act
Part Pass

C.12. III-HE

179

Hithpal

Hophal

Hiphil

Pual

*

*

*
*

*
*
*

*
*
*

*


*


*




*


*

wanting

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*

*

wanting

*
*

*

*
*

*

180

APPENDIX C. VERB FORMS

Appendix D

Hebrew Verses for the

Whole Year
The chapter and verses are given according to the English or
Urdu counting system not according to the normal Hebrew system
which is used for example in the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia.
If the vocalisation points of a word are missing, it is normally
because it is the K form ("what is written" in the standard
consonant text) while the Qr (what is to be read according to
the Jewish Masoretes) would be found in the margin but not in
the text given here.
1 January Gn 1:27

2 January Gn 1:31

3 January Gn 2:18

181

182

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

4 January Gn 3:15

5 January Gn 8:21

6 January Gn 12:1-3

1

2

7 January Gn 15:6

8 January Gn 18:14

9 January Gn 32:10

10 January Gn 32:26

11 January Gn 39:9

)12 January Gn 49:10 (OSMHB corrected

13 January Gn 50:20

183

14 January Ex 3:14

15 January Ex 14:14
16 January Ex 15:26

17 January Ex 19:4-6

4



5

6

18 January Ex 20:2-7

3




2

5
6

19 January Ex 20:8-11

8 9
10

11

184

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

20 January Ex 20:12-17

12

15

14
13





17
16

21 January Ex 33:19

22 January Ex 34:6-7

6

7

23 January Ex 40:34

24 January Lv 19:2

25 January Lv 19:18

26 January Lv 19:32

27 January Nm 6:24-26

24 25 26

28 January Nm 23:19

185

29 January Nm 24:17

30 January Dt 4:2

31 January Dt 4:24

1 February Dt 4:35

2 February Dt 6:4-7

5

4

3 February Dt 7:7-8

7


8

4 February Dt 18:15

5 February Dt 29:29

6 February Dt 30:14

7 February Dt 32:47

186

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

8 February Dt 33:27

9 February Jo 1:7-8

7
8

10 February Jo 18:1

11 February Jo 23:14

12 February Jo 24:15

13 February Jgs 2:18-19

18

19

14 February Ru 1:16-17

16
17

187

15 February 1 Sm 2:30

16 February 1 Sm 14:6

17 February 1 Sm 15:22

18 February 1 Sm 16:7

19 February 2 Sm 7:12-13

12

13

20 February 2 Sm 7:18

21 February 1 Kgs 8:10-11

11

10

22 February 1 Kgs 8:27

188

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

23 February 1 Kgs 8:43

24 February 1 Kgs 8:56

25 February 1 Kgs 17:14

26 February 1 Kgs 18:21

27 February 1 Kgs 19:18

28 February 1 Chr 17:11-13

11


12


13

1 March 1 Chr 29:17

2 March 2 Chr 16:9

189

3 March Ezra 8:22

4 March Neh 8:10

5 March Est 9:20-22

20





21
22

6 March Job 1:21

7 March Job 2:10

8 March Job 5:17-19

18

17



19

9 March Job 10:12

10 March Job 19:25-26

190

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

26
25

11 March Job 28:28

12 March Job 34:11-12

12

13 March Job 38:11

14 March Job 42:5-6

6
5

15 March Ps 1:6
16 March Ps 2:7

17 March Ps 4:8

18 March Ps 13:5-6

19 March Ps 16:11

20 March Ps 18:1-2

21 March Ps 19:1

22 March Ps 19:12
23 March Ps 22:1

191

24 March Ps 23:1-6

2
1

4

3





6

5

25 March Ps 26:8

26 March Ps 27:1

27 March Ps 27:8
28 March Ps 31:5

29 March Ps 32:1-2

30 March Ps 33:4
31 March Ps 33:9
1 April Ps 34:1
2 April Ps 34:4
3 April Ps 34:8
4 April Ps 36:9

192

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

5 April Ps 37:5

6 April Ps 42:1-2

7 April Ps 46:1

8 April Ps 50:2-3

3

2

9 April Ps 50:15

10 April Ps 51:10-12

11


10
12

11 April Ps 55:22

12 April Ps 63:5-6

6

5

13 April Ps 65:1-2

/ 2

1

14 April Ps 68:19

15 April Ps 73:23-28

24
23
26
25

27

193


28

16 April Ps 77:13

17 April Ps 84:10

18 April Ps 86:11

19 April Ps 90:1-2

2




1

20 April Ps 91:1-2

1 2

21 April Ps 92:1-2

2
1

22 April Ps 94:15

23 April Ps 103:1-4

1 2

24 April Ps 103:8-13

10

12

11
13

194

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

25 April Ps 103:22

26 April Ps 104:24

27 April Ps 104:27-28

28
27

28 April Ps 106:1
29 April Ps 107:1
30 April Ps 108:4

1 May Ps 110:1

2 May Ps 115:3

3 May Ps 115:12

4 May Ps 118:14
5 May Ps 118:17

6 May Ps 118:22-26

22 23
24 25
26

195

7 May Ps 119:9
8 May Ps 119:18-19

18 19

9 May Ps 119:67
10 May Ps 119:92
11 May Ps 121:7-8

12 May Ps 126:5-6

5 6

13 May Ps 130:1
14 May Ps 133:1
15 May Ps 139:23-24

23 24

16 May Ps 143:2

17 May Ps 143:10

18 May Ps 145:8

19 May Ps 145:15-18

196

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

16


17

18

20 May Ps 150:6

21 May Prv 1:7-10

8


7



9

10

22 May Prv 2:7

23 May Prv 3:5-6

24 May Prv 3:11-12

12

11

25 May Prv 4:18

26 May Prv 5:21

27 May Prv 6:6-8

7

6

8




*

28 May Prv 7:2

29 May Prv 8:17

30 May Prv 9:10

197
31 May Prv 10:12

1 June Prv 10:19

2 June Prv 10:24

3 June Prv 10:28

4 June Prv 11:13

5 June Prv 11:24

6 June Prv 12:10

7 June Prv 13:9

8 June Prv 13:13

9 June Prv 13:23

10 June Prv 14:13
11 June Prv 16:9
12 June Prv 16:18
13 June Prv 16:32

14 June Prv 18:10

198

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

15 June Prv 19:17

16 June Prv 20:12

17 June Prv 20:22

18 June Prv 21:2

19 June Prv 22:1

20 June Prv 23:26

21 June Prv 24:10

22 June Prv 24:16

23 June Prv 25:21-22

22

21

24 June Prv 26:12

25 June Prv 27:1

26 June Prv 28:13

27 June Prv 28:26

28 June Prv 29:18

29 June Prv 29:25

199

30 June Prv 30:17

1 July Prv 31:8

2 July Prv 31:30

3 July Eccl 5:1

4 July Eccl 12:13-14

13

14

5 July Song 8:6-7

6

7

6 July Is 1:3

7 July Is 1:18

8 July Is 5:20

9 July Is 6:3

200

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

10 July Is 6:9-10

10

11 July Is 7:9

12 July Is 7:14

13 July Is 8:8-10

8




9


10

14 July Is 9:1-2

1




2

15 July Is 9:6-7

7 *

16 July Is 10:20-21

20
21

201

17 July Is 11:1-2

2
1

18 July Is 12:2-3

19 July Is 26:19

20 July Is 28:16

21 July Is 30:15

22 July Is 30:33

23 July Is 33:22

24 July Is 35:10

25 July Is 38:17

26 July Is 40:6-8

6


7

202

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

27 July Is 40:29-31

30


29
31

28 July Is 41:10

29 July Is 41:14

30 July Is 42:1

31 July Is 42:3

1 August Is 43:1

2 August Is 43:11
3 August Is 43:24-25

24

25

4 August Is 44:3

5 August Is 44:6

203

6 August Is 44:22

7 August Is 44:28-45:1

28

1

8 August Is 45:15

9 August Is 45:22-24

23
22






24

10 August Is 48:18

11 August Is 48:22
12 August Is 49:6

13 August Is 49:15-16

16

14 August Is 50:4-6

4


5




6

VERSES HEBREW D. APPENDIX

204

15 August Is 52:7

16 August Is 53:4-6

17 August Is 54:7-10

9


10

18 August Is 55:8-11

9



8

10

11

19 August Is 57:15

20 August Is 58:7

205

21 August Is 59:20

22 August Is 60:1-2

23 August Is 61:1-2

1
2

24 August Is 61:10

25 August Is 63:16

26 August Is 66:2

27 August Is 66:13

28 August Jer 1:5

29 August Jer 2:13

30 August Jer 7:3

31 August Jer 8:7

206

APPENDIX D. HEBREW VERSES

* *

1 September Jer 9:23-24

23
24

2 September Jer 10:24

3 September Jer 14:7

4 September Jer 15:16

5 September Jer 17:5

6 September Jer 17:7

7 September Jer 17:9

8 September Jer 17:14

9 September Jer 23:5-6

5

6

10 September Jer 23:23-24

24



23

207

11 September Jer 23:29

12 September Jer 29:7

13 September Jer 29:10-14

10






11

12

13



14

14 September Jer 31:3

15 September Jer 31:31-34

31

32

33

34

APPENDIX D. HEBREW VERSES

208

16 September Jer 33:15-16

16

17 September Jer 50:20

18 September Lam 3:22-27

23


22
25

24

26
*

27

19 September Lam 3:31-33

*
32

31

33
*

20 September Lam 3:39

21 September Ez 3:17-19

17



18

19

22 September Ez 11:19-20

19

20

23 September Ez 18:23

209

24 September Ez 33:11

25 September Ez 34:16

26 September Ez 36:26-27

26

27

27 September Ez 37:24

)28 September Dn 2:44 (Aramaic

)29 September Dn 4:37 (Aramaic

)30 September Dn 6:23 (Aramaic

)1 October Dn 7:13-14 (Aramaic

13

/
14

210

APPENDIX D. HEBREW VERSES

)2 October Dn 7:27 (Aramaic

3 October Dn 9:18

4 October Dn 12:2-3

3


19

5 October Hos 2:19-20

20

6 October Hos 6:6

7 October Hos 13:9

8 October Hos 14:9

12

9 October Joel 2:12-13

13

28

10 October Joel 2:28-29

211
29

11 October Joel 2:32

12 October Amos 3:2

13 October Amos 5:4

14 October Amos 8:11-12

11
12

15 October Amos 9:11

16 October Ob 1:21

17 October Jonah 4:10-11

10

11

18 October Micah 5:2

19 October Micah 6:8

212

APPENDIX D. HEBREW VERSES

20 October Micah 7:18

21 October Nahum 1:7

22 October Habakkuk 2:4

23 October Habakkuk 2:20

24 October Habakkuk 3:18

25 October Zep 3:12

26 October Hg 1:8-9

*

8

9

27 October Zec 1:12-13

12
13

28 October Zec 2:10

29 October Zec 3:8-9

8
9

30 October Zec 4:6

213

31 October Zec 7:9-10

9


10

1 November Zec 8:16-17

16

17

2 November Zec 9:9

3 November Zec 12:9-10

10

4 November Zec 14:9

5 November Mal 2:7

6 November Mal 3:1

7 November Mal 4:2

APPENDIX D. HEBREW VERSES

214

8 November Mal 4:5

9 November Ruth 1:1-2

1


2

10 November Ruth 1:3-4

4

3

11 November Ruth 1:5

12 November Ruth 1:6

13 November Ruth 1:7-8

7

8

14 November Ruth 1:9

15 November Ruth 1:10-11

11

10

16 November Ruth 1:12-13

215




12
13

17 November Ruth 1:14

18 November Ruth 1:15-17

15

16

17

19 November Ruth 1:18

20 November Ruth 1:19-20

19


20

21 November Ruth 1:21

22 November Ruth 1:22

23 November Ruth 2:1

24 November Ruth 2:2-3

2
3

APPENDIX D. HEBREW VERSES

216

25 November Ruth 2:4-5

26 November Ruth 2:6-7

27 November Ruth 2:8-9

8
9

28 November Ruth 2:10

29 November Ruth 2:11

30 November Ruth 2:12-13

12

13

1 December Ruth 2:14-15

14

15

217

2 December Ruth 2:16-17

16

17

3 December Ruth 2:18-19

18

19

4 December Ruth 2:20-21

20

21

5 December Ruth 2:22-23

22

23

6 December Ruth 3:1-2

7 December Ruth 3:3-4

3

4

8 December Ruth 3:5:

APPENDIX D. HEBREW VERSES

218

9 December Ruth 3:6-7

10 December Ruth 3:8-9

8


9

11 December Ruth 3:10

12 December Ruth 3:11-12

11
12

13 December Ruth 3:13-14

13
14

14 December Ruth 3:15-16

15

16

15 December Ruth 3:17-18

17

18

219
16 December Ruth 4:1

17 December Ruth 4:2

18 December Ruth 4:3-4

3
4

19 December Ruth 4:5-6

5


6

20 December Ruth 4:7-8

7
8

21 December Ruth 4:9

22 December Ruth 4:10

10

23 December Ruth 4:11-12

11

220

APPENDIX D. HEBREW VERSES

12

24 December Ruth 4:13-14

13




14

25 December Ruth 4:15

26 December Ruth 4:16

27 December Ruth 4:17

28 December Ruth 4:18

29 December Ruth 4:19

30 December Ruth 4:20

31 December Ruth 4:21-22

22

21

Appendix E

Abbreviations
1 Chron. or 1 Chr
1 Cor. or 1 Cor
1 Esd.
1 John or 1 Jn
1 Kings or 1 Kgs
1 Macc. or 1 Mc
1 Pet. or 1 Pt
1p
1 Sam. or 1 Sm
1s
1 Thess. or 1 Thes
1 Tim. or 1 Tm

1 Chronicles
1 Corinthians
1 Esdras
1 John (Epistle)
1 Kings
1 Maccabees
1 Peter
First person plural
1 Samuel
First person singular
1 Thessalonians
1 Timothy

221

222
2 Chron. or 2 Chr
2 Cor. or 2 Cor
2 Esd.
2 John or 2 Jn
2 Kings or 2 Kgs
2 Macc. or 2 Mc
2 Pet. or 2 Pt
2p
2 Sam. or 2 Sm
2s
2 Thess. or 2 Thes
2 Tim. or 2 Tm
3 John or 3 Jn
3p
3s
A. or Acc.
abl.
Act. or Act
Acts
adj.
adv.
Amos or Am
anom.
Aor.

APPENDIX E. ABBREVIATIONS
2 Chronicles
2 Corinthians
2 Esdras
2 John (Epistle)
2 Kings
2 Maccabees
2 Peter
Second person plural
2 Samuel
Second person singular
2 Thessalonians
2 Timothy
3 John (Epistle)
Third person plural
Third person singular
accusative case
ablative
Active Voice
Acts of the Apostles
adjective
adverb
Amos
anomalous
Aorist

223
Apoc.
Arab.
ARV
ASV
as.
AT
AV
Bar. or Bar
Caus.
c.
CEV
cf.
ch.
Coh.
Col. or Col
Cond.
conj. or conj
cons.
cont.
cs.
Dan. or Dn
D. or Dat.
Decl.
Deut. or Dt

Apocrypha
Arabic
American Revised Version
American Standard Version
absolute state or absolute
American Translation
Authorized (King James) Version
Baruch
Causal
common gender
Contemporary English Version
confer, compare
chapter
Cohortative
Colossians
Conditional
conjunction
consonant
continued
construct state or construct
Daniel
dative case
Declension
Deuteronomy

224
dimin.
du.
DV
Eccles. or Eccl
Ecclus.
ed.
e.g.
Eph. or Eph
ERV
esp.
Esther or Est
ESV
etym.
EV
Exod. or Ex
Ezek. or Ez
Ezra or Ezr
f.
fig.
Fut.
Gal. or Gal
Gen. or Gn
G. or genv
Gk.

APPENDIX E. ABBREVIATIONS
diminutive
dual number
Douay Version
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiasticus (=Sirach)
edition
exempli gratia, 'for example'
Ephesians
English Revised Version
especially
Esther
English Standard Version
etymology
English version(s)
Exodus
Ezekiel
Ezra
feminine gender
figuratively
Future
Galatians
Genesis
genitive case
Greek

225
gov.
Gr.
Hab. or Hb
Hag. or Hg
HB
Heb. or Heb
Hosea or Hos
ib.
ident.
id.
i.e.
impers.
Impf.
Impv.
ind.
indic.
Inf.
instr.
Intens.
interj.
interpol.
intrans.

governing
grammar
Habakkuk
Haggai
Hebrew Bible
Hebrews or Hebrew
Hosea
ibidem or 'in the same place or
book or text' as the preceding
identical
idem or 'the same meaning as that
of a preceding word'
id est, this is
impersonal or used impersonally
imperfect
imperative
indeclinable
indicative
infinitive mood
instrumental
Intensive
interjection
interpolation
intransitive (without accusative object)

226
Introd.
IPA
irr.
Isa. or Is
James or Jas
JB
Jer. or Jer
Job or Jb
Joel or Jl
John or Jn
Jon. or Jon
Josh. or Jo
Jth. or Jdt
Jude
Judg. or Jgs
Juss.
KJV
Lam. or Lam
Lat.
Lev. or Lv
lit.
loc.
log.
Luke or Lk

APPENDIX E. ABBREVIATIONS
Introduction
International Phonetic Alphabet
irregular
Isaiah
James
Jerusalem Bible
Jeremiah
Job
Joel
John (Gospel)
Jonah
Joshua
Judith
Jude
Judges
Jussive
King James Version
Lamentations
Latin
Leviticus
literally
locative
logic
Luke

227
LXX
Mal. or Mal
Mark or Mk
Matt. or Mt
Med. or Med
metron.
Mic. or Mi
m.
Mod.
MS.
MSS.
MT
n.
N. or Nom.
NAB
Nah. or Na
NEB
neg.
Neh. or Neh
NJB
NRSV
NT
ntr.
Num. or Nm

Septuagint
Malachi
Mark
Matthew
Medium Voice
metronymic
Micah
masculine gender
modern
manuscript
manuscripts
Masoretic Text
neuter gender
nominative case
New American Bible
Nahum
New English Bible
negative
Nehemiah
New Jerusalem Bible
New Revised Standard Version
New Testament
neuter gender
Numbers

228
Nn en.
Obad. or Ob
obs.
opt.
orig.
OT
partic.
part. or part
Pass. or Pass
perh.
Pf. or Pf
Philem. or Phlm
Phil. or Phil
Pl. or Pl or p
poet.
P. or P
prec.
prep.
pres. or pres
priv.
prob.
Pr. of Man.
pronom.
pron.

APPENDIX E. ABBREVIATIONS
Nn energicum
Obadiah
obsolete
optative
originally
Old Testament
particular
participle
Passive voice
perhaps
perfect tense
Philemon
Philippians
Plural
poetry or poetic
Person or Plural
preceding
preposition
present tense
privative
probably
Prayer of Manasses (=Manasseh)
pronominal
pronoun

229
Prov. or Prv
Ps. (pl.Pss.) or Ps (pl.
Pss)
redupl.
Reflex.
Rev. or Rv
rhet.
Rom. or Rom
RSV
rt.
rts.
Ruth or Ru
RV
seq.
sev.
Sg. or Sg or s
Sir
Song of Sol. or Song
Song of Three Children
Subj.
subst.
suff.
superl.
Sus.

Proverbs
Psalms
reduplicated
Reflexive or used reflexively
Revelation (=Apocalypse)
rhetoric
Romans
Revised Standard Version
root
roots
Ruth
Revised Version
sequens
several
Singular
Sirach (=Ecclesiasticus)
Song of Solomon (=Song of
Songs)
Song of the Three Holy Children
subjunctive
substantive
suffix
superlative degree
Susanna

230
Syr.
Titus or Ti
Tob. or Tb
trans.
Ur
vb.
v.l.
vow.
Vulg.
V. or Voc.
want. or wnt
WEB
Wisd. of Sol.
WLC
Ws
Zech. or Zec
Zeph. or Zep

APPENDIX E. ABBREVIATIONS
Syriac
Titus
Tobit
transitive (with accusative object)
Urdu
verb
varia lectio
vowel
Vulgate
vocative case
wanting
World English Bible
Wisdom of Solomon (=Wisdom)
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Wisdom (=Wisdom of Solomon)
Zechariah
Zephaniah

Bibliography
Brown, Fr., S. R. Driver, and Ch. A. Briggs. Hebrew and English
Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford, 1980.
Einspahr, Bruce. Index to Brown, Driver & Briggs Hebrew Lexicon. Chicago: Moody Press, 1980.
Gesenius, W., Kautzsch E., and A. E. Cowley. Hebrew Grammar.
2nd ed. Oxford, 1976.
---------. Hebrew Grammar. [accessed April 22, 2013]. 1976.
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Gesenius%
27_Hebrew_Grammar_%281910_Kautzsch-Cowley_ed
ition%29.djvu.
Kreuzer, Siegfried. 500 Basic Hebrew Words [in English]. [accessed January 8, 2013]. 2011. http://www.kreuzer-si
egfried.de/hilfsmittel/hebr-500-engl.pdf.
Lambdin, Thomas O., and Heinrich von Siebenthal. Lehrbuch BibelHebrisch. Third. Giessen: Brunnen, 1999.
Lettinga, J. P. Grammatica van het Bijbels Hebreeuws. Edition no.
8. Leiden / Niederlande: Brill, 1976.

231

232

BIBLIOGRAPHY

OpenScriptures.org, ed. Westminster Leningrad Codex. [accessed

September 1, 2012], 2010. http://www.crosswire.org/
sword/modules/ModInfo.jsp?modName=OSMHB.
Pratico, Gary D., and Miles V. Van Pelt. Basics of Biblical Hebrew. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
Publishers, Good News, ed. English Standard Version. [Accessed
May 9, 2011], 2001. http://www.crosswire.org/swor
d/modules/ModInfo.jsp?modName=ESV.
urduenglishdictionary.org. [accessed January 12, 2012]. http :
//www.urduenglishdictionary.org.
urduseek.com. [accessed January 12, 2012], 2012. http://urd
useek.com/dictionary/.
Wrthwein, E. Der Text des Alten Testaments. Edition no. 4. 230
pp. Stuttgart: Wrttembergische Bibelanstalt, 1973.

Index
1 Chr
15:12, 85
1 Kgs
08:10-11, 48
09:26, 61
1 Sm
15:22, 48
16:07, 36
2 Sm
07:13, 35
Amos
5:04, 81
Eccl

Ex

05:01, 41, 48, 49

08:09, 49
12:13, 41
12:14, 54, 60, 104

Ez
Ezra
Gn

Is

14:14, 59
15:26, 48
20:03, 37

233

20:09, 70
20:14, 42
20:14-17, 36
20:15-17, 42
34:06-07, 61
36:27, 61
08:22, 48
01:01.03, 70
01:03, 37
03:11, 48
13:17, 86
48:11, 96
01:03, 30
01:18, 36, 37, 59, 104
05:20, 25
06:08, 36
06:09, 41, 49, 81

234

INDEX
07:09, 59, 104
09:01, 98
09:07, 99
10:20, 55, 56
14:29, 54
26:19, 104
28:16, 104
30:15, 54, 59
30:33, 98
35:10, 60
38:17, 98
40:30, 49
41:10, 70
42:03, 104
43:11, 104
43:24, 98
44:28-45:01, 59
45:01, 71, 98
45:15, 92, 104
45:22, 55
45:23, 55, 60
45:24, 60
48:18, 98
49:06, 47, 55, 99
50:06, 98, 104
52:07, 71, 104
53:04, 112
53:04-05, 80
53:06, 98
53:5, 55
54:07-08, 70

54:08, 98
54:10, 71
55:10-11, 98
57:15, 60, 99
58:07, 49, 92
60:02, 71
60:2, 60
61:01-02, 65
61:10, 71, 98
63:16, 70
66:13, 71, 80
Jer

Jgs
Jo

01:05, 98
07:03, 71, 98
09:23-24, 92
09:24, 92, 99
10:24, 70
17:14, 70
23:05, 98
33:16, 60
02:19, 60

01:07, 80
Josh.
24:15, 47
Lv

19:02, 36
19:18, 36, 42

INDEX
25:39, 54
25:49, 54
Nm
Prv

Ps

06:24-26, 37
01:07, 19
03:11, 19
04:18, 19
09:10, 19
11:13, 60
13:09, 19
14:13, 48
20:22, 36, 42
22:01, 54, 60
23:26, 41
24:10, 87
25:21, 98
26:12, 30
27:01, 92
28:13, 71, 80
31:08, 41
31:30, 92
031:05, 19
032:01, 19
033:04, 19
034:01, 36
036:09, 19
041:02, 59

235
090:01, 29
103:01-02.22, 65
103:08, 19
103:09, 36
103:10, 30
104:27, 47
115:12, 70
118:24, 36
119:009, 48
119:019, 104
121:7-8, 70
126:6, 48
133:01, 48
139:23, 70
143:02, 36, 42
145:08, 19, 61
27:08, 65, 71
31:05, 104
50:15, 70
51:10, 65
86:11, 70
92:01, 65
Ruth
01:01, 70
Song
8:06, 70
8:07, 49