UNIT I PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

1. What are the features of PM synchronous motor?

1. Robust, compact and less weight.
2. No field current or rotator current in PMSM, unlike in induction motor.
3. Copper loss due to current flow which is largest loss in motors is about half that
Of induction motor.
4. High efficiency.
2. What are the advantages of load commutation?
1. It does not require commutation circuits.
2. Frequency of operation can be higher.
3. It can be operate power levels beyond the capability of forced commutation.
3. What are the applications of PMSM?
1. Used as a direct drive traction motor.
2. Used as high speed and high power drives for compression, blowers,
conveyors, fans, pumps, conveyors, steel rolling mills, main line traction, aircraft
test facilities.
3. Fiber spinning mills.
4. What are the features of closed loop speed control of load commutated inverter fed
synchronous motor drive?
1. Higher efficiency.
2. Four quadrant operation with regeneration braking is possible.
3. Higher power ratings and run at high sppeds (6000 rpm).
5. What are the merits of PMSM?
1. It runs at constant speed.
2. No field winding, no field loss, better efficiency.
3. No sliding contacts. O it requires less maintenance.
6. What are the demerits of PMSM?
1. Power factor of operation cannot be controlled as field winding cannot be
controlled.
2. It leads to losses and decreases efficiency.
7. What are the assumptions made in derivation of emf equation for PMSM.
1. Flux density distribution in the air gap is sinusoidal.
2. Rotor rotates with an uniform angular velocity.
3. Armature winding consists of full pitched, concentrated similarly located coils
of equal number of turns.

8. Why PMSM operating in self controlled lode is known commutatorless dc motor.

Load side controller performs some what similar function as commutator in a dc
machine. The load side converter and synchronous motor combination functions similar
to a dc machine.
First, it is fed from a dc supply and secondly like a dc machine. The stator and
rotor field remain stationary with respect to each other all speeds. Consequently, the drive
consisting of load side conveter and synchronous motor is known as commutator less dc
motor.
9. What is pulsed mode?
For speeds below 10% of base speed, the commutation of load side converter
thyristors is done by forcing the current through the conducting thyristors to zero.
This is realized by making source side converter to work as inverter each time
load side converter thyristors are to be turned off.
Since the frequency of operation of load side converter is very low compared to
source frequency. Such an operation can be realized. The operation of inverter is termed
as pulsed mode.
10. What is load commutation?
Commutation of thyristors by induced voltages of load is known as Load
commutation. Here frequency of operation is higher and it does not require commutation
circuits.
11. What is meant by self control?
As the rotor speed changes the armature supply frequency is also changes
proportionally so that the armature field always moves at the same speed as the motor.
The armature and rotor field move in synchronism for all operating points. Here accurate
tracking of speed by frequency is realized with the help of rotor position sensor.
13. How are PMBLDC motor and PMSM different?
PMBLDC Motor
1. Rectangular distribution of magnetic flux in the airgap.
2. Rectangular current waveforms.
3. Concentrated stator winding.
PMSM
1. Sinusoidal or quasi sinusoidal distribution of magnetic flux in the air gap.
2. Sinusoidal or quasi-sinusoidal current waveforms.
3. Quasi-sinusoidal distribution of stator conductors.
14. State the two classifications of PMSM and the types in each.
1. Sinusoidal PMSM.
2. Trapezoidal PMSM.

15. What is meant by slotless motor?

The stator teeth are removed and resulting space is partially filled with addition
copper.
16. Differentiate between self control and vector control of PMSM.
Self control Vector control
Dynamic performance is poor Better performance
Control circuit is simple Control circuit is complex
17. What is brushless a.c motor.
The sinusoidal current fed motor , which has distributed winding on the stator
inducing sinusoidal voltage is known as brushless a.c motor. It is used in high power
drives. The brushless a.c motor is also known as PMSM.
19. When does a PM synchronous motor operate as a SyRM.
If the cage winding is induced in the rotor and the magnets are left out or
demagnetized, a PM SyRM operates as a SyRM.
20. State the power controllers for PMSM.
1. PWM inverter using power MOSFETS with microprocessor control.
2. PWM inverter using BJTs with microprocessor control (up to 100 KW).
21. Write the advantages of optical sensors.
1. Quite suitable for sinusoidal type motor as it is a high resolution sensor.
2. The signal from the photodiode rises and falls quite abruptly and the sensor
outputs are switched high or low so the switching points are well defined.
22. Write the disadvantages of optical sensors.
1. It requires a clean environment.
2. Provision of high resolution sensor adds the cost of the system

UNIT II PERMANENT MAGNET BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS

1. What are the advantages of brushless dc motor drives?
1. Regenerative braking is possible.
2. Speed can be easily controllable.
3. It is possible to have very high speeds.
4. There is no field winding so that field copper loss is neglected.
2. What are the disadvantages of brushless dc motor drives?
1. Motor field cannot be controlled.
2. It requires a rotor position sensor.
3. It requires a Power semiconductor switching circuit.

4. Power rating is restricted because of the maximum available size of Permanent

magnets.
3. List the various PM materials.
1. Alnico
2. Rare earth magnet.
3. Ceramic magnet.
4. NdFeB magnet.
4. Mention the some applications of PMBL DC motor.
1. Power alternators.
2. Automotive applications.
3. Computer and robotics applications.
4. Textile and glass industries.
5. Why is the PMBL DC motor called electronically commutated motor?
The phase windings of PMBL DC motor is energized by using power
semiconductor switching circuits. Here, the power semiconductor switching
circuits act
as a commutator.
6. What are the classifications of BLPM dc motor?
1. BLPM square wave motor
2. BLPM sine wave motor.
7. What are the two types of BLPM SQW DC motor?
1. 1800 pole arc BLPM square wave motor.
2. 1200 pole arc BLPM square wave motor.
8. Name the position sensors that are used for PMBL DC motor.
1. Optical position sensor.
2. Hall effect position sensor.
9. What are the materials used for making Hall IC pallet.
1. Indium- antimony
2. Gallium- arsenide.
10. What are the relative merits of the brushless dc motor drives?
1. Regenerative braking is possible.
2. Speed can be easily controllable.

3. It is possible to have very high speeds.

4. There is no field winding so that field copper loss is neglected.
11. What is hall sensor?
A sensor is operated with half effect principle. It is called hall sensor. It is used to
sense the rotor position of the BLPM DC motor.
12. What are the types of PM DC motor.
1. PMBL square wave motor.
2. PMBL sine wave motor.
13. What is optical sensor?
A sensor is operated with photo transistor. It is the optical sensor. It is mainly
used to sense the rotor position of the BLPM DC motor.
14. What is PM DC commutator motor?
A dc motor consists of PM in the stator and armature winding, commutator in the
rotor. This motor is called PM DC commutator motor.

16. Name the two comparators used in the power controllers of PMBLDC motor?
1. Speed Comparator.
2. Current comparator.
17. What is permanent magnet DC commutator motor?
A dc motor consists of permanent magnet in the stator and armature winding,
commutator in the rotor. This motor is called permanent magnet DC commutator
motor.

20. Define magnetic remanence?

It is defined as the magnetic flux density which persists in the magnetic materials
even though the magnetizing forces are completely removed.
21. Define coercivity forces?
It is defined as the demagnetizing force which is necessary to neutralize
completely the magnetism in an electromagnet after the value of magnetizing force
becomes zero.
The above demagnetizing force is obtained by an increasing negative field

strength, which is called as coercive field.

22. What are position sensors?
The position sensors detect the position of the rotating magnets and send logic
codes to a commutation decoder which, after processing this code, activates the
firing
circuits of semiconductor switches feeding power to the stator winding of the drive
motor. The reliable position sensing techniques do not involve contact between
stationary
and moving parts.
23. What are the materials used for making hall IC pallet.
1. Indium- antimony
2. Gallium arsenide.
24. Write down the emf equation of P.M brush less D.C motor?
E ph = 2 Bg r l Tph m volts.
Where, Bg = The flux density in air gap (Wb/m2)
r = Radius of the air gap (m)
l = Length of the armature (m)
m = Angular velocity in mech. rad / sec.
Tph = Number of turns per phase.
25. Write down the torque equation of P.M brush less D.C motor?
T = 4 Bg r l Tph I N-m
Where, Bg = The flux density in air gap (Wb/m2)
r = Radius of the air gap (m)
l = Length of the armature (m)
m = Angular velocity in mech. rad / sec.
I = The current flowing through the motor.
26. When does the demagnetization occur in BLPM DC motor?
During the normal operation of motor, when the torque and back emf are
constant, if the field flux level becomes low, then demagnetization occurs.
27. What are the ways by which demagnetization can be limited in permanent
magnet?
There are several ways to limit the demagnetization. One way is to keep the

current below the maximum value and another way is y use of pole shoes to a
permanent
magnet to collect the flux and then transfer it to the air gap.
28. Define the energy product and maximum energy product of a permanent
magnet.
The absolute values of the product of the flux density and the field intensity at
each points along the demagnetization curve is called energy product. The
maximum
value of the energy product is called maximum energy product and this quantity is
one of
the strengths of the permanent magnet.
29. State the advantages of brushless configuration.
1. Brush maintenance is no longer required.
2. Sparking associated with brushes are eliminated.
3. The absence of commutator and brush gear reduces the motor length.
4. The brushless permanent magnet motors will have better efficiency and greater
output power.
30. State the principle of operation of PM brushless DC motor.
When d.c supply is given to the motor, the armature winding draws a current.
This current sets up an mmf which is perpendicular to the main mmf set up by the
permanent magnet field. Hence a force is experienced by the armature conductors
according to Flemings left hand rule. As it is in the stator, a reactive force
develops a
torque in the rotor. If this developed torque is more than the load torque and
frictional
torque, the motor starts rotating.

UNIT III SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTOR

1. What is a synchronous reluctance motor?
It is the motor driven by reluctance torque which is produced due
to tendency of the salient rotor poles to align themselves with
synchronously rotating field produced by stator.
In this motor, the magnets are left out of the rotor or they are
demagnetized. The rotor of the SyRM has salient poles but neither have
field windings nor permanent magnets.
2. What are the types of synchronous reluctance motor?
The main types are 1. Cageless. 2. Line-start.
According to the magnetization 1. Radial type. 2. Axial type.
3. What are the types of rotor in synchronous reluctance motor?
1.Salient rotor 2. Radially laminated rotor 3. Axially laminated rotor.
4. Mention some applications of synchronous reluctance motor.
1. Fiber spinning mills. 2. Industrial process equipment
3. Metering pumps. 4. Wrapping and folding machines.
5. What are the advantages of increasing Ld/Lq ratio in SyRM?
1. Motor power factor ioncreases.
2. I2R Losses reduced.
3. Reduced volt ampere ratings of the inverter driving the machine.

7. What is Vernier motor.

Vernier motor is a PM motor and has a high torque at low speed.
It operates on the principles of a vernier.

8. What is the application of a Vernier motor.

The vernier motor is mainly used where require low speed and
high torque.
9. Write down any two properties of SyRM.
1. High output power capability.
2. Ability of the rotor to withstand high speeds.
3. Negligible zero-torque spinning loss.
4. High reliability.
10. What is reluctance torque in SyRM.
The torque exerted by the reluctance motor because of the
tendancy of the salient poles to align themselves in the minimum position.
This torque is called reluctance torque.
11. What are the design considerations in SyRM.
1. Power factor. 2. Copper loss and core loss.
3.Cost. 4.Efficiency.
12. Mention the advantages of SyRM.
1. There is no concern with demagnetization, hence synchronous
reluctance.
2. There need be no excitation field at zero torque, thus eliminating
electromagnetic spinning losses.
3. SyRM rotor can be constructed entirely from high strength, low cost

materials.
4. Lower torque ripple.
13. Mention the Disadvantages of SyRM.
1. Compared to induction motor it is slightly heavier and has low power
factor.
2. High cost than induction motor.
3. Need speed synchronization to inverter output frequency by using
rotor position sensor and sensor less control.
14. Define Torque angle.
In reluctance type synchronous motor, when the load is increased
lightly, the rotor momentarily slows down, causing the salient poles of the
rotor to lag the rotating field. This angle of lag is called the torque angle.
15. What is meant by flux concentrating design SyRM.
In a six pole circumferentially magnetized SyRM, the design is
such that the magnet pole area exceeds the pole area at the air gap,
producing an air gap flux density higher than that in the magnet. This
arrangement is known as flux concentrating or flux focusing design.
16. What are the factors to be considered while designing a vernier motor?
1. The air gap permeance wave should have the same number of poles as
the stator mmf wave.
2. The number of stator (N1) and rotor slots(N2) should be such that N1=
N2+P, Where P is the number of poles of the rotating magnetic field.
17. When does a PM synchronous motor operate as a SyRM.
If the cage winding is induced in the rotor and the magnets are
left out or demagnetized, a PM SyRM operates as a SyRM.
18. Write the draw backs of Vernier Motor.
1. Low speed.
2. Design factors.
19. Write the operating principle of SyRM.
When a piece of magnetic material is free to move in a magnetic
field, it will align itself with the magnetic field to minimize the reluctance
of the magnetic circuit.
20. What are the two types of stator current modes.
1. Unipolar current modes.
2. Bipolar current modes.
21. What are the types of Stator in Vernier motor.
1. Split pole type.

2. Open slot type.

23. What are the features of PM synchronous motor?

1. Robust, compact and less weight.
2. No field current or rotator current in PMSM, unlike in induction motor.
3. Copper loss due to current flow which is largest loss in motors is about
half that of induction motor.
4. High efficiency.

25. What are the applications of PMSM?

1. Used as a direct drive traction motor.
2. Used as high speed and high power drives for compression, blowers,
conveyors, fans, pumps, conveyors, steel rolling mills, main line traction,
aircraft test facilities.
3. Fiber spinning mills.

UNIT IV SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTORS

1. What are the types of power controllers used for SRM?

1. Using two power semiconductors and two diodes per phase.

2. (n+1) power switching devices and (n+1) diodes per phase.
3. Phase windings using bifilar wires.
4. Dump C-converter.
5. Split power supply converter.
2. List the disadvantages of a switched reluctance motor?
1. Stator phase winding should be capable of carrying magnetizing current.
2. For high speed operation developed torque has undesirable ripples is a result
develops undesirable noises or acoustic noises.
3. It requires a position sensors.
3. Why rotor position sensor is essential for the operation of switched reluctance motor?
It is normally necessary to use a rotor position for commutation and speed
feed back. The turning ON and OFF operation of the various devices of power
semiconductor switching circuit are influenced by signals obtained from rotor
position sensor.
4. What are the advantages of Switched reluctance motor?
1. Construction is simple and robust.
2. There is no permanent magnet.
3. Rotor carries no windings, no slip rings, no brushes, less maintenance
4. Power semiconductor switching circuitry is simpler.
5. It is the self starting machine.
6. It is possible to get very high speed.
5. What are the applications of SRM.
1. Washing Machines.
2. Vacum cleaners.
3. Fans
4. Future auto mobile applications.
5. Robotics control applications.
6. What are the two types of current control techniques?
1. Hyeteresis type model.
2. PWM type control.
7. What is meant by energy ratio?
Energy ratio = Wm / (Wm + R) = 0.45
Wm = mechanical energy transformed.
This energy ratio cannot be called as efficiency. As the stored energy R is not
wasted as a loss but it is feed back to the source through feed back diodes.
8. What is the Phase winding?
Stator poles carrying field coils. The field coils of opposite poles are

connected in series such that mmfs are additive and they are called Phase
windings of SRM.
9. What are the difference between SRM and Stepper motor.
1. In SRM is designed for continous rotation.
SRM requires a rotor position sensor.
2. In Stepper motor is designed to rotate in step by step rotation.
It does not require rotor position sensor.
10. What is hysteresis current control.
This type of current controller maintains a more or less constant current
throughout the conduction period in each phase. This controller is called hysteresis type
controller.
11. Define Chopping mode of operation of SRM.
In this mode, also called low speed mode, each phase winding gets excited for a
period which is sufficiently long.
12. Define Single pulse mode of operation of SRM.
In single pulse mode, also called high speed mode, the current rise is within limits
during the small time interval of each phase excitation.
13. State the principle of operation of switched reluctance motor?
The SRM develops an electromagnetic torque due to variable reluctance principle.
When air gap is minimum, the reluctance will be minimum. Hence inductance will be
maximum, so the rate of change of inductance is zero.
When the reluctance varies, there will be a change in inductance so when a
particular stator winding of SRM is excited, the rotor pole comes in alignment with that
stator pole and thus the rotor rotates.
14. What is the need for shaft position sensor for SRM.
1. For commutation the turning on and turning off of various semiconductor
devices in the switching circuitry is influenced by the signals obtained from the rotor
position sensor.
2. For speed control of the motor ,it is necessary to use the rotor position sensor.
15. Clearly specify the function of controller circuit in SRM.
The controller gets the signal from the rotor position sensor, reference speed
signal and the signal from the output of power semiconductor circuit and then suitably
turns on and off the concerned phase windings of SRM.

16. What are the advantages of C dump circuit.

1. The circuit uses lower number of switching devices.

2. The presence of diodes in the circuit ensures faster demagnetization of phases.

17. What are the different modes of operation of SRM?
1. Low speed operation mode
2. High speed operation mode.
18. What is meant by effectiveness in SRM?
In SRM, the energy stored in the magnetic field is not necessarily dissipated. With
the appropriate converter circuit, it can be recovered to the supply at the end period of
rising inductance. Hence the term effectiveness is used instead of efficiency.
19. State the need for non-linear analysis of switched reluctance motor?
Machine with linear magnetic characteristics means that it ahs constant
magnetic permeability and no magnetic saturation. In practice, the SRM which
follows variable reluctance principle operates with its magnetic material in
saturation.
As saturation tends to increase the size of the variable reluctance machines
for a given output, the non- linear analysis is required.
20. What are the two types of current control technique?
1. Hysteresis type current regulator.
2. Voltage- PWM type current regulator or duty cycle control.
21. What is meant by dwell in SRM?
In SRM the term dwell means conduction period.
22. Why SRM does not have the reliable starting rate of the stepper motor?
Because of the large step angle and lower torque/inertia ratio, the SRM does not
have the reliable starting rate of the stepper motor.

UNIT V STEPPING MOTORS

1. What is stepper motor?
A stepper motor is a digital actuator whose input is in the form of
programmed energization of the stator windings and whose output is in the
form of discrete angular rotation.
2. Define the term step angle.()
Step angle is defined as the angle through which the stepper motor
shaft rotates for each command pulse.
3. Define Slewing.
The stepper motor may be operate at very high stepping rates. i.e
25000 steps per second. A stepper motor operates at high speeds is called
slewing.
4. Define Revolution.
It is defined as the number of steps needed to complete one
revolution of the rotor shaft.
5. State some applications of stepper motor.
Floppy disk drives, Quartz watches, Camera shutter operation, Dot
matrix and line printers, Robotics, Machine tool applications.
6. What are the advantages of stepper motor?
1. It can driven open loop without feedback.
2. It is mechanically simple.
3. It requires little or no maintenance.
4. Responds directly to digital control signals, so stepper motors are
natural choice for digital computer controls.
7. What are the disadvantages of stepper motor?
1. Fixed step angle.
2. Limited power output and sizes available.
3. Limited ability to handle large inertia load.
4. Low efficiency with ordinary controller.
8. What are the different types of stepper motor?
1. Variable reluctance stepper motor.
2. Permanent magnet stepper motor.
3. Hybrid stepper motor
9. What are the different modes of excitation in a stepper motor?
1. 1-phase on or full step operation.
2. 2- phase on mode.
3. Half step operation.

4. Micro stepping operation.

10. What is meant by full step operation?
It is the one-phase on mode operation. It means, at that time only
one winding is energized. By energizing one stator winding, the rotor
rotates some angle. It is the full step operation.
11. What is meant by half step operation?
It is the alternate one phase on and 2 phase on mode operation.
Here the rotor rotate an each step angle is half of the full step angle.
12. What is meant by micro stepping in stepping in stepper motor?
Micro stepping means, the step angle of the VR stepper motor is
very small. It is also called mini stepping. It can be achieved by two
phases simultaneously as in 2 phase on mode but with two currents
deliberately made unequal.
13. What is the main applications of micro stepping VR stepper motor?
Micro stepping is mainly used where very fine solution is required.
The applications are printing and phototype setting. AVR stepper motor
with micro stepping provides very smooth low speed operation and high
resolution.
14. What is a multi-satck VR stepper motor?
Micro stepping of VR stepper motor can be achieved by using
multistack VR stepper motion. It has three separate magnetically isolated
sections or stacks. Here the rotor an stator teeths are equal.
15. What are the advantages of VR stepper motor?
1. Low rotor inertia. 2. Light weight 3. Ability to free wheel
4. High torque to inertia ratio. 5. Ability to free wheel.
16. What are the disadvantages of VR stepper motor?
1. Normally available in 3.60 to 30 step angles.
2. No detente torque available with windings de energized.
17. What are the disadvantages of PM stepper motor?
1. Motor has higher inertia.
2. Slower acceleration
18. What are the advantages of PM stepper motor?
1. Low power requirement.
2. Rotor do not require external exciting current.
3. It produces more torque per armature stator current.
4. High detente torque as compared to VR motor.

19. What is hybrid stepper motor?

A hybrid stepper motor combines the features of both PM and VR
stepping motors.
20. What are the advantages of hybrid stepper motor?
1. Less tendency to resonate.
2. Higher holding torque capability.
3. High stepping rate capability.
21. What are the disadvantages of hybrid stepper motor?
1. Higher inertia and weight due to presence of rotor magnet.
2. Performance affected by change in magnetic strength.
22. Define holding torque.
Holding torque is the maximium load torque which the energized stepper
motor can withstand without slipping from equilibrium position.
23. Define Detente torque.
It is the maximum load torque which is unenergized stepper motor can
with stand without slipping. It is also known as cogging torque.
24. Define torque constant.
It is defined as the initial slope of the torque-current curve of the stepper
motor. It is also called as torque sensitivity.
25. Define pull in torque.
It is the maximum torque the stepper motor can develop in start-stop mode
at a given stepping rate, without losing synchronism.
26. Define Pull-out torque.
It is the maximum torque the stepper motor can develop at a given
stepping rate, without losing synchronism.
27. Define Pull-in rate.
It is the maximum stepping rate at which the stepper motor will start or
stop, without losing synchronism, against a given load torque.
28. Define Pull-out rate.
It is the maximum stepping rate at which the stepper motor will slow,
without losing synchronism, against a given load torque.
29. What is a response range?
It is the range of stepping rates at which the stepper motor will start or
stop, without losing synchronism, against a given load torque.