PUSAT TUISYEN CERGAS JAYA

TOPICAL NOTES 1: TRANSPORT (Essay Practice )

PREPARED BY MR SUN (YOUR BIOLOGY COACH)

Listen . Recall . Practice

Explain how blood pressure of human is regulated using negative feedback
mechanism
(8marks)
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Describe the first and second line defense with appropriate examples
(8 marks)
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PUSAT TUISYEN CERGAS JAYA

TOPICAL NOTES 1: TRANSPORT (Essay Practice )
PREPARED BY MR SUN (YOUR BIOLOGY COACH)

Listen . Recall . Practice

Explain how antibodies helps to fight and destroy microorganism in third line
defence mechanism.
(8marks)
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Describe passive and active immunity

(6marks)

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PUSAT TUISYEN CERGAS JAYA

TOPICAL NOTES 1: TRANSPORT (Essay Practice )
PREPARED BY MR SUN (YOUR BIOLOGY COACH)

Listen . Recall . Practice

Explain how antibodies helps to fight and destroy microorganism in third line
defence mechanism.
(8marks)
Antibodies are protein molecule that are produced by leucocytes. These antibodies are
having specific binding site to the antigens on the pathogens. Antibodies will bind to a
specific antigen and it will destroy the pathogens using four different methods. Lysin
antibody binds to the antigen of pathogen and causes the pathogen to disintegrate or break and
destroy by lysis process. Opsonin antibody will bind to the antigen of pathogen and act as a
marker for phagocyte to engulf via phagocytosis process and destroy the pathogen by fusing with
lysosome. This process known as Opsonisation. Agglutinin antibody will bind to the antigens of
many pathogens and causes the pathogens to clump together. Antibodies also will act as a marker
and allow the phagocytes to engulf the clump pathogen by phagocytosis process and fuse it with
lysosome. This prosess is known as agglutinisation. Antibodies also binds to toxin molecules
produced by pathogens. The antibodies binds to the toxin and avoid the toxin to have contact with
the body cells. This process neutralizes the toxin molecule. This process is known as
neutralization.

Describe passive and active immunity

(6marks)

Immunity is divided in to two main categories that are active and passive immunity. Active
immunity is acquired either naturally or artificially and the immunity will last long for a life time.
Passive immunity is acquired either naturally or artificially. This immunity will show immediate
effect however it will not last long for a life time, it is just for temporary period of time.
Naturally acquired active immunity is obtained by infections (e.g Chicken pox virus or measle
virus). Earlier our body did not posses the specific antibody to fight against the infection. After
the virus introduce it self to our body then the leucocytes will respond by making new set of
antibodies that can bind to the antigen of the pathogen and destroy. Artificially acquired active
immunity is obtained through vaccination process. Vaccine is an inactivated viruses that resembles
the antigen of the real virus. This will make the body to produce new sets of antibodies that can
kill the virus if invaded. A person needs 2nd injection of vaccine to increase or boost the
individuals immunity to be above the immunity level so the immunity can last for a life time.
Naturally acquired passive immunity is obtained from mother to foetus through placent and
umbilical cord. The antibodies are transferred to the foetus through umbilical cord. After birth
the child is given mothers breast milk. Mothers milk contains good level of antibodies to help
increase the immunity of the child immediately and for a temporary period of time. Artificially
acquired passive immunity is obtained by individuals through injection of antiserum derived from
animals. These antiserum contains immunity that provides immediate immunity. The immunity level
drops gradually and vanishes after sometime. Artificially acquired passive immunity is obtained
when a person is infected with a specific pathogenic disease.

PUSAT TUISYEN CERGAS JAYA

TOPICAL NOTES 1: TRANSPORT (Essay Practice )
PREPARED BY MR SUN (YOUR BIOLOGY COACH)

Listen . Recall . Practice

Explain how blood pressure of human is regulated using negative feedback
mechanism
(8marks)
Normal blood pressure of a human is 120/80 mm Hg. 120 mmHg is the systolic pressure
(Condition when the ventricles contract) and 80 mm Hg is known as diastolic pressure (condition
when the ventricles relaxes). During strenuous exercise or vigorous activities or in fear the
individuals blood pressure increases. The high blood pressure is detected by the baroreceptors
located on the aorta arch and carotid vessels. These receptors will detect the stimuli and send
impulses to the cardiovascular centre located in the medulla oblongata. The cardiovascular
centre will send response through parasympathetic nerve to the heart and causes the heart to
have weaker contraction and lower heart beat rate. Responses are also sent to the blood vessels
and causes the blood vessels smooth muscle to relax and the vessels will cause vasodilation.
This action will make the lumen size of vessels to be bigger and reduces the resistance of blood
flow and finally reduces the blood pressure back to normal level. If the blood pressure of an I
ndividual drops below normal level, it is detected by the baroreceptors located on the aorta
arch and carotid vessels. These receptors will send impulses to the cardio vascular center
located in the medulla oblongata. The cardio vascular centre will show response through
sympathetic nerve and causes the heart to have stronger contraction and the heart beat rate
will increase. The blood vessels smooth muscle will contract and causes the blood vessels to go
through vasoconstriction. The lumen size will become smaller and creates resistance in the
blood flow. This increases the blood pressure until it reach normal blood pressure.

Describe the first and second line defense with appropriate examples (8 marks)
First and second line defence mechanism is non specific defence mechanism that protects
ourself from invasion of pathogenic microorganism. The first line defence mechanism consist of
skin, skin produces oil known as sebum that contains lysozyme that is used in killing the
microorganism. The skin also releases sweat that contains salt that kills the microorganism. The
dead skin is removed along the microorganism to avoid the growth of microorganism on our skin.
Or respiratory system is lined with epithelial goblet cells that has cilia and hair particles. It
also produces mucous to trap the dust and microorganism. Our eyes releases tears to clear dust
and microorganism. The tear also contains lysozyme to kill microorganism. Our digestive system
has stomach that produces hydrochloric acid with low pH value to kill the microorganism. If
microorganism successfully breached the first line defence, the second line defence mechanism
will take effect. In our interstitial space among the body cells there are many phagocytic white
blood cells (neutrophils/ monocytes/ macrophages) that will conduct phagocytosis to destroy
the microorganism by using its lysosome. If too many microorganism invaded then more
phagocytes will be present at the infected location.