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Exam 1 Solutions

This document provides solutions to exam problems involving linear algebra concepts such as subspaces, bases, linear independence, matrices, and linear transformations. 1) It shows that the set of lower triangular 2x2 matrices is a 3-dimensional subspace of the vector space of all 2x2 matrices, with basis vectors given. 2) It discusses properties of special lower triangular 3x3 matrices, showing they are not a subspace, have determinant 1, and gives an example of computing the inverse of such a matrix. 3) It solves a problem finding the coordinates of a vector in a polynomial space, determining the given vectors are linearly dependent. 4) It finds the incidence matrix and kernel basis

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Nicholas Mcclain
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51 views4 pages

Exam 1 Solutions

This document provides solutions to exam problems involving linear algebra concepts such as subspaces, bases, linear independence, matrices, and linear transformations. 1) It shows that the set of lower triangular 2x2 matrices is a 3-dimensional subspace of the vector space of all 2x2 matrices, with basis vectors given. 2) It discusses properties of special lower triangular 3x3 matrices, showing they are not a subspace, have determinant 1, and gives an example of computing the inverse of such a matrix. 3) It solves a problem finding the coordinates of a vector in a polynomial space, determining the given vectors are linearly dependent. 4) It finds the incidence matrix and kernel basis

Uploaded by

Nicholas Mcclain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 415 Exam # 1 Solutions

1. (15 points) Let LD22 denote the set of lower triangular 2 2 matrices, i.e. the
set of matrices of the form


x1 0
A=
x2 x3
(a) Show that LD22 is a subspace of M22
Solution: (5 points)



 

x1 0
y1 0
ax1 + by1
0
aA + bB = a
+b
=
x2 x3
y2 y3
ax2 + by2 ax3 + by3
is lower triangular for any lower triangular matrices A and B and any
scalars a and b so LD22 is a subspace of M22
(b) Write down an equation that demonstrates that LD22 is spanned by the
vectors






1 0
0 0
0 0
v1 =
, v2 =
, v3 =
0 0
1 0
0 1
Solution: (4 points)








0 0
x1 0
1 0
0 0
= x1
+ x2
+ x3
x2 x3
0 0
1 0
0 1
(c) Are v1 , v2 , and v3 linearly independent? Justify your response.
Solution: (4 points) By the last equation, the only way that we can have
c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3 = 0 is if

 

c1 0
0 0
=
c2 c3
0 0
and so we see immediately that c1 = c2 = c3 = 0.
(d) What is the dimension of LD22 and why?
Solution: (2 points) By parts b and c the vi s form a basis of LD22 and
so the dimension is 3.
2. (15 points) Let SLD33 denote the set of special lower triangular 33 matrices,
i.e. the set of matrices of the form

1 0 0
A = x1 1 0
x2 x3 1
(a) Is SLD33 a subspace of M33 ? Explain.
Solution: (2 points) No. It is not closed under scalar multiplication since
a multiple of A will not have 1s along the diagonal.
1

(b) What is the permutted LU factorization of the elements of SLD33 , i.e.


of the matrix A?
Solution: (3 points) A is already in factored form if we choose P = I,
L = A and U = I.
(c) What is the determinant of the elements of SLD33 , i.e. of the matrix A?
Solution: (2 points) det A is the product of the diagonal elements of U = I
and hence is 1.
(d) What is the inverse of

1 0 0
E12 (2) = 2 1 0
0 0 1
Solution: (3 points)

E12 (2)1

1 0 0
= E12 (2) = 2 1 0
0 0 1

(e) Compute the inverse of

1 0 0
B= 2 1 0
0 3 1
Solution: (5 points) Since B = E12 (2)E23 (3), we
E23 (3)1 E12 (2)1 = E23 (3)E12 (2), that is


1 0 0
1 0 0
B 1 = 0 1 0 2 1 0 =
0 3 1
0 0 1

conclude that B 1 =

1
0 0
2 1 0
6 3 1

3. (10 points) What are the coordinates of the vector p(x) = x2 + 1 in P (2) relative
to the vectors
p1 (x) = x2 + x + 1
p2 (x) = 2x2 + 3x 2
p3 (x) = x2 + 2x 3
Explain and justify your answer carefully.
Solution: We must find constants c1 , c2 , c3 such that
x2 + 1 = c1 (x2 + x + 1) + c2 (2x2 + 3x 2) + c3 (x2 + 2x 3)
= (c1 + 2c2 + c3 )x2 + (c1 + 3c2 + 2c3 )x + (c1 2c2 3c3 )
2

Comparing coefficients on both sides, we arrive at the equations


c1 + 2c2 + c3 = 1
c1 + 3c2 + 2c3 = 0
c1 2c2 3c3 = 1
Now use

1
1
1

Gaussian elimination on

2
1 1
1
3
2 0 0
2 3 1
0

the augmented matrix:


2
1 1
1 2 1
1
1 1 0 1 1
4 4 0
0 0 0

1

1

4

Since this system is incompatible, there are no coordinates. Hence p is not


in the span of the other three vectors. These three vectors must be linearly
deaendent, otherwise they would be a basis and they are not.
4. (10 points) Consider the following digraph:

(a) What is the incidence matrix A for this digraph?


Solution: (4 points)

1 1 0
0
1 0 1 0

A=
0 1 1 0
0 0
1 1
(b) What is a basis for kerA?
Solution: (2 points) Since this digraph is connected, a basis for the kernel
consists of the single vector with all 1s as entries.
(c) What is the dimension of cokerA and why?
Solution: (4 points) The answer is 1. There are several ways to see this.
A basis for the cokernel of A consists of the independent circuits and here
there is by inspection exactly one circuit. Or, this follows from question
2.6.12 in the homework. Or it follows fron Eulers formula.
5. (10 points)

(a) Find a basis for rngA for the matrix

1 0
1 1
A = 1 2 1 3
1 1 2 3
Solution: (9 points) By Gaussian elimination

1 0
1 1
1 0
1 1
1 0 1 1
A = 1 2 1 3 0 2 2 2 0 2 2 2
1 1 2 3
0 1 1 2
0 0 0 3
Since the pivots appear in columns 1, 2, and 4, a basis for the range of A
consists of columns 1, 2, and 4 of A, namely


1
0
1
1 , 2 , and 3
1
1
3
(b) What is rankA?
Solution: (1 point) 3, the number of pivots.

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