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StatewiseProductionandDistributionofNonMetallicMineralsinIndia

StatewiseProductionandDistributionofNon
MetallicMineralsinIndia
bySmritiChandMinerals

StatewiseproductionanddistributionofNonMetallicmineralsinIndia:
Indiaalsoproducesalargenumberofnonmetallicmineralsalthoughonlyafewofthemhave
assumedasmuchindustrialandeconomicimportanceasisdonebythemetallicminerals.

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ImageCourtesy:img.hisupplier.com/var/userImages/old/s416346.jpg

However,theyareusedinalargevarietyofindustriesthemajorindustriesbeingcement,fertilizers,
electricals,etc.

Mica:
MicahasbeenusedinIndiasinceancienttimesasamedicinaliteminAyurvedaandisknownas
abhrak.Withthedevelopmentofelectricalindustry,micafoundnewvistasofuse.Itsinsulating
propertieshavemadeitavaluablemineralinelectricalandelectronicsindustry.Itcanwithstand
highvoltageandhaslowpowerlossfactor.
ThethreemajortypesofmicafoundinIndiaare:muscovite,phlogopiteandbiotite.Importantmica
bearingpegmatiteoccursinAndhraPradesh,Jharkhand,BiharandRajasthan.Thetotalinsitu
reservesofmicaareplacedat59,065tonnes.TheinsitureservesofmicainAndhraPradeshare
42,626thousandtonnes,Jharkhand1,496tonnesandinRajasthan2,007tonnes.

ProductionandDistribution:
Indiahasanearmonopolyintheproductionofmica,producingabout60percentofworldstotal
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production.Productionwasjust772tonnesin194748whichincreasedtoabouttenthousandtonnes
withinthreeyears.Theproductionincreasedatarapidpaceupto196061andtherewasarecord
productionof28,347tonnesinthatyear.Butafterwardsitshowedadecliningtrendandthe
productioncamedownto1,217tonnesin200203(seeTable25.15).
Table25.15ProductionofMica(Crude)inIndia:
Year

1950 1960 1970 198019851990 1996 1997 19981999 2000 20012002

51

61

71

81

86

91

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

Produc
9905 28,34715,0998,534 4,746 3,806 1,954 1,697 1,484 1,807 1,154 2,026 1,217
tionin
tonnes
Value

29

24

21

35

27

28

2.7

2.4

2.3

3.5

2.6

4.9

3.1

inRs.
crore
About95percentofIndiasmicaisfoundinjustthreestatesofAndhraPradesh,Rajasthanand
Jharkhand.SomemicaisproducedinBiharalso(Table25.16).
Table25.16DistributionofMicainIndia(200203):
State

Production PercentageValuein
(Tonnes) ofallIndia Rs.
millions

1.Andhra 883

72.56

256.50

15.61

21.46

Pradesh
2.
190
Rajasthan

3.
133
10.93
Jharkhand
4.Bihar 11
0.90
India
1,217
100.00
1.AndhraPradesh:

29.95
0.92
308.83

AndhraPradeshisthelargestmicaproducingstateofIndia.In200203,thisstateproduced883
tonnesofmicawhichwasmorethan72percentofallIndiaproduction.Intherecentyears,shareof
AndhraPradeshhasincreasedinrespecttomicaproduction.ThemicabeltliesinNelloredistrictand
is100kmlongand25kmwide.
Nelloremicaisgenerallylightgreenincolouritisgenerallystainedandspotted.Theotherdistricts
withworkablemicadepositsareVishakhapatnam,WestGodavari,Krishna(Tiruvur)andKhammam
(Kallur).ShahmineinGudurtalukaisthedeepestwithminingbeingdoneat300mdepth.
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2.Rajasthan:
AlthoughoccupyingthesecondpositionamongthemicaproducingstatesofIndia,Rajasthanisnot
asimportantaproducerasAndhraPradeshis.Thisstateproduced190thousandtonnesor15.61per
centofIndiain200203.
ThemainmicabeltextendsfromJaipurtoUdaipur.Thisis322kmlongwithanaveragewidthof96
km.ThisbeltbroadensaroundKumbhalgarhandBhilwara.Themainproducingdistrictsare
Bhilwara,Jaipur,Tonk,Sikar,DungarpurandAjmer.
3.JharkhandandBihar:
Earlier,BiharwasaveryimportantproducerofmicainIndiabutithaslostmuchofitsimportance
mainlyduetoformationofnewstateofJharkhandandpartlyduetoincreasedproductioninother
partsofthecountry.JharkhandisthethirdlargestproducerofmicainIndia.
In200203,thisstateproduced133tonnes(orabout11percent)ofmica.Biharhasbeenrelegatedto
apositionofaninsignificantproducer(Table25.16).Micainthesetwostatesisfoundinabelt
extendingforabout150kminlengthand32kminwidthfromeasternpartofGayadistrictacross
Hazaribagh,GirdihandMungertoBhagalpurdistrict.
Thisbeltcontainstherichestdepositsofhighqualityrubymica.Themaincentresofmicaproduction
inthisbeltareKodarma,Dhorhakola,Domchanch,Dhab,Gawan,Tisri,ChakaiandChakapathal.
Outsidethemainmicabelt,micaoccursinDhanbad,Palamu,RanchiandSinghbumdistricts.
Otherproducers:
TheotherareaswithsmalldepositsofmicaareGujarat(Banaskantha,Vadodara,Sabarkantha),
Kerala(AlleppeyandKollam),TamilNadu(Nilgiri,Coimbatore,SalemandTiruchirapalli),Madhya
Pradesh(BalaghatandChhindwara),Chhattisgarh(Bilaspur,BastarandSurguja)andUttarPradesh
(Mirzapur).SomedepositshavealsobeenreportedfromOrissa,Haryana,HimachalPradeshand
WestBengal.
Exports:
Indiaisnotonlythelargestproducerbutalsothelargestexporterofmicaintheworld.Inspiteofthe
threatfromsyntheticmica,certaingradesofIndianmicawillremainvitaltotheworldselectrical
industries.
MostoftheexportsareroutedthroughtheportsofKolkataandVishakhapatnam.Japan(19%),the
USA(17%),U.K.(7%),Norway(7%),Russia,Poland,Germany,CzechRepublic,Slovakia,Hungary,
France,theNetherlands,etc.arethemainbuyerspurchasingabout80percentthetotalmica
exportedbyIndia.However,trendsinexportsofmicafromIndiaarequitefluctuating(seeTable
25.17).

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Table25.17ExportofMicafromIndia:
Year

1960 197019801990 1995 2000 200120022003

61
71
81
91
96
01
02
03
04

Exportin284 267 167

thousand
tonnes
Valuein
Rupees

16

18

420 33.4 63.2

57.7

33.8

35

56

61

106

27

64

crore

Limestone:
Limestoneisassociatedwithrockscomposedofeithercalciumcarbonate,thedoublecarbonateof
calciumandmagnesium,ormixtureofthesetwoconstituents.Inadditiontothemainconstituentsof
calciumandmagnesiumcarbonates,limestonealsocontainssmallquantitiesofsilica,alumina,iron
oxides,phosphorusandsulphur.
Limestonedepositsareofsedimentaryoriginandexistinalmostallthegeologicalsequencesfrom
PrecambriantoRecentexceptinGondwana.Thetotalinsitureservesoflimestoneofallcategories
andgradesareplacedat1,69,941milliontonnes.
Limestoneisusedforalargevarietyofpurposes.Ofthetotalconsumption,75percentisusedin
cementindustry,16percentinironandsteelindustryand4percentinthechemicalindustries.Rest
ofthelimestoneisusedinpaper,sugar,fertilizers,glass,rubberandferromanganeseindustries.
Rapidpaceofindustrialisationinthecountryhasresultedinanacceleratedrateofproductionof
limestone.Ithasincreasedfromamere29.65lakhtonnesin1951to1,455.52lakhtonnesin200203.
Thevalueoflimestoneproducedhasalsoshotupfromanegligibleofrupeesonecrorein1951toa
reallylargeamountofRs.1,524.9crorein200203.
Table25.18ProductionofLimestoneinIndia:
Year

19511961197119811990 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

91
95
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
Production29 147 150 324 683.76932.071,027.231,104.171,109.681,287.621,273.381,309.361,455.52
inlakh
tonnes
Valuein

65

55

79

41

74 246 884 308.4 736.2 895.9

1036.7 1107.7

1261.1

1347.4 1384.4 1524.9

Rupees
crore
AlthoughalmostallthestatesofIndiaproduces6mequantityoflimestone,overthreefourthsofthe
totallimestoneofIndiaisproducedbysixstatesofMadhyaPradesh,Rajasthan,AndhraPradesh,
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Gujarat,ChhattisgarhandTamilNadu(seeTable25.19).
Table25.19DistributionofLimestoneinIndia(200203):
State

Production Percentage Valuein

inlakh
tonnes

ofallIndia Rs.lakh
production

1.Madhya 237.58
Pradesh
2.Rajasthan 236.24

16.32

26,266.95

16.23

24,886.26

3.Andhra
Pradesh

232.80

15.99

21,962.51

4.Gujarat 157.40
5.
136.67
Chhattisgarh

10.81
9.39

14,134.93
16,812.91

6.Tamil
Nadu

127.18

8.74

8,688.58

7.Karnataka 121.81
8.
88.90
Maharashtra

8.37
6.11

14,800.01
8,478.48

9.Himachal 66.98
Pradesh

4.60

5,326.85

10.Orissa
Others
AllIndia

1.61
1.83
100.00

5,202.16

1,52,49436

23.62
26.70
1,455.52

1.MadhyaPradesh:
MadhyaPradeshisthelargestproduceroflimestoneandaccountsforover16percentofthetotal
limestoneproductionofIndia.LargedepositsoccurinthedistrictsofJabalpur,Satna,Betul,Sagar,
DamohandRewa.Thetotalreservesofallgradesoflimestoneareestimatedtobeover1,500million
tonnes.
2.Rajasthan:
Rajasthanhasabout6percentofthereservesandproducesover16percentofthetotallimestoneof
India.Jhunjhunu,Banswara,Jodhpur,Sirohi,Bundi,Ajmer,Bikaner,Dungarpur,Kota,Tonk,Alwar,
SawaiMadhopur,Chittaurgarh,Nagaur,UdaipurandPaliarethemainproducingdistricts.
3.AndhraPradesh:
AndhraPradeshpossessesaboutonethirdofthetotalreservesofthecementgradelimestoneinthe
country.ExtensivedepositsoccurinCuddapah,Kumool,Guntur,Krishna,Nalgonda,Adilabad,
Warangal,MahabubnagarandKarimnagar.
4.Gujarat:
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Gujarathasabout13percentofthereservesbutproducesonlyabout11percentofthetotal
limestoneofIndia.HighgradelimestonedepositsoccurinBanaskanthadistrict.Theotherimportant
producingdistrictsareAmreli,Kachchh,Surat,Junagadh,KhedaandPanchmahals.
5.Chhattisgarh:
ChhattisgarhaccountsformorethanninepercentoftotallimestoneofIndia.Depositsoflimestone
occurinBastar,Bilaspur,Raigarh,RaipurandDurgdistricts.
6.TamilNadu:
LargescalereservesinRamnathapuram,Tirunelveli,Tiruchchirappalli,Salem,Coimbatore,Madurai,
andThanjavurdistrictsenableTamilNadutoprovidemorethaneightpercentlimestoneofthe
country.Mostofthedeposits,exceptthoseofSalemdistrict,areofcementgradelimestone.
7.Karnataka:
Gulbarga,BijapurandShimogadistrictsofKarnatakapossessaboutonethirdofcementgrade
limestoneofIndia.Currently,thisstateproducesalittlelessthanonetenthofthetotallimestoneof
India.ThemainproducingdistrictsofallgradesoflimestoneareGulbarga,Chitradurg,Tumkur,
Belgaum,Bijapur,MysoreandShimoga.
Others:
Apartfromtheabovementionedmajorproducers,limestoneisalsoproducedinSikkim,
Maharashtra(Yavatmal,Chandrapur,NandedandAhmednagar),Orissa(Sundargarh,Sambalpur
andKalahandi),Jharkhand(Palamu,Hazaribagh,RanchiandSinghbhum),HimachalPradesh
(Bilaspur,KangraandChamba),Haryana(MahendragarhandAmbala),Assam(Nagaonand
Sibsagar),Meghalaya(Garo,KhasiandJaintiahills),UttarPradesh(Mirzapur,LucknowandUnnao),
Uttaranchal(DehraDunandMussoorie),WestBengal(DarjeelingandJalpaiguri)andJammuand
Kashmir(AnantnagandJammu).

Dolomite:
Limestonewithmorethan10percentofmagnesiumiscalleddolomitewhenthepercentagerisesto
45,itistruedolomite.Theeconomicusesofdolomitearechieflymetallurgicalasrefractorys,as
blastfurnacefluxasasourceofmagnesiumsaltsandinfertilizerandglassindustries.
IronandSteelindustryisthechiefconsumerofdolomiteaccountingforover90percent
consumptionfollowedbyfertilizer(4%),ferroalloysandglass(2%each),alloysteel(1%)andothers
(1%).Dolomiteiswidelydistributedintheallpartsofthecountry.
Thetotalinsitureservesofallgradesofdolomiteare7,349milliontonnes.Themajorshareofabout
90percentreservesisdistributedinthestatesofMadhyaPradesh,Chhattisgarh,Orissa,Gujarat,
Karnataka,WestBengal,UttarPradeshandMaharashtra.

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Productionofdolomitehasalsoshowntremendousincreaselikethatoflimestone.Fromameagre14
thousandtonnesin1951theproductionhasincreased3,329thousandtonnesin200203.(SeeTable
25.20).ThetotalreservesofallgradesofdolomiteinIndiaareplacedat4,608milliontonnes.
Table25.20ProductionofDolomiteinIndia:
Year

195119611971 1981 1990 1996 1997 1998 1999

91
97
98
99
00

2000 2001 2002

01
02
03

Production14 729 1,3202,0682,648 3,469 2,991 2,922 2,842 3,032 3,201 3329
in
thousand
tonnes
Value(Rs. 0.7 78.6 233.5954.4 2,786.77,041.967,211.347,171.976,841.427,443.067,579.928,572.99
lakhs)
Orissa,Chhattisgarh,AndhraPradesh,Jharkhand,RajasthanandKarnatakaarethemainproducing
statesandcontributemorethan90percentofthetotalproductionofIndia.OrissaandChhattisgarh
togetheraccountforabout57percentdolomiteofIndia,(seeTable25.21).
Table25.21DistributionofDolomiteinIndia(200203):
State

1.Orissa
2.
Chhattisgarh

Production Percentage Valuein

(000
tonnes)
959
935

ofallIndia Rs.lakh
production
28.81
2,378.86
28.09
2,361.87

3.Andhra 618
Pradesh
4.
258
Jharkhand
5.Rajasthan 183

18.56

1,404.98

7.76

1,725.68

5.49

192.31

6.Karnataka167
Others
209
AllIndia 3,329
1.Orissa:

5.01
6.28
100.00

225.93

8,572.99

Orissaisthelargestpro
ducerofdolomiteandaccountsforabout29percentofthetotalproduction
ofdolomiteinIndia.Thetotalreservesofrecoverabledolomiteofallgradesareoftheorderof562.6
milliontonnesoutofwhich256milliontonnesareinBirmitrapurlocalityalone.Themaindeposits
occurinSundargarh,SambalpurandKoraputdistricts.InGangapurarea,theyoccurnearSukraand
extendforatotallengthofabout100km.
2.Chhattisgarh:
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CloselyfollowingOrissaisthestateofChhattisgarhwhichproducesabout28percentdolomiteof
India.Therecoverablereservesofallgradesofdolomiteareestimatedtobe1,638milliontonnes.The
maindepositsoccurinBastar,Bilaspur,DurgandRaigarhdistricts.
3.Jharkhand:
DolomiteoccursinbandstothenorthofChaibasainSinghbhumdistrict.Somedolomitealsooccurs
inPalamudistrict.
4.Rajasthan:
Rajasthanproduces5.49percentofIndiasdolomite.Ajmer,Alwar,Bhilwara,Jaipur,Jaisalmer,
Jhunjhunu,Jodhpur,Nagaur,Pali,SawaiMadhopur,SikarandUdaipurarethemainproducing
districts.
5.Karnataka:
KarnatakaproducesslightlymorethanfivepercentdolomiteofIndia.Belgaum,Bijapur,
Chitradurga,Mysore,UttarKannadaandTumkurcontributemajorpartofthestatesproduction.
Others:
AmongtheotherproducersarewestBengal(Jalpaiguri),UttarPradesh(BandaandMirzapur),
Uttaranchal(DehraDun,NainitalandTehriGarhwal),AndhraPradesh(Anantapur,Kumooland
Khammam),ArunachalPradesh(Kamang),Haryana(Mahendragarh),HimachalPradesh(Shimla,
SolanandMandi),Maharashtra(Nagpur,ChandrapurandYavatmal)andTamilNadu(Salemand
Triunelveli).

Asbestos:
Twoquitedifferentmineralsareincludedunderthisnameone,avarietyofamphibole,resembling
tremoliteandtheother,moreimportant,afibrousvarietyofserpentine(chrysotile).Chrysotileis
moreimportantvarietyandaccountsfor80percentoftheasbestosofcommercialuse.
Asbestoshasfoundgreatcommercialvalueduetoitsfibrousstructure,itscapabilitytobereadily
separatedintofilamentsofhightensilestrengthanditsgreatresistancetofire.Itiswidelyusedfor
makingfireproofcloth,rope,paper,millboard,sheeting,belt,paint,etc.andformanufacturingfire
proofsafes,insulators,felts,etc.
Itisalsousedinmakingaprons,gloves,curtains,brakeliningsinautomobilesandinsulatingmats.
Asbestoscementproductslikesheets,slates,pipesandtilesareusedforbuildingpurposes.When
asbestosisbrittle,itismadeintofilterpadsforfilteringacids,organicliquidsandotherchemicals.
Mixedwithmagnesia,itisusedformakingmagnesiabricksusedforheatinsulation.
Reservesofallcategoriesandvarietiesofasbestosareplacedatabout1.046milliontonnes.The
productionwasatlowkeytill1971butpickedupafterthat.Fromarecordproductionof42,699
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tonnesin199394,itfelldrasticallyto27,180tonnesin199697andfurtherto11,148tonnesin2001
02.However,thedecreasingtrendwasreservedin200203andtheproductionincreasedto14,340
tonnesin200203(seeTable25.22).
Table25.22ProductionofAsbestosinIndia:
Year

1950 1960 197019801990 1996 1997 19981999 2000 20012002

51

61

71

81

91

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

Production527 1,473 11,139 27,52133,29627,18026,03420,111 18,55015,397 11,148 14,340

intonnes
TwostatesofRajasthanandAndhraPradeshproducealmostthewholeofasbestosofIndia.
Rajasthanisthelargestproducer.Thisstateproduced13,539tonnesofasbestosin200203which
wasover94percentofthetotalproductionofIndia.ImportantoccurrencesareknowninUdaipur,
Dungarpur,Alwar,AjmerandPalidistricts.
InAndhraPradesh,asbestosoffinequalityoccursinPulivendlatalukofCuddapahdistrict.Thereare
severaloccurrencesbetweenChitravatiandPapaghanirivers.The15kmlongzonebetween
LopatanuthulaandBrahamnapalleismostpromising.InKarnataka,themaindepositsoccurin
Hassan,Mandya,Shimoga,MysoreandChikmaglurdistricts.
Inadditiontotheabovementionedmajorproducers,someasbestosisproducedinJharkhand,
MadhyaPradesh,Chhattisgarh,TamilNadu,Gujarat,UttaranchalandNagalandalso.

Magnesite:
Itisanalterationproductofdunites(peridotite)andotherbasicmagnesianrocks.Itisprimarilyused
formanufacturingrefractorybricks.Itisalsousedasabondinabrasivesandinthemanufactureof
specialtypeofcementforartificialstone,tiles,fireproofflooringsandforextractionofthemetal
magnesium.Steelindustryalsousesmagnesite.
Thetotalinsitureservesofmagnesiteareabout415milliontonnesofwhich76milliontonnesarein
theprovedcategory.MajordepositsofmagnesitearefoundinUttaranchal,TamilNaduand
RajasthanwhileminoroccurrencesareinJammu&Kashmir,Karnataka,HimachalPradeshand
Kerala.
Table25.23ProductionofMagnesiteinIndia:
Year

1951196119711981 1990 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

91

Production1.19 2.09 2.95 4.62 5.28

(Lakh

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

3.78

3.73

3.49

3.26

3.18

2.83

2.73

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tonnes)
Value(Rs. 1.86 3.47 11.87114.34298.28348.95379.98386.13377.83380.17 346.99318.44
million)
Productionofmagnesiterecordedmorethanfourfoldincreaseinfortyyearsfrom1.19lakhtonnesin
1951to5.28lakhtonnesin199091afterwhichproductionregularlydeclinedandstoodat2.73lakh
tonnesin200203.
TamilNadu,Uttaranchal,KarnatakaandRajasthanproducealmosttheentiremagnesiteofIndia(see
Table25.24).
Table25.24DistributionofMagnesiteinIndia(200203):
State

Production Percentage Value

(tonnes) ofallIndia (Rs.
production 000)

1.Tamil
2,02,171
Nadu
2.
53,175
Uttaranchal
3.
17,179

74.12

2,63,795

19.49

36,440

6.29

17,747

Kamataka
4.
273
0.10
457
Rajasthan
AllIndia 2,72,798
100.00
3,18,439
TamilNaduisthelargestproducerofmagnesiteinIndia.In200203,thisstateproducedalmost
threefourthmagnesiteofIndia.TamilNaduhasoneofthelargestdepositsofmagnesiteintheworld
andthelargestinIndiaarefoundatChalkHillsnearSalemtown.
SomeotherdepositsoccurinCoimbatore,Dharmapuri,Nilgiri,NorthArcotAmbedkar,Periyarand
Tirunelveli.InUttaranchal,Almoradistrictwithestimatedreservesof250lakhtonneshasa3.2km
longand6to9metrethickbeltbetweenAgarandChahana.
Chamolidistrictisalsoreportedtohavesomedepositsofmagnesite.InKarnataka,magnesiteveins
arefoundinHassan,MysoreandKodagudistricts.Ajmer,UdaipurandPalidistrictsinRajasthan,
ChambainHimachalPradeshandUdhampurinJammuandKashmiralsoproducesomemagnesite.
Kyanite:
Kyaniteoccursinmetamorphicaluminousrocksandisprimarilyusedinmetallurgical,ceramic,
refractory,electrical,glass,cementandanumberofotherindustriesduetoitsabilitytostandhigh
temperatures.Itisalsousedinmakingsparkingplugsinautomobiles.
Indiahasthelargestdepositsofkyaniteintheworld.Allthethreegradesofkyanitearefoundhere.
Thefirstgradehasaluminiumcontentfrom62to64percent,thesecondgradefrom58to62per
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centandthethirdgradefrom54to58percent.
Thetotalinsitureservesofkyaniteareestimatedat8.1milliontonnes.Besides,conditionalresources
of95.3milliontonnesofkyanitearealsoestimated.KyanitedepositsarelocatedinMaharashtra,
Karnataka,Jharkhand,RajasthanandAndhraPradesh.
Theproductionofkyanitehasbeenfluctuatingsince1951buttherehasbeenfallingtrendsince1990
91.Thefallinproductionandvalueofkyaniteafter199091hasbeensteepindeed.However,the
productionpickedupslightlyin200203andstoodat5,305tonnesinthatyear(seeTable25.25).
Jharkhand,MaharashtraandKarnatakaproducepracticallythewholeofkyaniteofIndia.
Table25.25ProductionofKyaniteinIndia:
Year

1951 1961 1971 1981 1990 1996 1997 19981999 2000 20012002
91
97
98 99
00 01
02
03

Production43,18227,15563,49536,58336,4216,996 6,068 6,134 6,191 4,865 4,225 5305

intonnes
Value(Rs. 58.57 54.98 149.30130.85 371.4333.73 32.08 40.81 47.46 35.78 31.46 41.80
lakh)

1.Jharkhandisthelargestproducerofkyanite:
Thisstateproduced4,239tonnesofkyanitein200203whichwasaboutfourfifthsofthetotal
kyaniteproducedinIndia.Oreswithhighdegreeofpuritywithpercentagesofaluminiumsilicate
reaching95to97arefoundintheSinghbhumdistrict.Herekyaniteoccursmainlyaskyanitequartz
rockandasmassivekyaniterockinbedsofconsiderablesizeintheArchaeanschists.
Thisrockformsabednearly130kminlengthstretchingfromLapsaBurntoKharsawaninSaraikela.
Thishasbeenthelargestintheworldandalsothebestinqualitybutnowitisnearlyexahusted.The
otherdepositsinthisdistrictoccurnearGhagidih,Badia,Bakra,Mohanpur,Jagnathpur,Bhakar,
Hatiland,Singpura,Daontauri,PadampurandShirbai.SmalldepositsarereportedfromDhanbad
andRanchidistrictsalso.
2.Maharashtra:
Maharashtraproduced769tonnesor14.5percentofthetotalkyaniteproducedinIndiain200203
andoccupiedadistantsecondpositionamongthemajorproducingstatesofthecountry.Mostofthe
reservesareinthedistrictsofBhandaraandNagpurwherethetotalreservesofallgradesare
estimatedat70,652tonnes.
3.Karnataka:
AlthoughKarnatakaisthethirdlargestproducer,thecontributionofthisstatewasonly297tonnes
or5.6percentin200203.Commercially,workabledepositsoccurinHassandistrictwhere
corundumkyaniterocknearMakavallicontains63to65percentalumina.Kyanitealsooccursinthe
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districtsofChickmaglur,Chitradurga,Mandya,Mysore,DakshinKannadandShimoga.Reservesof
allgradeshavebeenestimatedat6,31,177tonnes.
Others:
SomedepositsofkyanitearealsoreportedfromOrissa(Dhenkanal,SundargarhandMayurbhanj),
Rajasthan(Udaipur,BhilwaraandDungarpur),TamilNadu(Kanniyakumari,NellaiKattabomman,
Tiruchirapalli)andAndhraPradesh(KhammanandNellore).

Sillimanite:
Theoccurrenceandusesofsillimanitearealmostthesameasthoseofkyanite.Thetotalinsitu
reservesofsillimaniteareestimatedtobeoftheorderof58.8milliontonnes.Besides,conditional
resourcesareestimatedtobe5.9milliontonnes.
ThemainconcentrationofSillimaniteisfoundinTamilNadu,Orissa,Kerala,AndhraPradeshand
WestBengalwithminoroccurrencesinAssam,Jharkhand,Karnataka,MadhyaPradesh,
Maharashtra,MeghalayaandRajasthan.Itsproductionincreasedfrom4,114tonnesin1951toa
recordof22,207tonnesin198889.
Thereafter,ithasbeendecreasinggenerallyandincreasinglyoccasionally.Therewasasteepfallin
productionfrom13,045tonnesin199091to8,528tonnesin199697.Afterthatproduction
increasedgraduallyupto200001afterwhichtheproductionagainstarteddecreasing.In200203,
13,674tonnesofSillimaniteworthRs.473lakhwasproduced(seeTable25.26).
Table25.26ProductionofSillimaniteinIndia:
Year

195119611971 1981 1990 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

91
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
Production4,1148,1134,32612,27313,0458,528 12,458 12,123 14,938 15,498 14,72013,674
intonnes
Value(Rs. 1.98 3.64 5.65 60.69 244.18290.01448.75480.89563.06586.88543.19473.01
lakhs)
Orissa,Kerala,MaharashtraandRajasthanproducepracticallythewholeofsillimaniteofthecountry
(seeTable25.27).
Table25.27DistributionofSillimaniteinIndia(200203)
State

Production Percentage Value

intonnes

ofallIndia (Rs.
production 000)

1.Orissa

7,640

55.87

28,932

2.Kerala

4,405

32.21

17,239

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3.
1,600
Maharashtra

11.70

1,101

4.Rajasthan 29
AllIndia
13,674

0.22
100.00

29
47,301

OrissaisthelargestproducerofsillimaniteinIndia.Intheyear200203,thisstateproducedas
muchas55.87percentsillimaniteofIndia.About16.48milliontonnesofsillimanitereserveshave
beenreportedmainlyfromGanjamdistrict.
KeralaisthesecondlargestproducingstatewhichcontributedaboutonethirdofIndiassillimanite.
ThebeachsandsofKeralacontain5to6percentofsillimanite.Kozhikod,Palakkad,Ernakulamand
Kottayamdistrictsaremajorproducers.InMaharashtraallgradesofsillimanitehavebeenreported
fromtheBhandaradistrict,wherethereservesarereportedtobeoftheorderof232,055tonnes.
SmallquantityofsillimaniteisproducedinRajasthanalso.Udaipuristhemainproducingdistrict.
Karnatakahasabout85thousandtonnesreservesofsillimanitemainlyinHassan,Mysoreand
DakshinKannad.
TherecoverablereservesinMeghalayaareestimatedtobe77,246tonnesofallgradesmainly
confinedtotheKhasihills.InotherareaswithsomesillimanitereservesareAssam(KarbiAnglong),
MadhyaPradesh(Sidhi),WestBengal(Darjeeling,BankuraandPurulia)andTamilNadu
(Kanniyakuman,Tirunelveli,andTiruchchirappalli).

Gypsum:
Gypsumisahydratedsulphateofcalciumwhichoccursaswhiteopaqueortransparentmineralin
bedsorbandsinsedimentaryformationssuchaslimestones,sandstonesandshales.Insomecasesit
occursastransparentcrystalsassociatedwithclays.Itismainlyusedinmakingammoniasulphate
fertilizerandincementindustry.
Itisanessentialconstituentofcement,thoughitsproportionisonly45percent.Itisalsousedin
makingplasterofParis,mouldsinceramicindustry,nitrogenchalk,partitionblocks,sheets,tiles,
plastics,etc.Itisconvenientlyappliedassurfaceplasterinagricultureforconservingmoistureinthe
soilandforaidingnitrogenabsorption.
Theinsitureservesofgypsumareestimatedat383milliontonnes.Outofthistwomilliontonnesare
ofsurgical/plastergrade,92milliontonnesoffertilizer/potterygrade,76milliontonnesof
cement/paintgrade,13milliontonnesofsoilreclamationgradeandtherestisunclassified.
Table25.28showsthattherehavebeenwidetemporalvariationsintheproductionofgypsumin
India.Theproductionincreasedrapidlyfrom207thousandtonnesin1951to2,210thousandtonnes
in199697,therebyrecordingabout11timesincreasein46years.Theproductionreachedanalltime
highof3,247thousandtonnesin19992000,afterwhichvaryingtrendshavebeenobserved.
Table25.28ProductionofGypsuminIndia:
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Year

StatewiseProductionandDistributionofNonMetallicMineralsinIndia

195119611971 19811990 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

91
97
98
99
00
01
02
03

Production207 866 1,089957 15,89 2,210 2,195 2,267 3,247 2,667 2,859 2,842
in000
tonnes

Value(Rs. 1.26 5.36 12.16 35.19144.61296.98313.09338.25512.04440.71 401.45394.04

millions)
RajasthanisbyfarthelargestproducerofgypsuminIndia.Thisstateproduced2,815thousand
tonnesoutofthetotalproductionof2,842thousandtonnesin200203.Thiscameoutto99percent
ofthetotalproductionofIndia.ThetotalrecoverablereservesofallgradesofgypsuminRajasthan
areoftheorderof105.5milliontonnes.
ThemaindepositsoccurintheTertiaryclaysandshalesofJodhpur,NagaurandBikaner.Jaisalmer,
Barmer,Chum,PaliandGanganagaralsohavesomegypsumbearingrocks.Theremaininggypsumis
producedbyTamilNadu,JammuandKashmir,GujaratandUttarPradeshinorderofproduction.
TamilNaduhasmostofitsdepositsinTiruchirapallidistrictbetweenChittaliinthenorthand
TappayandPeriyakurukhaiinthesouth.SomegypsumisalsoreportedfromCoimbatoredistrict.
MinoroccurrencesarefoundalongthecoastandinsomesaltpansinNellaiKattabomman,
Ramanathapuram,SouthArcotVallalarandChingleputdistricts.
Therecoverabledepositsareestimatedtobe16.35milliontonnes.JammuandKashmirhas
estimatedreservesof112.9milliontonnes.ThemaindepositsoccurinBaramulaandDodadistricts
andinUri.Gujarathastotalreservesof10.3milliontonnesmainlyconfinedtoBhavnagar,Junagadh,
JamnagarandKuchchhdistricts.MinordepositsoccurinKhedaandSurendranagardistricts.In
Uttaranchal,themaindepositsofgypsumarefoundinTehriGarhwal,DehraDunandMusoorie.
SomegypsumisalsoproducedinAndhraPradesh,(Nellore,Guntur,Prakasam),HimachalPradesh
(Spiti,Sirmur,Chamba),Karnataka(Gulbarga)andMadhyaPradesh(Shahdol).
Inadditiontomineralgypsum,waterandphosphoricacidplantsareimportantsourcesofbyproduct
gypsum.Marinegypsumisrecoveredfromsaltpansduringtheprocessingforcommonsaltincoastal
regionsparticularlyofGujaratandTamilNadu.
Phosphogypsumisobtainedasabyproductwhilemanufacturingphosphoricacidwhereasfluro
gypsumisobtainedwhilemanufacturingaluminiumflourideandhydrofluoricacid.Similarly,boro
gypsumisthebyproductofrefiningcalciumborates.Itisworthmentioningthattherecoveryofby
productphosphogypsum,fluorogypsum,andmarinegypsumtogetherishigherthanmineral
gypsum.

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Diamonds:
Diamondshavebeenhighlyvaluedandcherishedthroughouttheagesbecauseoftheirbrilliance,
adamantine,luster,transparencyandhardness.Theyarewidelyusedforornamentsandforpolishing
thesurfacemetals,mineralsandgemcutting.Themostimportantindustrialuseofdiamondsisin
cuttingedgesofdrillsusedforexplorationandminingofminerals.
Theproductionofdiamondshadincreasedfrom1,674caratsvaluedatRs.5.34lakhin1950to
84,407caratsvaluedatRs.39.63crorein200203.ThemaindiamondbearingareasarePannabelt
inMadhyaPradeshWajrakarurKimberlitepipeinAnantapurdistrictandthegravelsoftheKrishna
riverbasininAndhraPradesh.
ReserveshavebeenestimatedonlyinPannabeltandKrishnaGravelsinAndhraPradesh.Thetotalin
situreservesareabout26,43,824carats.Thereareconditionalresourcesof19,36,512carat.Thenew
kimberlitefieldsarediscoveredrecentlyinRaichurGulbargadistrictsofKarnataka.Further
investigationsfordiamondsarebeingcarriedoutinAndhraPradesh,MadhyaPradeshand
Karnataka.
ReservesofdiamondsinIndiaarenotyetexhaustedandmodernmethodsarebeingappliedfor
intensiveprospectingandmininginPanna,Kurnool,Bellaryandsomeotherselectedplacesin
centralIndia.
Indiandiamondsareingreatdemandintheinternationalmarket,especiallyforjewellery.Cutting
andpolishingofdiamondsisdonebymodemtechniquesatimportantcentreslikeSurat,Navasari,
Ahmedabad,Palampur,BhavnagarandMumbai.Khambhat,Jaipur,TrichurandinGoastateare
comparativelynewcentres.

AtomicMinerals:
UraniumandThoriumarethemainatomicmineralstowhichmanybeaddedi.e.,beryllium,lithium
andzirconium.UraniumdepositsoccurinSinghbhumandHazaribaghdistrictsofJharkhand,Gaya
districtofBihar,andinthesedimentaryrocksinSaharanpurdistrictofUttarPradesh.Butthelargest
sourceofuraniumcomprisethemonazitesands,bothbeachandalluvial.
AlthoughmonazitesandsoccuroneastandwestcoastsandinsomeplacesinBihar,thelargest
concentrationofmonazitesandisontheKeralacoast.Over15,200tonnesofuraniumisestimatedto
becontainedinmonazite.
SomeuraniumisfoundinthecopperminesofUdaipurinRajasthan.Indiaproducesabout2percent
ofworldsuranium.Thetotalreservesofuranium,asestimatedbytheDepartmentofAtomicEnergy,
GovernmentofIndia,are30,480tonnes.
Thoriumisalsoderivedfrommonozitewhichcontains10percentthoriaand0.3percenturania.The
othermineralcarryingthoriumisthorianite.TheknownreservesofthoriuminIndiaareestimatedto
bebetween457,000and508,000tonnes.Kerala,Jharkhand,Bihar,TamilNaduandRajasthanare
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StatewiseProductionandDistributionofNonMetallicMineralsinIndia

themainproducers.
Berylliumoxideisusedasamoderatorinnuclearreactorsforatomicpowergeneration.Indiahas
sufficientreservesofberylliumtomeetherrequirementofatomicpowergeneration.
Lithiumisalightmetalwhichisfoundinlepidoliteandspodumene.Lepidoliteiswidelydistributed
inthemicabeltsofJharkhand,MadhyaPradeshandRajasthanaswellasinBastarregionof
Chhattisgarh,ZirconiumisfoundalongtheKeralacoastandinalluvialrocksofRanchiand
HazaribaghdistrictsofJharkhand.

Salt:
Itisanimportantmineralwhichisusedinchemicalindustry.Sodiumchloride,knownascommon
salt,isusedasafooditem.Saltisobtainedfromseawater,brinesprings,wellsandsaltpansinlakes
andfromrocks.RocksaltistakenoutinMandidistrictofHimachalPradeshandinGujarat.Itisless
than1percentofthetotalsaltproducedinIndia.
SambharLakeinRajasthanproducesabout10percentofourannualproduction.Seabrineisthe
sourceofsaltinGujarat,MaharashtraandTamilNadu.Gujaratcoastproducesnearlyhalfofoursalt.
ProductionofsaltinIndiaincreasedfrom30lakhtonnesin1951to80lakhtonnesin1990.In2002
03,1.621tonnesrocksaltworthRs.20.72lakhwasproduced.

ConservationofMineralResources:
Conservingthemineralresourcesisthemostseriousproblembecausetheyareexhaustibleresources.
Oncetakenoutofthemines,mineralsareusedforever.Thisisthereasonthatminingisoftencalled
therobberindustry.
Themineralresourcesarebeingexploitedatanacceleratedrateduetoadvancementinmining
technology.Indiaexportsalargenumberofmineralstoearnthemuchneededforeignexchange.But
itwillbemuchbetterifweexportgoodsmanufacturedfromthemineralsratherthanexporting
mineralsintheirrawform.
Mineralscanbeconservedbybringinginefficiencyinminingtechnologyaswellasinthetechnology
ofbeneficiation.Therearemanycyclicmineralssuchasiron,aluminium,copper,brass,tin,etc.
Recyclingofthesemineralscanhelpinreducingthewaste.Japan,Britain,Italy,etc.aresomeofthe
countrieswhichareusingscrapirononalargescaleforironandsteelindustry.
Scarcemineralsmaybesavedbysubstitutingthembythosemineralswhicharecheaperandare
foundinabundance.Thebestexampleisthatofaluminiumwhichisnowextensivelyusedin
electricalindustryinplaceofcopper.

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