PROBLEM #1

CALCULATION OF Sw FROM ACOUSTIC VELOCITY vs POROSITY USING

MEASURED ABD STANDARD RELATIONSHIPS

Given:
Rw
Rt
t

= 0.1 ohm-m @reservoir Temp

= 65 ohm-m (From Zone of Interest)
= 60 usec/ft (From Zone of Interest)

Find :
(1)

and Sw using average relationships:

Acoustic Log - _____________________ (Assume Matrix Velocity = 18,000 ft/sec)
Calculate Sw - _____________________ (Assume Archie Relationship)

(2)

Refine and Sw calculations with laboratory measured data :

Acoustic Log - __________________ (Use measured t vs relationship)
Calculate Sw - __________________ (Use measured Resistivity Data)

Given:
Rw
Rt
t

= 0.1 ohm-m @reservoir Temp

= 10 ohm-meters
= 70 sec/ft (from log in zone of interest)

Find:
(1)

and Sw using average relationships:

Acoustic Log - _____________________ (Assume Matrix Velocity = 18,000 ft/sec)
Calculate Sw - _____________________ (Assume Archie Relationship)

(2)

Refine and Sw calculations with laboratory measured data :

Acoustic Log - __________________ (Use measured t vs relationship)
Calculate Sw - __________________ (Use measured Resistivity Data)

PROBLEM NO. 3 & 5

CORE LABORATORIES INC
Petroleum Reservoir Engineering
Dallas, Texas

FORMATION FACTOR & RESISTIVITY INDEX DATA

Resistivity of Saturing Brine, Ohm-Meters 0.21 @75 F

SAMPLE
NUMBER

POROSITY
PERCENT
35.0

FORMATION
FACTOR
7.15

BRINE SATURATION
PERCENT PORE SPACE
100
85
70
60
50

RESISTIVITY
INDEX
1.0
1.27
1.9
2.4
3.0

26.9

11.1

100
60
46
40
35

1.0
2.2
3.5
4.3
5.2

22.9

14.7

100
70
60
45
30

1.0
1.9
2.4
4.0
7.6

20.0

18.5

100
80
60
40
20

1.0
1.5
2.4
4.6
14.5

17.2

23.9

100
85
65
50
28

1.0
1.3
2.0
3.2
8.3

PROBLEM NO. 4
CORE LABORATORIES INC
Petroleum Reservoir Engineering
Dallas, Texas
OVERBURDEN FORMATION FACTOR DATA

Saturant : Brine
Resistivity of Saturant, Ohm-Meters : 0.21

75 F

Pressure, PSI : 0.0

EOB
Sleeve Pressure, PSI
Sample
Number
7
8
9
10
11

Porosity,
Percent
35.0
26.9
22.9
20.0
17.2

Permeability,
Millidarcys
------

Grain Density,
gm/cc
------

200
7.15
11.1
14.7
18.5
23.9

2,000
3,000
Formation Factor F
9.0
9.1
14.5
14.7
19.8
19.9
25.3
25.4
33.4
33.7

4,000
9.2
14.8
19.9
25.5
33.8

PROBLEM NO. 6

CALCULATION OF Sw FROM DOWN HOLE LOG Rt & MEASURED m & n

(Using Charts of F vs & RI vs Sw0

Rw = 0.1 ohm-meters down hole

Ro

Rt

Sw

_______

Rt
Ro
__________

_______

_____

________

_______

30
30
30

______
______
______

______
______
______

25
20
10

________
________
________

_______
_______
_______

20
20
20

______
______
______

______
______
______

25
20
10

________
________
________

_______
_______
_______

10
10
10

______
______
______

______
______
______

25
20
10

________
________
________

_______
_______
_______

Where m
n
a

=
=
=

_____________
_____________
_____________

PROBLEM NO. 7

PROBLEM FOR SECTION

Rw-Rm-Rmf-Rmc-Temp
I.

Given:
Rw = 0.2 ohm-m @ 78 F
Find :
(1) Rw @ 200 F = __________ ohm-m
(2) Equivalent NaCl Concentration _____________ ppm
Equivalent NaCl Concentration _____________grains/gal

II.

Given:
Rm = 1.25 ohm-m @ BHT
BHT = 175 F @ 12,000 ft
Mud Weight = 12 lbs/gal
Annual Mean Surface Temperature = 60 F
Find:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

III.

Formation Temperature @ 8,000 ft = ___________F

Rm @ 8,000 ft = ____________________ohm-m
Rmf @ 8,000 ft = ___________________ohm-m
Rmc @ 8,000 ft = ___________________ohm-m

Given:
The chemical analysis of water is as follows:
Na
K
Ca
Mg
Cl
SO4
Total

23,000 ppm
1,000 ppm
2,000 ppm
1,000 ppm
30,000 ppm
3,000 ppm
______________
60,000 ppm

Find:
(1) Equivalent NaCl __________ ppm (see conversion factors following page)
(2) Rw @ 150F _____________ohm-m

CONTINUATION OF PROBLEM NO. 7

V.

Given:
BHT = 200 F @ 12,000
Rm = 1.0 @ BHT
Mud Wt = 12 #/gal
Hole Size ~ 8
Mean Surface Temperature = 60 F
Average in 9100 sand = 30%
a=1m=2n=2

Calculate:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Fill in formation tops

Fill in lithology
Draw SSP and shale base lines
Calculate Rw for
9100 sand
9150 sand

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

Calculate for 9250 sand

Estimate Rt for 9100 sand
What Rw would use for 9250 sand
Calculate Rw for Permian Reservoir (SSP= ASP)

PROBLEM NO. 8

INDUCTION LOGGING

The following log is an example of a fully focused induction electric log. Eight intervals have
been selected for analysis. As a practice in reading the induction log, obtain the following data
for each bed:
(1) Reading the induction conductivity curve in millimhos/meter, CIL
(2) Resistivity, as calculated from the conductivity reading, in ohm-meters.
RIL =

1000
CIL

(3) For greatest accuracy of RIL in zones less than 2 ohm-meters, calculate RIL from the
conductivity curve. In zones greater than 2 ohm-meters, directly read the resistivity
curve; however, check to see that this conductivity has been correctly reciprocated.
Given:
GD = 2.65
SSP = - 105
Rw = .06
SCIW = 50%
a = .5 m = 2 n = 2
(a) Calculate Sw from each zone (read peak) and if productive or not.
(Do not do Xone 2 in Part a)

PROBLEM NO. 8

Zone

Cond.
Reading
mmhos/m

Resist.
From Cond.
Ohm-m

Resist.
Reading
Ohm-m

1
3
4
5
6
7
8

Rw

Sw

Productive
(Y or N)

27.3
28.5
27.3
20.1
27.3
27.8
27.3

(b) In zone 2, from 5540 thru 5550, calculate Sw every two feet and productivity (Y or
N)Use same parameters as in Part a.

Depth

5540
5542
5544
5546
5548
5550

Cond.
Reading
mmhos/m

Resist.
From Cond.
Ohm-m

Resist.
Reading
Ohm-m

Bulk
Den.
2.30
2.17
2.20
2.22
2.19
2.20

Rw

Sw

Productive
(Y or N)

PROBLEM NO. 10
ACOUSTIC LOG

1) Using the SP (fom the induction log) in the water sand, B, calculate Rw.

2) a. Calculate an Rw using the resistivity and acoustic log at 9394.

b. How does it compare to the Rw in question 1.

3) Calculate porosity and water saturations at the following depths.

Depths
9377
9380
9384

Sw

PROBLEM NO. 11
DENSITY LOG

Given : Rmf = .78 @93F @ 2200

GD = 2.67
FD = 1.0

1.

a) Calculate Rw from the SP curve

b) Assume the sand in zone B at 2224 is 100% saturated with water. Calculate Rw using
the Humble equation.

2.

Using the Humble equation and the Rw from the SP curve, calculate Sw in zones A and B at
the following depths.

Zone
A
B

Depth
2191
2205
2218

BD

FD

Rw

Rt

Sw

PROBLEM NO. 12

1) Determine the corr in each zone. Also calculate out the average water saturation for each
and indicate the probable production (Sciw = 45%)

ZONE
A
B
C

* Use

corr

2
D

+
2

2
N

*
corr

Rw

Rt

Sw

PROD

Lithology Identification Plot

Plot CP-21 identifies rock mineralogy

through a comparison of apparent matrix
grain density and apparent volumetric
photo-electric factor.
To use, apparent matrix grain density maa,
and apparent volumetric photoelectric
factor, Umaa, are entered in ordinate and
abscissa, respectively, on Plot CP-21. Rock
mineralogy is identified by the proximity of
the plotted data point to the labeled points
on the plot.
To determine apparent matrix grain density,
an apparent total porosity must first be
determined (using, for example, a neutrondensity crossplot). Then, Chart CP-14 may
be used with bulk density, b to define the
apparent matrix grain density, maa.
To find the apparent matrix volumetric
photoelectric factor, Umaa, enter Nomograph

CP-20 with the photoelectric factor, Pe; go

vertically to the bulk density , b; then, go
horizontally across to the total porosity, t :
and finally , go vertically downward to
define the matrix volumetric photoelectric,
Umaa.
Example:
Pe = 3.65
3
3
b = 2.52 g/cm (f = 1.0 g/cm )
ta = 16%
3

Giving maa = 2.81 g/cm (from Chart CP-14)

And
Umaa = 10.9
Plotting these values indicates the level to
be a mixture of approximately 60% dolomite
and 40% limestone.

SECTION B

This section deals with a suite of down-hole logs, attached. The information you require is as
follows:
You have three suites of logs comprising, SP (Spontaneous Potential), GR (Gamma ray), DIL
(Dual Induction), SFL (Spherically Focused Log), DT (Sonic/acoustic), DTL (Long-spaced sonic),
CAL (Caliper), SGR (Total Spectral Gamma), CGR (Computed Th + K Gamma), PEF
(Photoelectric Effect), DRHO (Bulk Density), NPHI (Neutron Porosity), DPHI (Density Porosity),
LLS (Laterolog Shallow), LLD (Laterolog Deep), EPT (Electromagnetic Propogation tool) and a
computed apparent total PHI.
The hole size is 8.5 inches and the mud is water-based. The section of interest is from 63906510 feet. The formation temperature at 6500 ft is 185F. Mud properties are:
Rmf = 0.36 ohmm @ 75F
Rm = 0.40 ohmm @ 75F

B10

Zone the log, within section of interest, using the porosity log & gamma-ray.
Indicate:

(a) The possible/probable lithology and,

(b) Where permeable, the potential fluid contents.
Mark a maximum of 5 zones, including shales and hand this log back with your answer
book.
B11

Determine the lithology of intervals 6390-6400; 6432-6440; 6460-6470 and 6490-6500

by plotting 1 data point per interval on both a Neutron density cross-plot and a M & N
Plot.
Does the PEF (Pe) curve back up your analysis?
If any ambiquity is seen suggest potential causes and a solution.

B12

Determine the appropriate Rw at 6396 and 6500 feet using the SP and Rwa methods.
Discuss possible causes of any discrepancies.

B13

Briefly discuss why the EPT data show distinct separations from the total porosity curve.
Does this enhance your understanding of this log suite?

End of Paper
(Enclosures: 3 Logs, Pe values for various minerals, N-D X-plot template, M & N Plot
template).

Density and PE Data for Various Compounds

b,
(RHOB)
2.65

t, (DT)

1.8/2.0

N, (PHIN)
(Lst matrix)
-0.02

55.5

maa,
(RHOMAA)
2.64

Limestone (CaCO3)

2.71

5.1

0.0

49

2.71

Dolomite (Ca,Mg)CO3

2.87

3.132

0.01

43.5

2.85

Barite (BaSO4)

4.09

267

-.02

42.9

Hematite (Fe2O3)

5.18

21

0.11

39.2

Anhydrite (CaSO4)

2.98

5.1

-0.02

50

2.98

Halite (NaCl)

2.03

4.65

-0.03

67

2.03

Fresh

1.0

1.1

0.358

189

Salty

1.165

1.15

0.807

187

Oil (mean)

0.985

0.9

0.12

189-220

2.60-2.90

2.52

3.45

3.42

0.45-0.60

0.61

0.38

Mineral/Compounds
Quartz

Pe

Water

Illite
Average Shale
Coal - Anthracite

1.47

105

ANSWER TO
PROBLEM #1
CALCULATION OF Sw FROM ACOUSTIC VELOCITY vs POROSITY USING
MEASURED ABD STANDARD RELATIONSHIPS

Given:
Rw
Rt
t

= 0.1 ohm-m @reservoir Temp

= 65 ohm-m (From Zone of Interest)
= 60 usec/ft (From Zone of Interest)

Find :
(1)

and Sw using average relationships:

Acoustic Log - _____3.2%______________ (Assume Matrix Velocity = 18,000 ft/sec)
Calculate Sw - _____>100%______________ (Assume Archie Relationship)
a = 1, m=2, n=2

(2)

Refine and Sw calculations with laboratory measured data :

Acoustic Log - ____11.1%___________ (Use measured t vs relationship)
Calculate Sw - ____26.3%__________ (Use measured Resistivity Data)
a = 1.37, m=1.80, n=1.65

Given:
Rw
Rt
t

= 0.1 ohm-m @reservoir Temp

= 10 ohm-meters
= 70 sec/ft (from log in zone of interest)

Find:
(1)

and Sw using average relationships:

Acoustic Log - ____10.6%______________ (Assume Matrix Velocity = 18,000 ft/sec)
Calculate Sw - ______94.4%____________ (Assume Archie Relationship)

(2)

Refine and Sw calculations with laboratory measured data :

Acoustic Log - ____18.2%____________ (Use measured t vs relationship)
Calculate Sw - _______47.6%________ (Use measured Resistivity Data)

ANSWER TO
PROBLEM NO. 6

CALCULATION OF Sw FROM DOWN HOLE LOG Rt & MEASURED m & n

(Using Charts of F vs & RI vs Sw)

Rw=0.1 ohm-meters down hole

Ro

Rt

Rt
Ro

Sw

30
30
30

11.96
11.96
11.96

1.196
1.196
1.196

25
20
10

20.89
16.72
8.36

15.8
18.1
27.6

20
20
20

24.82
24.82
24.82

2.482
2.482
2.482

25
20
10

10.07
8.06
4.03

24.7
28.2
42.9

10
10
10

86.44
86.44
86.44

8.644
8.644
8.644

25
20
10

2.89
2.31
1.16

52.5
60.1
91.5

Where m
n
a

=
=
=

1.80
1.65
1.37

PROBLEM SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM NO. 7

I.

FORMATION WATER & MUD RESISTIVITY

1. Use Chart Fig. 4-1, pg. 27 in Pirson or Chart A-6, pg. 9, Schlumberger Log
Interpretation charts, 1969. Enter chart for resistivity of solution = 0.2 ohm-m to
intersect temperature = 78, follow constant salinity line to intersect with
temperature of 200F. Read Rw = 0.082.
2. Equivalent NaCl concentration = 30,000 ppm or 1800 grains/gallon at 75F.

II.

From Schlumberger Gen-6, A-2, pg. 6 assuming a annual mean surface tremperature
of 60F. Then at 8,000 feet temperature of formation is 36F. Using the
Schlumberger charts, we can solve this problem as follows:
Assume a mean annual surface temperature of 60F:
From Chart A-2, find T 8000 ft = 136F
From Chart A-6, Rm @ 136 F = 1.60 ohm-m
Assume mud weight of 12 lb/gal.
From Chart GEN-7, Rmf = 0.92 ohm-m
Rmc = 2.5 ohm-m

III.

WATER RESISTIVITY
The chemical analysis of a formation water is as follows:

Na
K
Ca
Mg
Cl
SO4
Total

23,000 ppm
1,000
2,000
1,000
30,000
3,000
60,000 ppm

NaCl Equiv, ppm @ 75F

1968 Schlumberger By Dunlap Variable
Chart, Gen-8
Multiplier
Variable Dunlap
Multiplier
1.0
23,000
0.86
860
0.98
1,960
1.49
1,490
1.0
30,000
0.55
1,650
58,960

Resistivity at 150F = 0.060 ohm-m

By Factors in this
Manual
II, C Page 6
23,000
1,000
1,900
2,000
30,000
1,500
59,400

#4b.

9150 SD
SP = +20
T @ 9150 = 167
Rmeq @ 167 = 0.60
(cant accurately use chart)

Equation :

SP

= -(61+ .133 TF) log Rmfeq

Rweq

+20

= -(61+ .133 (167)) log (.60)

Rweq

+20

= -82.21 log .60

Rweq

Antilog (-0.243 = log .60)

Rweq
.57 = .60
Rweq
Rweq = 1.05

Rw is off chart so deduce Rw = Rweq since so fresh,

i.e, no effect from multivalent cations.

#5.

Calculate for 9250

ASP

#6.

= -40 = 0.36
-110

= 30%
Sw = 100%

F = Ro = 1
Rw

Rt = Ro
Archies equation

Ro = 1
.04 (.3)
Ro = .04
(.30)

Ro = Rt = 0.44

#7.

Youd have to use the Rw from 9100 sand since an SSP isnt developed.

SOLUTION
PROBLEM NO. 8

Zone

1
3
4
5
6
7
8

Cond.
Reading
mmhos/m
225
900
3080
800
1500
270
1000

Resist.
From Cond.
Ohm-m
4.4
1.1
0.3
1.25
0.7
3.7
1.0

Resist.
Reading
Ohm-m
4.2
1.1
0.3
1.3
0.7
3.8
1.0

Rw

Sw

Productive
(Y or N)

27.3
28.5
27.3
20.1
27.3
27.8
27.3

0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06

31
58
100
77
77.5
32
63

Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N

(c) In zone 2, from 5540 thru 5550, calculate Sw every two feet and productivity (Y or
N)Use same parameters as in Part a.

Depth

5540
5542
5544
5546
5548
5550

Cond.
Reading
mmhos/m
270
600
1650
2500
2380
2400

Resist.
From Cond.
Ohm-m
3.7
1.67
0.61
0.40
0.42
0.42

Resist.
Reading
Ohm-m
3.8
2.0
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4

Bulk
Den.

Rw

Sw

Productive
(Y or N)

2.30
2.17
2.20
2.22
2.19
2.20

21.2
29.1
27.3
26.1
27.8
27.3

.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06

41
42
82
100
98
100

Y
Y
N
N
N
N

ANSWER TO PROBLEM NO. 10

ACOUSTIC LOG

1) Using the SP (from the induction log) in the water sand, B, Calculate Rw.
Rmf @ 200F = 0.21

-120 = -(60 + .133(200F)) log (0.18 /Rweq)

Rmfeq @ 200F = 0.18

antilog 1.386 = 0.18/Rweq

Rweq @ 200F = .0074
Rw = .018

2) a. Calculate an Rw using the resistivity and acoustic log at 9304

b. How does it compare to the Rw in question 1.

2.15

. R t . Sw

= (87.0-55.56)/(188.7-55.56)

Rw =

= .236

0.018 = (.236)

2.15

2.00

/.62

. 0.25 . 1/.62

(3) Calculate Porosity and water saturations at the following depths.

Depths

Rt

Rw

Sw

9377

92

0.274

1.7

.018

32.6

9380

89

0.251

1.1

.018

44.5

9384

91

0.266

0.28

.018

82.9

ANSWERS TO PROBLEM NO. 11

DENSITY LOG

Given : Rmf = .78 @93F @ 2200

GD = 2.67
FD = 1.0

1.

a) Calculate Rw from the SP curve

b) Assume the sand in zone B at 2224 is 100% saturated with water. Calculate Rw using
the Humble equation.

2.

Using the Humble equation and the Rw from the SP curve, calculate Sw in zones A and B at
the following depths.

Zone

Depth

BD

FD

Rw

Rt

Sw

2191

2.42

1.0

.150

.150

22

28

2205

2.42

1.0

.102

.102

11

62

2218

2.52

1.0

.09

.09

17

57

ANSWER TO
PROBLEM NO. 12

1) Determine the corr in each zone. Also calculate out the average water saturation for
each and indicate the probable production (S ciw = 45%)

ZONE

19.0

5.5

25.0

17.0

* Use

corr

2
D

Rw

Rt

Sw

PROD

14.0

0.12

30

37

Gas

9.2

18.8

0.12

33

27

Gas

6.0

12.7

0.12

31

40

Gas

+
2

2
N

corr