Chap 5 Sample Action Research Manuscript 6 7th Grade Math

Teaching with Manipulatives 1
ACTION
RESEARCH
USING KINESTHETIC TEACHING STRATEGIES: THE JOURNEY OF A
SEVENTH GRADE CLASS
by
JULIE
Becoming a Teacher Through Action Research, Second Edition 2010 Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Abstract
This study focuses on data gathered in a seventh grade math class. The study was
designed to examine the relationship between learning styles and student learning. The
question of whether teaching students using strategies that are consistent with their
learning styles fosters student learning is explored. Specifically, the kinesthetic learner
is addressed and lessons are planned and carried out that use kinesthetic/tactile
strategies such as games, group activities and the use of manipulatives. Students
behavior was observed, artifacts of their work were gathered and student interviews
were conducted. The student teacher also reflected on lessons and student behavior.
The combination of these data sets suggests that student learning is enhanced when
strategies are used to match student learning styles.
Being a math student has been an uphill climb for me at times, while at other
times I have experienced that mountaintop feeling of understanding and exhilaration.
One of my earliest recollections of being a math student is from middle school. I was
initially placed in the lower math class. However, within the first few weeks of my
placement, my teacher realized that this was a mismatch for me and bumped me to the
next level for math.
When I look back, I think this simple placement change cemented my love for
math. My math confidence soared and, although it has taken a beating a few times
since then, for the most part I have not lost that confidence. What is remarkable to me is
that the only actual memories I have while in middle school of learning math are from an
activity that I remember doing in the seventh grade in which we discovered prime
numbers by using the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
Probably the uphill struggles that I have faced with math have been those times
that a concept has been introduced and I have faced that feeling of disequilibrium that
learning new concepts can bring. Unfortunately, teachers do not always teach or reteach a concept with varied approaches to give students who are struggling more time
to process or learn the new concept with an alternative approach.
As an adult, I have experienced what it is like to be one of the few in a room who
did not understand the concept that is being introduced as quickly as others did. I
recently was a student in a class designed to teach methods of mathematics teaching.
In this class, we were not to rely on our algebraic thinking or skills. Instead, we were
challenged to use manipulatives and think more spatially. I found some students in my
class, usually the male students, were quick to see the spatial relationships that were
represented by the manipulatives. I felt foolish at times. However, if given enough time
to explore, I, too, was able to see the spatial relationships and deepen my
understanding of concepts that I considered myself to have mastery over. I found this
experience to be instrumental in how I approached teaching during my student
teaching.
I did my student teaching in a small rural community middle school with seventh
and eighth grade students. The school district had a small percentage of minorities
attending its schools. Yet, there were a significant number of economically
disadvantaged students attending the middle school.
The group of students that I chose to conduct my inquiry with was considered the
lower math group of the two seventh grade classes. The students were well aware of
the distinction between the two classes. The class was large at 29 students. The
majority of these students were female. I also had several students on an Individualized
Education Plan (IEP). These plans are put into place for students who have special
needs. Most of my students special needs were for learning disabilities.
Students learn and forget math concepts, sometimes rather quickly. I posed the
question to my seventh grade students on several occasions, Who remembers learning
about ....? Usually, no one responds. I know that because of the curriculum
requirements set by our states education department these students have been taught
the concept that I am inquiring about, but their retention is minimal.
For instance, I gave a pre-assessment on a unit that I was to teach. I was to
prepare 5 70-minute lesson plans on Number Theory and wanted to make sure that I
planned these lessons appropriately. The scores on the pre-assessment were dismal.
However, I am confident that this material had been taught in the sixth grade. The level
of difficulty is what changes, not the concept. This serious situation coupled with the fact
that my seventh grade students were in my math class for 70 minutes made me start to
wonder what I, as a student teacher, could do to not only facilitate their learning, but to
make it meaningful as well.
The saying that You learn best by doing seemed to fit this situation. In realizing
this fact, I also saw that, for some reason, we stop teaching math with the
tactile/kinesthetic learner in mind during the middle school years. Students are expected
to sit at their desks sometimes for as long as 70 minutes (as was the case with my class
of seventh grade students) with only visual or auditory presentations. I started to wonder
if teaching math concepts that included tactile/kinesthetic activities would make a
difference for my seventh grade students as they constructed knowledge instead of just
being told or shown information.
Due to the ability grouping for math in this school, I often heard students make
statements like, We cant do this. We are in the dumb math class. As a person who
has not had those feelings about math, these statements motivated me even more to
create a positive learning environment. I realized that the students did not believe in
themselves. I felt that adding a third dimension to my teaching plans by using strategies
that incorporated not only visual and auditory learning styles but also kinesthetic
learning styles would greatly benefit these students.
At times, I feel students have been conditioned to sit and listen and wait for the
bell of clarification to go off in their heads as the teacher lectures. These students have
become too accustomed for the bell not to go off and, therefore, have accepted just not
getting a concept.
Kinesthetic activities give these students the practice they need in grappling with
a concept and manipulating it until they can make the concept personally meaningful. I
thought that I would have a healthy percentage of kinesthetic learners in my class, but
the actual number of kinesthetic learners surprised me. It was much higher than I
anticipated. I administered a modified learning style inventory to my students. I
discovered that 86 percent of my students either had a kinesthetic learning style for their
first or second learning modality. These results baited me to try to answer this very
important question, Will teaching math concepts to my seventh grade students with
tactile presentations/activities have a positive effect on their learning?
Were my students more successful? I believe so. I saw improvements in their
behavior due to being engaged with the activities. I saw improvements in quiz and test
scores. I also witnessed students whose confidence grew. I heard statements like, This
is easy, and It makes sense. I believe this growth in confidence was the most positive
effect of all.
What Ive learned from Distant Colleagues

As a pre-service teacher in a seventh grade mathematics class, I have noticed
how one-dimensional teaching can be at this level. I have also observed how quickly
students are learning and forgetting math concepts. But, the one observation that has
stood out to me is that for some reason, we stop teaching math with the
tactile/kinesthetic learner in mind during the middle school and later years. Students are
expected to sit at their desks sometimes for as long as 70 minutes with only visual or
auditory presentations. I want to know if teaching math concepts to my seventh grade
students with methods that include tactile/kinesthetic activities or presentations will
make a difference for my students and decrease this pattern of learning and then
forgetting.
My experience at the elementary level as a parent volunteer gave me an
interesting comparison. An elementary teacher would not expect her students to sit and
listen and work for 70 minutes. Yet, at the middle school level that is exactly what is
expected. Do student learning styles change that dramatically from elementary to
middle school? This comparison led me to wonder if teaching math concepts to my
seventh grade students with tactile presentations/activities included in the learning
process might have a positive effect on their learning.
Where do the Learning Styles Overlap?
There are three distinct approaches or areas of research focusing on how

information should be taught in the classroom. Multiple intelligences suggests that
intelligence does not involve a single quantifiable cognitive ability but a number of
different cognitive abilities that each has its own developmental process (Gardner,
1983). Learning styles focus on understanding how each student learns in order to
create a more effective learning experience (Sarasin, 1998). Finally, brain-based
education emphasizes the physiological basis for attention and strategies for refocusing
attention on learning (Jensen, 1998).
Although these approaches have different theoretical underpinnings, there are a
numbers of areas in which they overlap (Guild, 1997). For instance, each approach is
learning and learner-centered. Therefore, the learner and the process of learning are
the focus of the educational system. Each approach views students as reflective
practitioners who are actively engaged in exploring, experimenting with, creating,
applying, and evaluating the ways in which they learn.
By incorporating aspects from the students cultural, physical, social, and
emotional lives, each of the three approaches produces a personalized education that
interconnects learning with everyday life. Each approach also encourages curriculum
substance, depth, and quality within the context of application instead of
standardization. Lastly, each approach promotes diversity in that each emphasizes the
uniqueness of each student. Given these areas of overlap, perhaps it is not surprising
that, despite the theoretical differences between these approaches, the practical
outcomes of their use are the same (Guild, 1997).
Although there are a number of different models of learning styles because of the
emphasis of various researchers, each model stresses three important points (Dunn,
1990). First, learning styles acknowledge and honor diversity. Second, learning styles
stress adapting instruction to individuals instead of groups. Finally, learning styles
suggest that students do not fail because they cannot grasp the material being taught.
Instead, students fail because they are not being taught in a way that makes sense to
them. Dunn (1990) clearly echoes this point with her statement that when students
cannot learn the way we teach them, we must teach them the way that they learn (p.
18). Models of learning styles are typically designed around one or two characteristics
on a continuum with extremes on both ends. Unfortunately, the amount and quality of
supporting research varies across models (Dunn, 1990).
Numerous benefits from using instruction tailored to learning styles in the
classroom have been reported. Student achievement improves when teaching styles
match learning styles (Dunn, Deckinger, Withers, & Katzenstein, 1990). Learning stylesbased education has also produced gains in self-esteem in addition to achievement,
thereby building self confidence and reducing the risk of dropout (Perrin, 1990).
Additionally, focusing on learning styles helps students develop respect for
individual difference in others (Marshall, 1990). Finally, addressing learning styles can
serve as a common bond that unites the efforts of students, teachers, and parents in the
educational process (Sykes, Jones, & Phillips, 1990).
Learning style advocates, similar to brain-based education advocates, suggest
that approximately 60 percent of learning styles are due to biological predisposition (cf.,
Restak, 1979). As a result, learning styles are not always evident from observation
alone. Therefore, learning styles inventories are required (Dunn, 1990). DeBello (1990)
summarized results comparing several different models of learning styles and found that
the measures used to assess learning styles were valid measures suitable for use with
students.
Learning styles, however, have received some criticism. One problem in
particular is that of practicality. How practical is it for a teacher to assess each student in
regard to learning styles and then tailor an educational strategy for each student? ONeil
(1990) notes that the time-intensiveness of assessing and tailoring educational plans
can contribute to teacher burnout. He suggests that more of a group approach to
learning styles may be warranted.
Teaching Strategies
Campbell, Campbell and Dickinson (1999) suggest several teaching strategies
for the kinesthetic learner, including the use of manipulatives and classroom games,
and the use of technology. The use of manipulatives is one strategy that can be
adapted to meet varying learning style needs while allowing students to explore
concepts in a group setting.
In fact, Stein and Bovalino (2001) comment that manipulatives provide a method
to present abstract information in a concrete way by linking information with personally
meaningful networks of knowledge. Therefore, manipulatives allow students to explore
concepts, discover knowledge themselves, and understand how to apply that
knowledge. Bennett and Nelson (2002), for instance, demonstrate that decomposing
math problems into base ten units can facilitate learning of multiplication and division.
Their approach can be adapted for paper and pencil exercises as well as exercises in
which blocks are used to solve problems.
The use of technology can also be a powerful teaching and learning tool.
Available to us on the World Wide Web are tools referred to as virtual manipulatives
(Moyer, Bolyard, and Spikell, 2002). These virtual manipulatives are dynamic visual
representations of concrete manipluatives. These tools are interactive and allow the
learner to manipulate the virtual object as you would a concrete manipulative. You can
turn or flip the virtual objects and therefore make meaning for oneself and see
relationships as a result of manipulating the visual objects.
Conclusion
As suggested by Teresa Benzwie (1988) in A Moving Experience, the more we
know about learning and how the brain works, the more evident it is that movement is
important to the learning process. Why then, if all of the evidence directs us as
educators to incorporate kinesthetic teaching strategies into our classroom, do our
students spend so much time in their desks?
Sarasin (1998) recommends educators to take a learning style inventory to
identify their own learning style. According to Sarasin (1998), as educators we naturally
tend to use teaching strategies that are in line with our own learning style. Could it be
that the majority of educators are not kinesthetic learners and therefore have
undervalued the kinesthetic learning process? Since our ultimate goal is the success of
all of our students, we must recognize our biases and change our teaching strategies.
The three main learning theories of multiple intelligences, learning styles, and
brain-based education have four common underlying assumptions. First, education
should focus on the learner and the learning process. Second, learning should be active
and incorporate aspects of everyday life. Third, the curriculum should emphasize
substance, depth, and quality over standardization. Finally, learning should promote
diversity.
Since teaching strategies that involve manipulatives tap kinesthetic intelligence
(i.e., multiple intelligences) and address the particular learning styles of individual
students (i.e., learning styles) as well as focusing on the learning process, creating an
active learning environment and establishing greater depth and quality within the math
curriculum, manipulative-based teaching strategies should improve mathematics
learning in middle school-aged students.
Therefore, the goal of my action research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a
variety of kinesthetic activities such as the use of manipulatives. Specifically, I was
interested in whether or not students liked the activities and found the exercises and
demonstrations with manipulatives valuable. I also tested students to see how well they
learned math concepts when I used kinesthetic activities such as the use of
manipulatives as a teaching strategy.
Clarifying my Action Research Project

Math classes at the middle school level are typically oriented toward the visual
and auditory. The teacher describes a problem and how to solve it (auditory) while
showing how to solve the problem on the board (visual). Homework problems and
worksheets (both visual) are used to help reinforce concepts and develop skills.
Unfortunately, student retention of mathematical concepts in middle school is not
very high. A learning styles survey of a seventh grade math class at a rural middle
school revealed that 86 percent of the students had tactile/kinesthetic as a primary or
secondary learning style. This school is located in a farm town of about 790 people.
There were 29 students in this seventh grade math class. Of these 29 students, ten
were male and 19 were female.
The above finding of 86 percent of the students favoring a tactile/kinesthetic
learning style suggests that a major avenue of student learning is being ignored in
typical middle school math instruction. Therefore, I examined the impact of
tactile/kinesthetic teaching strategies on student learning.
During my work sample and primary teaching duties, which commenced
November 5th and were completed by February 27th, I taught three separate units. Each
unit was planned to include visual, auditory and tactile/kinesthetic teaching strategies. I
examined chapter tests, lab worksheets, and art posters as well as other artifacts to
assess student learning. I also included personal reflections and student evaluations
(surveys) of tactile/kinesthetic activities for each unit. The personal reflections on the
activities were combined with student evaluations to determine what aspects of the
tactile/kinesthetic activities were most engaging to the students.
The chapter tests, lab worksheets, and art posters were used to assess student
understanding of the concepts covered. Together, these different assessment measures
provided the necessary information to evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching
strategies and to determine how these strategies could be modified in the future to
optimize student learning.
Roadmap to my Action Research Project

Procedure
The participants for my action research were seventh grade students at a rural
middle school. I conducted my research in a basic math class. Twenty-six of the 29
students returned the parental consent form (Appendix A). Of these 26 participants, 8
students are male and 18 students are female.
I started my inquiry by administering a modified learning style inventory
(Appendix B) to my seventh grade students. The learning styles inventory that I used
classified students into three types of learners: auditory, visual and kinesthetic. The
students answered questions using a three-point rating scale with 3 being often, 2 being
sometimes, and 1 being seldom or never. The ratings for each section were totaled to
determine each students strength in the learning modality. The highest score indicates
the primary learning modality. The second highest score represents the secondary
modality, which enhances the primary strength.
During my pre-service teaching, I taught three units: Number Theory, Algebraic
Equations, and Integers. I collected a data set during each of these units. The first data
set was collected Monday, November 3rd through Monday, November 24th. During this
data set, I planned tactile/kinesthetic activities that were connected to the unit goals.
Students worked in the computer lab with an Excel macro to derive their own rules for
divisibility (Appendix C and D). Students used colored tiles to explore numbers and their
factors, prime and composite (Appendix E). They played the game Buzz, in which
students stood up and had to say the word Buzz on a numbers factors. Students
worked on an activity called the Sieve of Eratosthenes in which they discovered which
numbers from 1 to 100 are prime. Students also completed a 3-D art project
demonstrating their mastery of the concepts they had learned (Appendix L).
During each of these activities, I observed students (Appendix F) and took field
notes regarding student engagement. I used a chart with students names on it and
marked OT to indicate a student was on-task or OF to indicate a student was offtask. I observed student behavior for on-task and off-task behavior usually every to 10
minutes.
On the days that these activities were included in the lesson plan, I kept a
research diary to track my own feelings about teaching with learning styles in mind. I
also collected artifacts of student learning during this first data collection. Artifacts for
data set one were the divisibility pattern worksheet (Appendix D), the worksheet from
the visual math lesson with colored tiles (Appendix E), two quizzes, and the 3-D posters
that students created. The final part of my data collection involved giving students an
attitude survey (Appendix G) about the activities and which ones helped them learn the
concepts.
My second data set was collected from January 13th through January 26th. During
this data set, I again planned tactile/kinesthetic activities that matched the unit goals.
This unit was on algebraic equations. The activities that I planned included two labs
using cups and beans as manipulatives, a game using algebraic equations and an index
card activity. The first lab involved solving equations using cups, which represented
variables and beans, which represented numbers. The second lab also used cups as
variables and beans as the numbers in the equation, but required solving a two-step
equation.
For the game, students were divided into pairs. Each student was given 10 cards
with algebraic equations on them. The students were each to turn a card over at the
same time and solve the equation on it. The student with the highest solution would
received a point.
The index card activity required students to translate a word phrase into an
algebraic expression. Each student received 10 index cards. On one side they were
given a word phrase. On the other side students were to write the equivalent math
phrase. After the students completed their index cards, they were paired together in
twos and shared their cards with each other.
During each of these activities, I again observed students for on-task and off-task
behavior every 5 or 10 minutes. On the days that students did these activities, I kept a
research diary to track my experiences and feelings about teaching and including
tactile/kinesthetic activities in my teaching strategy. I also collected artifacts of student
learning during this second data collection, which included lab worksheets from both
labs when we worked with beans and cups, the index cards that students completed,
and the chapter test. At the conclusion of this data set, I again administered an attitude
survey (Appendix I). However, I changed the attitude survey design from the first
attitude survey design. This survey gave students a place to explain why a specific
activity did or did not help them.
My third and final data set was collected February 5th through February 23rd.
Again, for this data set, I planned tactile/kinesthetic activities that were connected to the
unit goals. This unit was on integers and required students to add, subtract, multiply and
divide integers for the first time. The activities that I planned included a lab using red
and black tiles. Red tiles represented negative numbers and black tiles represented
positive numbers. Students manipulated the tiles to discover how to add positive and
negative numbers (Appendix J).
The second activity was a game in which each student had a stack of cards.
Students were put in groups of 3, and each student flipped over a card at the same
time. The students had to compare numbers and figure out which number was greater,
thus ordering the integers. The third activity was also a lab using red and black tiles.
This time students used the tiles to discover how to subtract positive and negative
numbers.
My final planned activity was also a game in which each student was given 15
cards with multiplication or division equations on them that involved integers. Students
worked in groups of 2 or 3. Students solved their own equation and then compared
them with other students answers. The student with the highest value of their solution
received a point. Students tallied their points during the game.
On each of the days that students did these activities I kept a research diary to
reflect on the experience and reflect on my feelings about teaching with
tactile/kinesthetic activities. The artifacts that I collected during this data set are the
worksheet on adding and subtracting integers students used during both labs, a focus
activity that students completed after the first lab, the papers that students did their work
on to figure out their answers to equations during the game, and a chapter test. I again
gave an attitude survey (Appendix K) at the end of this data set to determine student
opinion. This survey was modeled after the survey given in Data Set Two.
Data Analysis
I began by categorizing students in a table according to their learning style
(Appendix H). At the end of each data set, I compiled the data: the observations,
interviews and artifacts. I reviewed the information that I was looking for and reflected
on how my hunches may have informed or misinformed me. As I read and reread the
data, I kept a record of my impressions, questions and speculations. I also looked for
events that seemed to repeat themselves. I categorized students according to their
success rates and attitudes toward instruction using learning styles.
After breaking my research into understandable units in the analysis, I put the
pieces back together by asking how my data related to my overall question of Will
teaching math concepts with tactile presentations/activities have a positive effect on
student learning? I looked for patterns as to when the tactile presentations/activities
were effective, which students seemed to thrive through the teaching with these type of
activities, which students consistently had difficulty, and how did the teaching strategies
affected students attitudes about math. I also made sure to look for data that
disconfirmed how teaching with tactile presentations/activities increased learning in
math. Did some students seem to be distracted by the various activities?
When I came to conclusions, I went back and looked at the assumptions behind
the conclusions. I double-checked my assumptions about particular students and
teaching situations by getting input from my cooperating teacher and a colleague. I
applied what I learned in the literature to my emerging theories to see how my

conclusions meshed with the literature. I placed my conclusions in the context of my
school and classroom.
The Story of my Action Research Project

The gender breakdown in my classroom of those students that took the Learning
Styles Modality Preference Inventory was 18 girls and 8 boys (Figure 1).
Gender Makeup of Class
31%
Girls
Boys
69%
Figure 1. Gender breakdown of class.
Of these students, there was not a significant difference between boys and girls
who were primary kinesthetic learners. There were more girls that were kinesthetic
learners, only because there were more girls in the class. However, the percentage of
girl kinesthetic learners (44.44%) to total girls in the class was very close to the
percentage of boy kinesthetic learners (50.00%) in the class.
Primary Kinesthetic Learners
31%
Girls - Primary
Kinesthetic
Boys - Primary
Kinesthetic
54%
Other Primary
15%
Figure 2. Distribution of primary kinesthetic learners.
The significance of Figure 2 is that almost half of the students in my class were
primary kinesthetic learners. When one considers how little of the teaching in this
classroom was geared to the kinesthetic learner prior to my pre-service teaching, this is
very significant. We were ignoring half of our class.
This result becomes even more glaring when we consider students who are
secondary kinesthetic learners. The second highest modality boosts the primary
strength and therefore is a key component to learning for those students with a
secondary strength in the kinesthetic modality. By putting students that have a primary
strength or a secondary strength in kinesthetic learning together, we see that the
number of students in my class who were included in the survey greatly increases.
Figure 3 shows that when girls and boys who are primary or secondary
kinesthetic learners are combined, the total increases to 85 percent of the class. Were
my students high in the modality of the kinesthetic learning style? Absolutely. The
results indicated to me that to ignore kinesthetic/tactile activities would be to ignore the

primary learning modality of most of the students in my classroom.
Primary and/or Secondary Kinesthetic

Learners
Girls - Primary or
Secondary
Kinesthetic
15%
23%
62%
Boys - Primary or
Secondary
Kinesthetic
Other Primary and
Secondary
Figure 3. Distribution of primary and secondary kinesthetic learners.
These results confirmed my decision to create lesson plans that included

kinesthetic/tactile activities. The first unit that I examined in my action research dealt
with number theory. I included a computer activity, a game that required students to
stand up and sit down that involved factors, a group activity using colored tiles, an
activity with prime numbers (the Sieve of Eratosthenes), and creating colored posters.
One example of student behavior is the amount of time they remain on-task. In
assessing the computer assignment, I recorded the number of students who were on
task at 10-minute intervals. Generally, I found students to be on-task during this activity.
On/Off Task Behavior
# of Students
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Computer Computer Computer Computer Computer Computer
Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
On-Task
Off-Task
On-Task Off-Task
On-Task
Off-Task
8:30
8:30
8:40
8:40
8:50
8:50
Figure 4: Student Behavior during Computer Activity
As seen in Figure 4, students were engaged during the computer activity and
doing the activity as assigned. As time passed, a few students did go off-task, but as I
noticed in my reflection of that lesson, those students who were off-task were exploring
the Excel program, not just being disruptive or doing something unrelated to the task.
What is interesting about this activity is that when students were interviewed, 6 students
stated that this activity was not helpful to them in understanding the concept of
divisibility rules. In fact, one female student stated on her survey that this assignment
created confusion for her. Due to her confusion, other students made her feel badly,
because she did not understand it right away.
Another activity that students responded negatively to on the survey for Data Set
One was the Visual Math Lesson working with colored tiles and exploring factors and
primes. Again, this was a surprise to me due to my observations of students and my
reflection on how this lesson went. Figure 5 shows student behavior during this activity
to be highly on-task.
# of Students
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Colored
Colored
Colored
Colored
Colored
Colored
Tiles On- Tiles Off- Tiles On- Tiles Off- Tiles On- Tiles OffTask 8:20 Task 8:20 Task 8:40 Task 8:40 Task 9:00 Task 9:00
Figure 5 Student Behavior during Visual Math Colored Tile Activity
My reflections from this class period also indicated a high degree of student
engagement. In fact, a third party supported my observations. My cooperating teacher
was present throughout this period and activity. He commented how successful he felt
the activity was and how engaged students were in learning.
What was the common thread through both the computer activity and the visual
math with colored tiles activity that caused student discomfort? Upon reflection of this
data set, I felt these two activities required students to construct information for
themselves. Usually, we are just told that the number one is not prime. However, with
the visual math lesson, students had to construct this information with the colored tiles
and derive the understanding for themselves.
Also, it is typical to be given a list of rules about divisibility that must be

memorized. The computer activity was designed to have students construct their own
divisibility rules instead of just memorizing them. This type of learning is doing
mathematics as described by the QUASAR Project (The Math Learning Center, 1998).
It is by far the highest form of learning and therefore the most demanding for learners.
Because it was so demanding, this type of learning made students the most
uncomfortable, which may be why they reported the activity as not being fun.
Did student learning during data set one support the use of kinesthetic/tactile
activities? Students designed their own posters (Appendix L) and displayed their
knowledge pictorially. Most posters were well-constructed and demonstrated genuine
understanding. A variety of quizzes were also given and, as a whole, students
performed well on these quizzes. Students were not only engaged in the learning, but
the artifacts collected support that students were also learning the concepts.
My second unit was an introduction to algebraic equations. Again, during this
unit, especially since the subject matter was so abstract, I wanted to include
kinesthetic/tactile activities that would help students learn. I implemented two labs using
beans and cups. Students used the beans and cups to represent models of algebraic
equations. In the first lab, students modeled one-step equations and solved them using
the models. In the second lab, students modeled two-step equations and solved them
using the beans and cups as a model.
In my reflections during the one-step equation lab, I noted that during this activity
there was a 20-minute disruption due to head checks for lice. This is quite a lengthy
disruption and students were not nearly as focused after the checks as they were before
the lice checks. So, even though observations do not show that students were greatly
off-task, the climate of the activity was drastically changed and hurried due to the
interruption. I feel that this accounts in part for the tremendous dissatisfaction that
students expressed about this activity on the student interview (Figure 6). Also, the
survey gives a picture of student feelings during this lab. Comments like, It was very
confusing to me and I did not know what to do half the time, It made you feel like a
little kid, and It was hard to understand the getting rid of the beans.
Did the Activity Help You Learn?
# of Students
25
20
15
10
5
0
Yes
Solving
Equations
Lab
Yes
Solving TwoStep
Equations
Lab
Yes
Solving
Equations
Gamb
Yes
Index Card
Activity
Figure 6: Results from Student Survey
Students were equally dissatisfied with the lab using beans and cups to solve a
two-step algebraic equation. My personal reflection from this day also reveals my
dissatisfaction of how this activity went:
When the last bean was put away today, I was thankful I had done another
activity similar to the first solving equation labHaving done this activity the
second time I realized that it was not the activity, but the delivery. I expected
students to follow the book and questions in the lab. However, what I
experienced was that the lab was too wordy. I needed to break down the activity
step by step and not direct student learning, but facilitate itI have gotten to
watch this artistry in my EDUG 550 class, Teaching Mathematics. There would
be times the instructor would introduce a concept through the use of a
manipulative. At first I would feel a little foggy on what I was to accomplishAnd
thenI would see the concept so much clearer and with better understanding
than I hadIt was a kind of art knowing how much to say or how much to give
students as to facilitate learning, but not spoon-feed learning.
Teaching with manipulatives is an art. I am still a novice at this style of teaching

since it is not congruent with my own learning style. I believe that student satisfaction
will go up as my experience increases. Although my own teaching using manipulatives
needs to grow, the activity still was useful to students in learning.
How did student learning fare during the unit on Algebraic Equations? The Index
Card Activity artifacts showed deep student understanding of translating verbal phrases
into algebraic expressions. This activity was done in place of a quiz, and students were
placed in groups to teach the concept on their index cards to another student. The
lowest score received on this activity was an 8 out of 10.
The chapter test also demonstrated solid student learning. Including all students,
the average grade for the chapter test was 82%. One student was absent for the
majority of the school days prior to the test. Without her score, the average was 84%.
These numbers are exciting to me because of the low level of the math students
in this class and the amount of student dissatisfaction with the kinesthetic activities
using the beans and cups as manipulatives. These students, for the most part, are not
used to scoring well on math tests. Probably even more exciting than this data is the
data on my students who are on an IEPs. The average test score for these students
was 84%, with one student on an IEP earning a perfect score on the test. Algebra is a
very abstract concept, and students in my class showed above-average proficiency.
My third data set was collected during a unit on integers. Again, the concept of
negative numbers is abstract. Although there are a few real-life examples of negative
numbers, such as temperatures below zero and overdrawing on a checking account,
students find manipulating negative numbers a difficult concept to master.
Overall student satisfaction with the kinesthetic/tactile activities was much higher
than in data set two (Figure 7). During this data set, I planned activities that included an
adding integers lab with red and black tiles, a game comparing positive and negative
numbers, a subtracting integers lab with red and black tiles, and a game with partners
Did the Activity Help You Learn?
# of Students
25
20
15
10
5
Multiplication
game - yes
Subtracting
Integers Lab
- yes
GameComparing
Integers-yes
Adding
Integers Lab
- yes
Figure 7: Results from Student Survey
solving multiplication problems with integers.
The majority of students during this data set found the activities helpful and felt
the activities were valuable to their learning. The interesting part of this data set is the
prior experience I have had teaching with the labs. During my course on mathematics
instruction, my instructor conducted these labs with us. Also, I had the opportunity to
teach these labs in a case study and to a different seventh grade math class. Therefore,
my experience with these labs was greater than with the previous labs, and my students
were more positive about these activities. During these activities, I saw more confidence
among students in working with manipulatives. Students seemed eager to figure out
what the manipulatives represented.
The artifacts for this unit of study substantiate how the students felt. The lab
worksheets that corresponded to the Adding Integers Lab demonstrate that students
were on-task and completed the information. The Focus Activity at the end of the lab
was an extension activity. Students were also able to complete this activity. The few
times I have taught integers with this lab, I have been disturbed by the speed at which I
have to go to complete the lab within one class period. And I have to wonder if that
might be why one of the negative comments I received from a student about this lab
was, I forgot what I learned the next day.
I also felt this time crunch during the subtracting integer lab. My reflections from
that day state that I did more prompting than I would have preferred to do. Preferably,
these labs would involve student construction of the rules of adding and subtracting
integers.
Observations tell me that student engagement was high during the
kinesthetic/tactile activities. Figure 8 is an example of on/off task behavior during the
Adding Integers Lab with red and black tiles. Students enjoyed touching and playing
with the red and black tiles. There did not seem to be negative feelings about using the
tiles, as there had been with the beans. Students did not write any negative feedback
about the tiles themselves on the attitude survey.
# of Students

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Adding AddAdding Adding
Integers
Integers
Integers
On-Task
Off-Task
On-Task
8:50
8:50
9:00
Adding
Integers
Off-Task
9:00
Adding
Integers
On-Task
9:10
Adding
Integers
Off-Task
9:10
Figure 8: Student Behavior during Adding Integers Lab
Lastly, the chapter test also indicated a good understanding of the concept of
integers by students. The average grade for the chapter test was 80%. IEP students
averaged 84%. Three of the 5 students on an IEP worked with a Learning Resource
Assistant while taking their test. Part of my reflection on this unit was about the pressure
I felt in teaching this unit. A solid understanding of integers is vital to future success in
Algebra. I really wanted these students to do well. I believe that student understanding
was positively influenced by the kinesthetic/tactile activities that we did in class.
Final Reflection and Questions about my Action Research Journey

At the start of my action research, I was pretty confident that students would
experience more success when I used teaching strategies that were compatible with
their learning styles. After all, this is what the experts in education told me: Student
achievement improves when teaching styles match learning styles (Dunn, Deckinger,
Withers, & Katzenstein, 1990). However, my journey was so much more complex than
this statement. As a pre-service teacher, I faced many bumps and curves in the road,
partly because of my inexperience and partly because of the individuality of the students
in the class and the school itself.
Incorporating kinesthetic/tactile strategies in my classroom took on many forms. I
did both small-group activities and large-group ones, and I used different types
manipulatives, both physical and virtual ones. All of these activities seemed to require a
certain degree of practice and classroom management that I have not yet fully
developed as a pre-service teacher. I found that the activities were more successful the
more I was prepared and the more I prepared my students for the activities.
One way I prepared for a class using manipulatives involved going into the
classroom early and setting up desks in groups for group work and putting
manipulatives into individual containers with lids. I prepared my students by explaining
in detail my expectations for their behavior with the manipulatives. I also explained the
activity in detail and divided students into pre-planned groups. I found that each time I
did an activity I walked away from that lesson with more ideas on how to make it more
successful the next time. I wrote those ideas in my reflections.
For instance, after one particular lab that did not go as well as I had hoped, I
reflected, Student groups were sitting too close together and therefore distracting each
other. I need to help them organize themselves into pairs better. I believe that the
positive results my students had with these activities will increase even more as my
classroom management and organization skills improve.
Another aspect that I would change is constructing lessons that give students
enough time to work through the problems presented. Stein and Bovalino (2001) noted,
that for successful manipulative use, you must give students the time and latitude to
think through and make sense of the manipulative activity on their own.
As a pre-service teacher, I felt pressure to teach a specific amount of content
within a specific amount of time. As a teacher, I hopefully will have more latitude in
scheduling the time it takes to enable students to grapple with a lesson and construct
meaning for themselves.
Many times I finished a lesson that involved manipulatives and felt that I really
needed a few days to cover the material. I think my least successful lessons were my
most rushed. On one occasion this was out of my hands as a portion of my classroom
time was taken up with lice checks. If this had been my own class, I would have come
back to the lab the next day.
Another factor that can cause unsuccessful manipulative activity is when
teachers leave students too much to their own devices, resulting in unsystematic and
nonproductive exploration (Stein & Bovalino 2001). I feel that this happened with the
two equation labs that I did with the students. I found the labs in the textbook. I thought
they were valuable, but I personally have not seen them applied in a classroom. In my
reflections I wrote, I think more direction on how to start this lab may have been
needed than I gave them.
I feel this is an area that I will grow and develop in as a teacher. These times
when the activity does not go as well as the teacher anticipated could cause a teacher
to decide that the difficulties and the work it takes to teach with manipulatives may not
be worth it. Having seen the positive results from my teaching with manipulatives and
other kinesthetic activities, I am convinced of their value. In fact, if there were such a
positive outcome with manipulatives and I am still learning how to teach with
manipulatives, how much better will my students perform as I get better at teaching with
manipulatives?
I honestly do not believe that I would have learned all of this information about
teaching with kinesthetic activities if I had not conducted action research in my
classroom. I may have just tossed out an activity without realizing that it might not be
the activitybut something in my practicethat needs to be adjusted. There were days
after I did a lesson with beans that I thought to myself: Am I crazy giving middle schoolaged students beans? However, having seen the results of their success, I am not
crazy but bold and daring, and the risks were well worth it.
This study on teaching students according to their learning styles has enabled
me to become the type of practitioner that I have always wanted to be. I have dreamed
of being a teacher that can reach all of her students. What my action research has
proven to me is that all students can learn the content and that I will not be content with
anything less.
References
Bennett, A. B. Jr. & Nelson, L. T. (2002). Divisibility tests: So right for discoveries.
Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 7, 460464.
Benzwie, T. (1988). A moving experience: Dance for lovers of children and the child
within. Tucson, AZ: Zephyr Press.
Campbell, L., Campbell, B., & Dickinson, D. (1999). Teaching and learning through
multiple intelligences. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
DeBollo, T. (1990). Comparison of eleven major learning styles models: Variables,
appropriate populations, validity of instrumentation, and the research behind
them. Journal of Reading, Writing, and Learning Disabilities, 6, 203222.
Dunn, R. (1990). Rita Dunn answers questions on learning styles. Educational
Leadership, 48, 1519.
Dunn, R., Deckinger, L., Withers, P., & Katzenstein, H. (1990). Should college students
be taught how to do their homework? The effects of studying marketing through
individual perceptual strengths. Illinois School Research and Developmental
Journal, 26, 96113.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York:
Basic Books.
Guild, P. B. (1997). Where do the learning theories overlap? Educational Leadership,
55, 3031.
Jensen, E. (1998). Teaching with the brain in mind. Alexandria, VA: Association for
Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Marshall, C. (1990). The power of learning styles philosophy. Educational Leadership,
48, 62.
Math Learning Center. (1998). Implementing statewide mathematics standards, grades
310.. Salem, OR.
Moyer, P., Bolyard, J. & Spikell, M. (2002). What are virtual manipulatives? Teaching
Children Mathematics, 8, 372377.

ONeil, J. (1990). Making sense of style. Educational Leadership, 48, 49.
Perrin, J. (1990). The learning styles project for potential dropouts. Educational
Leadership, 48, 2324.
Restak, R. (1979). The brain: The last frontier. New York: Doubleday.
Sarasin, L. C. (1998). Learning style perspectives: Impact in the classroom. Madison,
WI: Atwood Publishing.
Stein, M. K., & Bovalino, J. W. (2001). Manipulatives: One piece. Mathematics
Teaching in the Middle School, 6, 356359.
Sykes, S., Jones, B., & Phillips, J. (1990). Partners in learning styles at a private school.
Educational Leadership, 48, 2426.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A:
PARENTAL CONSENT FORM
October 27, 2003
Dear Parent and/or Guardian,
Greetings from ______ Grade School Seventh Grade Math class. I am writing to introduce
myself. My name is Julie XXX and I am a student teacher from the University in Mr. Cs
classroom. It is my joy and privilege to have a teacher as experienced and wise as Mr. C as my
mentor and to be able to teach and learn mathematics with your child. We have already had a
productive month and a half together!
Beginning on November 6, Ill be starting a math unit on Numbers and their Relationships that
will emphasize divisibility rules, prime and composite numbers, and prime factorization. The
students will take part in a variety of learning approaches that will teach this unit, such as virtual
manipulatives (using Excel in the computer lab), hands-on manipulatives, demonstrations,
group activities, and a 3-D project. To enhance your childs learning experience you can ask
your child to re-tell how the specific activities of the day helped and/or hurt their understanding
of the math topic we studied that day. Also, it will be very important that your child complete any
assignments or projects he or she was unable to complete in class, so please keep them
accountable for their progress.
During this unit and the remainder of my student teaching, Ill be studying my own practice of
becoming a teacher of mathematics by conducting a teaching/learning project. I will be looking
specifically at how to teach students who have different learning styles. To evaluate the
effectiveness of using various teaching strategies, I will carefully analyze students responses
through surveys, observations and a close look at their finished work. All of this will be done
during the regular teaching/learning process. After my student teaching, I will write a report
about what I have learned. This report will be presented to University faculty and my colleagues.
Pseudonyms will be used for the community, school and any reference to students. Please sign
the form on the bottom to indicate whether I may or may not use your childs work and
responses in our math lessons as a part of my teaching/learning project.
If you have any questions, please be sure and give Mr. C or me a call. Again, I look forward to
this learning experience and the opportunity to work with your child!
Sincerely,
Julie XXXXX
Student Teacher
Phone Number
Yes, my childs responses and sample work may be used for Mrs. Ks teaching/learning
project. I understand that the data is being used to assist Mrs. K in becoming a better
teacher of middle school students and to enhance my childs knowledge of mathematics. I
also understand that pseudonyms will be used in the final report and that I may request a
final copy of the report.
No, I would rather not have my childs responses and work used in this analysis.
________________________________
________________
Signature of Parent and/or Guardian
Date
APPENDIX B:
LEARNING STYLE INVENTORY
(Julie used a purchased learning style inventory from her school)
APPENDIX C:
KINESTHETIC ACTIVITY EXCEL MACRO
(Worksheet purchased by school and used here by Julie)
APPENDIX D:
KINESTHETIC ACTIVITY DIVISIBILITY
Divisibility Patterns
Name:
Your rule for dividing by the number:

2
Test your rule: ____________ Does it work? yes/no

3

4

5

6

9

10
APPENDIX E:
KINESTHETIC ACTIVITY COLORED TILES
Focus Student Activity 7.1
Name:
No.
Number of Dimensions of
Rectangles Rectangles
Factors of the
Number
APPENDIX F:
STUDENT OBSERVATIONS
Activity:
Observations
OT On Task
OF Off Task
Name
Time:
Time:
Time:
Comments
APPENDIX G:
ATTITUDE SURVEY
Survey - What worked for you?
Were the following activities helpful in your understanding of the math concept?
1) The Computer Activity using Excel. Did it help you understand the rules of divisibility better?
Yes
No
2) The game - Buzz. Did playing this game help you understand the rules of divisibility better?
Yes
No
3) The FACTOR Activity. Did doing this activity help you understand factors are better?
Yes
No
4) Visual Math - Using the linear pieces and tiles to explore prime numbers. Did this activity help you understand
prime and composite numbers better?
Yes
No
5) The Sieve of Eratosthenes. Did doing this activity help you understand prime numbers better?
Yes
No
6) Did I lecture enough about the rules of divisibility, factors, prime and composite numbers for you to understand
these concepts?
Yes
No
7) Did doing the final project help you to understand the rules of divisibility, factors, prime and composite numbers,
and prime factorization?
Yes
No
APPENDIX H:
CHART LEARNING STYLES
Data Set 2 (Learning Styles Broken Down)
STUDENT
VISUAL
AUDITORY
KINESTHETIC
Student 1
12
19
16
Student 2
11
16
15
Student 3
19
15
17
Student 4
13
17
Student 5
16
12
12
Student 6
16
10
16
Student 7
17
13
14
Student 8
17
12
15
Student 10
10
13
15
Student 11
14
17
15
Student 9
Student 12
12
14
15
Student 14
17
14
12
Student 15
17
15
15
Student 16
16
12
14
Student 17
13
14
16
Student 18
12
14
15
Student 19
16
12
17
Student 20
14
17
14
Student 21
18
20
15
Student 22
13
10
16
Student 23
14
13
15
Student 24
14
16
14
Student 25
16
16
13
Student 26
19
15
16
Student 13
Student 27
15
16
16
Student 28
14
18
18
APPENDIX I:
ATTITUDE SURVEY (DATA SET TWO)
1) The Solving Equations Lab using beans and cups. Did this lab help you understand how to solve an equation
better by getting rid of the beans?
Yes
No
Why or why not?______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
2) The Solving Two-Step Equations Lab using beans and cups. Did this lab help you understand how to solve a
two-step equation better by getting rid of the beans first and then figuring out how many beans should go in
each cup?
Yes
No
Why or why not?______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
1) Solving Equations Game: Did playing this game with a partner help you get better at solving algebraic
equations?
Yes
No
Why or why not?______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
2) Index Card Activity: Did using the index cards to translate words into algebraic expressions and sharing
them with a partner help you understand how to do translate words into algebraic expressions better?
Yes
No
Why or why not?______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX J:
KINESTHETIC ACTIVITY USING RED/BLACK TILES
Total Number of
Pieces
Number of Red
Number of Black
Net Value
APPENDIX K:
ATTITUDE SURVEY (DATA SET THREE)
1.
Did the Adding Integers Lab using red and black tiles help you understand how to add integers better?
Yes
No
Why or why not?______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
2.
The activity where you compared numbers (positive and negative) and got a point for having the high card:
Did this game help you to learn about positive and negative numbers better?
Yes
No
Why or why not?______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3.
Did the Subtracting Integers Lab using red and black tiles help you understand how to subtract integers
better?
Yes
No
Why or why not?______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
4.
The game where you had to solve a multiplication problem with integers and compare your answer with
your partners answers and the highest person scored a point: Did this game help you to understand
multiplying integers better.
Yes
No
Why or why not?______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX L:
SAMPLE OF STUDENT POSTER

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Teaching with Manipulatives 1

Teaching with Manipulatives 2

Teaching with Manipulatives 3

Teaching with Manipulatives 4

Teaching with Manipulatives 5

Teaching with Manipulatives 6

Teaching with Manipulatives 7

What Ive learned from Distant Colleagues

Where do the Learning Styles Overlap?

Teaching with Manipulatives 8

There are three distinct approaches or areas of research focusing on how

Teaching with Manipulatives 9

Teaching with Manipulatives 10

Teaching with Manipulatives 11

Teaching with Manipulatives 12

Teaching with Manipulatives 13

Clarifying my Action Research Project

Teaching with Manipulatives 14

Teaching with Manipulatives 15

Roadmap to my Action Research Project

Teaching with Manipulatives 16

Teaching with Manipulatives 17

Teaching with Manipulatives 18

Teaching with Manipulatives 19

Teaching with Manipulatives 20

applied what I learned in the literature to my emerging theories to see how my

Teaching with Manipulatives 21

The Story of my Action Research Project

Gender Makeup of Class

Figure 1. Gender breakdown of class.

Teaching with Manipulatives 22

Primary Kinesthetic Learners

Figure 2. Distribution of primary kinesthetic learners.

Teaching with Manipulatives 23

results indicated to me that to ignore kinesthetic/tactile activities would be to ignore the

Primary and/or Secondary Kinesthetic

Figure 3. Distribution of primary and secondary kinesthetic learners.

These results confirmed my decision to create lesson plans that included

Teaching with Manipulatives 24

On/Off Task Behavior

Figure 4: Student Behavior during Computer Activity

Teaching with Manipulatives 25

On/Off Task Behavior

Figure 5 Student Behavior during Visual Math Colored Tile Activity

Teaching with Manipulatives 26

Also, it is typical to be given a list of rules about divisibility that must be

Teaching with Manipulatives 27

Did the Activity Help You Learn?

Figure 6: Results from Student Survey

Teaching with Manipulatives 28

Teaching with manipulatives is an art. I am still a novice at this style of teaching

Teaching with Manipulatives 29

Did the Activity Help You Learn?

Figure 7: Results from Student Survey

solving multiplication problems with integers.

Teaching with Manipulatives 30

Teaching with Manipulatives 31

Teaching with Manipulatives 32

On/Off Task Behavior