Students name: Vaibhav

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT:

User home security is the prime concern for every user as it provides
opportunities for them to work freely without worrying about the home security
This project provides security system for the user house . For this it take help of
GSM Technology, each use will have a unique ID code for his door, which he will
needs to show while opening the door the security system will generate a unique
encrypted code for user access and will SMS it to user with the help of GSM module
attached, use will need to enter this code in order to open the door, otherwise the
door will be locked and the access s denied by the system.

Block Diagram and

Description:

Block Diagram

POWER
SUPPLY
LCD DISPLAY

KEYPAD

RS-232

FINGUR
PRINT
MODEM

MICRO
CONTROLLE
R

MOTOR
DRIVER

DOOR
MOTOR

RS-232

GSM
MODULE

GSM
NETWORK

USER
CELLPHO
NE

Description:
Mobile Phone
In this project we have used one cell phones for user on which he will receive a SMS with
unique password.he cell phone will use GSM Network for communication
Microcontroller
This is the most important segment of the project, i.e. the microcontroller 8051 The controller is
responsible for detection and polling of the peripherals status. It is responsible for making. It is
responsible for prioritizing all the devices attached to it. We have used the PHILLIPS 89V51
microcontroller. The a low-power, high-performance CMOS 4-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes
of in-system programmable Flash memory. It has got 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data
pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex
serial port, on-chip oscillator, and a clock circuitry.
GSM Modem
GSM module is used to establish communication between a computer and aGSM-GPRS system.
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile
communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of
GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM module consists of a GSM modem
assembled together with power supply circuit and communication interfaces (like RS-232, USB,
etc) for computer. The MODEM is the soul of such modules.

LCD
We have used 16*2 LCD in order to display the user information.
Door Motor and:
We have used a DC motor for door i

Circuit diagram &

Description

Specification of Components used:

. ARM LPC 2148
It is the heart of the entire system and used for data analysis and storage. It will
capture the all the answers feed by users and will do the comparison with standard
answers enter by system operator. ARM7 is a generation of ARM processor designs.
This generation introduced the Thumb 16-bit instruction set providing improved
code density compared to previous designs. The most widely used ARM7 designs
implement the ARMv4T architecture, but some implement ARMv3 or ARMv5TEJ. All
these designs use a Von Neumann architecture, thus the few versions comprising a
cache do not separate data and instruction caches.

The NXP (founded by Philips) LPC2148 is an ARM7TDMI-S based high-performance

32-bit RISC Microcontroller with Thumb extensions 512KB on-chip Flash ROM with
In-System Programming (ISP) and In-Application Programming (IAP), 32KB RAM,
Vectored Interrupt Controller, Two 10bit ADCs with 14 channels, USB 2.0 Full Speed
Device Controller, Two UARTs, one with full modem interface. Two I2C serial
interfaces, Two SPI serial interfaces Two 32-bit timers, Watchdog Timer, PWM unit,
Real Time Clock with optional battery backup, Brown out detect circuit General
purpose I/O pins. CPU clock up to 60 MHz, On-chip crystal oscillator and On-chip PLL.
Features and benefits

2.1 Key features

* 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
* 8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash memory.
128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.
* In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot
loader software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of
256 B in 1 ms.
* EmbeddedICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with
the
on-chip RealMonitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution.
* USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM.
In addition, the LPC2146/48 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by
DMA.
* One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14
analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 s per channel.
* Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).
* Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
* Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input

An Introduction to the ARM 7 Architecture

The principle feature of the ARM 7 microcontroller is that it is a register based

load-and-store architecture with a number of operating modes. While the ARM7 is a
32 bit microcontroller, it is also capable of running a 16-bit instruction set, known as
THUMB. This helps it achieve a greater code density and enhanced power saving.
While all of the register-to-register data processing instructions are single-cycle,
other instructions such as data transfer instructions, are multi-cycle. To increase the
performance of these instructions, the ARM 7 has a three-stage pipeline. Due to the
inherent simplicity of the design and low gate count, ARM 7 is the industry leader in

low-power processing on a watts per MIP basis. Finally, to assist the developer, the
ARM core has a built-in JTAG debug port and on-chip embedded ICE that allows
programs to be downloaded and fully debugged in-system.
In order to keep the ARM 7 both simple and cost-effective, the code and data
regions are accessed via a single data bus. Thus while the ARM 7 is capable of
single-cycle execution of all data processing instructions, data transfer instructions
may take several cycles since they will require at least two accesses onto the bus
(one for the instruction one for the data). In order to improve performance, a three
stage pipeline is used that allows multiple instructions to be processed
simultaneously.
The pipeline has three stages; FETCH, DECODE and EXECUTE. The hardware of each
stage is designed to be independent so up to three instructions can be processed
simultaneously. The pipeline is most effective in speeding up sequential code.
However a branch instruction will cause the pipeline to be flushed marring its
performance. As we shall see later the ARM 7 designers had some clever ideas to
solve this problem.
ARM-3-StagePipeline

ARM7 Programming Model

The programmers model of the ARM 7 consists of 15 user registers, as shown in Fig.
3, with R15 being used as the Program Counter (PC). Since the ARM 7 is a load-andstore architecture, an user program must load data from memory into the CPU
registers, process this data and then store the result back into memory. Unlike other

processors no memory to memory instructions are available.

Fig 2 Load And Store Architecture

As stated above R15 is the Program Counter. R13 and R14 also have special
functions; R13 is used as the stack pointer, though this has only been defined as a
programming convention. Unusually the ARM instruction set does not have PUSH
and POP instructions so stack handling is done via a set of instructions that allow
loading and storing of multiple registers in a single operation. Thus it is possible to
PUSH or POP the entire register set onto the stack in a single instruction. R14 has
special significance and is called the link register. When a call is made to a
procedure, the return address is automatically placed into R14, rather than onto a
stack, as might be expected. A return can then be implemented by moving the
contents of R14 into R15, the PC. For multiple calling trees, the contents of R14 (the
link register) must be placed onto the stack.

.
Fig 3 User Mode Register Model

In addition to the 16 CPU registers, there is a current program status register

(CPSR). This contains a set of condition code flags in the upper four bits that record
the result of a previous instruction, as shown in Fig 4. In addition to the condition
code flags, the CPSR contains a number of user-configurable bits that can be used
to change the processor mode, enter Thumb processing and enable/disable
interrupts.

Current Program Status Register and Flags

Exception and Interrupt Modes

The ARM 7 architecture has a total of six different operating modes, as shown
below. These modes are protected or exception modes which have associated
interrupt sources and their own register sets.
User: This mode is used to run the application code. Once in user mode the CPSR
cannot be written to and modes can only be changed when an exception is
generated.
FIQ: (Fast Interrupt reQuest) This supports high speed interrupt handling. Generally
it is used for a single critical interrupt source in a system
IRQ: (Interrupt ReQuest) This supports all other interrupt sources in a system
Supervisor: A protected mode for running system level code to access hardware
or run OS calls. The ARM 7 enters this mode after reset.
Abort: If an instruction or data is fetched from an invalid memory region, an abort
exception will be generated
Undefined Instruction: If a FETCHED opcode is not an ARM instruction, an undefined
instruction exception will be generated.
The User registers R0-R7 are common to all operating modes. However FIQ mode
has its own R8 R14 that replace the user registers when FIQ is entered. Similarly,

each of the other modes have their own R13 and R14 so that each operating mode
has its own unique Stack pointer and Link register. The CPSR is also common to all
modes. However in each of the exception modes, an additional register - the saved
program status register (SPSR), is added. When the processor changes the current
value of the CPSR stored in the SPSR, this can be restored on exiting the exceptionmode.

Fig 5 Full Register Set For ARM 7

Entry to the Exception modes is through the interrupt vector table. Exceptions in the ARM
processor can be split into three distinct types.
(i) Exceptions caused by executing an instruction, these include software interrupts, undefined
instruction exceptions and memory abort exceptions
(ii) Exceptions caused as a side effect of an instruction such as a abort caused by trying to fetch
data from an invalid memory region.
(iii) Exceptions unrelated to instruction execution, this includes reset, FIQ and IRQ interrupts.

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Power Supply
There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a
suitable DC voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a
series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.
A 5V regulated supply

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.

Smoothing smoothens the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.

Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

15

Transformer

Transformer circuit symbol

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work
only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a stepdown transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage.
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection
between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of
the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.
Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is
stepped down current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A stepdown transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage
mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.
Bridge rectifier
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special packages
containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses all the AC wave (both
positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when
conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are
rated by the maximum current they can pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be
at least three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak voltages). Please see the
Diodes page for more details, including pictures of bridge rectifier
16

Root Mean Square (RMS) Values

The value of an AC voltage is continually changing from zero up to the positive peak, through zero to the
negative peak and back to zero again. Clearly for most of the time it is less than the peak voltage, so this is not a
good measure of its real effect.

Instead we use the root mean square voltage (VRMS) which is 0.7 of the peak voltage (Vpeak):
VRMS = 0.7 Vpeak and Vpeak = 1.4 VRMS
These equations also apply to current.
They are only true for sine waves (the most common type of AC) because the 0.7 and 1.4 are different values
for other shapes.

The RMS value is the effective value of a varying voltage or current. It is the equivalent steady DC (constant)
value which gives the same effect.

17

Bridge rectifier
Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over
the connections so the alternating directions of
AC are converted to the one direction of DC.

Smoothing

Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a
reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram
shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges
quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

18

Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 RMS value).
For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave DC of about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier),
with smoothing this increases to almost the peak value giving 1.4 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.
Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it discharges, giving a small ripple
voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below
gives the required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value
must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC.

Electrolytic Capacitors

Examples:

Circuit symbol:

Electrolytic capacitors are polarised and they must be connected the correct way round, at least one of their
leads will be marked + or -. They are not damaged by heat when soldering.
There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors; axial where the leads are attached to each end (220F in
picture) and radial where both leads are at the same end (10F in picture). Radial capacitors tend to be a little
smaller and they stand upright on the circuit board.
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It is easy to find the value of electrolytic capacitors because they are clearly printed with their capacitance and
voltage rating. The voltage rating can be quite low (6V for example) and it should always be checked when
selecting an electrolytic capacitor. If the project parts list does not specify a voltage, choose a capacitor with a
rating which is greater than the project's power supply voltage. 25V is a sensible minimum for most battery
circuits.
Voltage regulator
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are
also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in
dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection')
and overheating ('thermal protection').
Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A
regulator shown on the right. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.

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GSM MODEM
GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM devices that are designed for
communication of a computer with the GSM and GPRS network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber
Identity Module) card just like mobile phones to activate communication with the network. Also
they have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number similar to mobile phones for
their identification. A GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following operations:

1.

Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.

2.

Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.

3.

Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or controller, which are
communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent by the
controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command. Different AT
commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the processor/controller/computer to
interact with the GSM and GPRS cellular network.

GSM/GPRS Module
A GSM/GPRS module assembles a GSM/GPRS modem with standard communication
interfaces like RS-232 (Serial Port), USB etc., so that it can be easily interfaced with a computer
or a microprocessor / microcontroller based system. The power supply circuit is also built in the
module that can be activated by using a suitable adaptor.

21

GSM

Developed by Group Spciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an

( Conference of European Post and Telecommunication )

initiative of CEPT

Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system

Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special mobile group under
ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards Institute )
22

 Under ETSI, GSM is named as Global System for Mobile communication

Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscriber in India.

AT Commands
AT commands are used to control MODEMs. AT is the abbreviation for Attention. These
commands come from Hayes commands that were used by the Hayes smart modems. The
Hayes commands started with AT to indicate the attention from the MODEM. The dial up and
wireless MODEMs (devices that involve machine to machine communication) need AT commands
to interact with a computer. These include the Hayes command set as a subset, along with other
extended AT commands.

AT commands with a GSM/GPRS MODEM or mobile phone can be used to access following
information and services:
1.

Information and configuration pertaining to mobile device or MODEM and SIM card.

SMS services.

3.

MMS services.

4.

Fax services.

5.

Data and Voice link over mobile network.

The Hayes subset commands are called the basic commands and the commands specific to a
GSM network are called extended AT commands.

23

Types of AT Commands:
There are four types of AT commands:

AT commands' syntax
Case Sensitivity The AT commands are generally used in uppercase letters. However some MODEMs and mobile phones allow
both uppercase and small case letters.

Single Command The AT commands include a prefix AT which indicates the beginning of the command to MODEM; and a
carriage return which indicates the end of the command.

24

However string AT itself is not the part of the command. For example in ATD, D is the command name not
ATD.
The extended AT commands have a + in the command name.
For example: AT+CGMI<Carriage return>

Command Line Multiple AT commands can be sent to MODEM in a single command line. The commands in a line are
separated by a semi-colon (;).

For example: AT+CGMI; +CBS<Carriage return>

SMS Text mode :

Command

Description
25

AT+CSMS

Select message service

AT+CPMS

Preferred message storage

AT+CMGF

Message format

AT+CSCA

Service centre address

AT+CSMP

Set text mode parameters

AT+CSDH

Show text mode parameters

AT+CSCB

Select cell broadcast message types

AT+CSAS

Save settings

AT+CRES

Restore settings

AT+CNMI

New message indications to TE

AT+CMGL

List messages

AT+CMGR

Read message

AT+CMGS

Send message

AT+CMSS

Send message from storage

AT+CMGW

Write message to memory

AT+CMGD

Delete message

3. Initial setup AT commands

We are ready now to start working with AT commands to setup and check the status of the GSM modem.
AT

Returns a "OK" to confirm that modem is working

AT+CPIN="xxxx"

To enter the PIN for your SIM ( if enabled )

26

AT+CREG?

A "0,1" reply confirms your modem is connected to GSM network

AT+CSQ

Indicates the signal strength, 31.99 is maximum.

4. Sending SMS using AT commands

We suggest try sending a few SMS using the Control Tool above to make sure your GSM modem can send SMS
before proceeding. Let's look at the AT commands involved ..
AT+CMGF=1

To format SMS as a TEXT message

AT+CSCA="+xxxxx"

Set your SMS center's number. Check with your provider.

To send a SMS, the AT command to use is AT+CMGS ..

AT+CMGS="+yyyyy" <Enter>
> Your SMS text message here <Ctrl-Z>
The "+yyyyy" is your receipent's mobile numbe

5. Receiving SMS using AT commands

The GSM modem can be configured to response in different ways when it receives a SMS.
a) Immediate - when a SMS is received, the SMS's details are immediately sent to the host computer (DTE) via
the +CMT command
AT+CMGF=1

To format SMS as a TEXT message

AT+CNMI=1,2,0,0,0

Set how the modem will response when a SMS is received

When a new SMS is received by the GSM modem, the computer (DTE) will receive the following ..
+CMT : "+61xxxxxxxx" , , "04/08/30,23:20:00+40"
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This the text SMS message sent to the modem

Your computer (DTE) will have to continuously monitor the COM serial port, read and parse the
message.
b) Notification - when a SMS is recieved, the host computer ( DTE ) will be notified of the new
message. The computer will then have to read the message from the indicated memory location
and clear the memory location.
AT+CMGF=1

To format SMS as a TEXT message

AT+CNMI=1,1,0,0,0

Set how the modem will response when a SMS is received

When a new SMS is received by the GSM modem, the DTE will receive the following ..
+CMTI: "SM",3

Notification sent to the computer. Location 3 in SIM memory

AT+CMGR=3 <Enter>

AT command to send read the received SMS from modem

The modem will then send to the computer details of the received SMS from the specified
memory location ( eg. 3 ) ..
+CMGR: "REC READ","+61xxxxxx",,"04/08/28,22:26:29+40"
This is the new SMS received by the GSM modem
After reading and parsing the new SMS message, the computer (DTE) should send a AT command
to clear the memory location in the GSM modem ..
AT+CMGD=3 <Enter> To clear the SMS receive memory location in the GSM mod

RS- 232 Protocol

One of the 8051s many powerful features is its integrated UART, otherwise known as a serial port. The fact that
the 8051 has an integrated serial port means that you may very easily read and write values to the serial port. If
it were not for the integrated serial port, writing a byte to a serial line would be a rather tedious process requring
turning on and off one of the I/O lines in rapid succession to properly "clock out" each individual bit, including
start bits, stop bits, and parity bits.
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However, we do not have to do this. Instead, we simply need to configure the serial ports operation mode and
baud rate. Once configured, all we have to do is write to an SFR to write a value to the serial port or read the
same SFR to read a value from the serial port. The 8051 will automatically let us know when it has finished
sending the character we wrote and will also let us know whenever it has received a byte so that we can process
it. We do not have to worry about transmission at the bit level--which saves us quite a bit of coding and
processing time.
Setting the Serial Port Mode
The first thing we must do when using the 8051s integrated serial port is, obviously, configure it. This lets us
tell the 8051 how many data bits we want, the baud rate we will be using, and how the baud rate will be
determined.
First, lets present the "Serial Control" (SCON) SFR and define what each bit of the SFR represents:
Bit Name

Bit Addres

Explanation of Function

SM0

9Fh

Serial port mode bit 0

SM1

9Eh

Serial port mode bit 1.

SM2

9Dh

Mutliprocessor Communications Enable (explained later)

REN

9Ch

Receiver Enable. This bit must be set in order to receive characters.

TB8

9Bh

Transmit bit 8. The 9th bit to transmit in mode 2 and 3.

RB8

9Ah

Receive bit 8. The 9th bit received in mode 2 and 3.

TI

99h

Transmit Flag. Set when a byte has been completely transmitted.

RI

98h

Receive Flag. Set when a byte has been completely received.

Additionally, it is necessary to define the function of SM0 and SM1 by an additional table:
SM0

SM1

Serial Mode

Explanation

Baud Rate

8-bit Shift Register

Oscillator / 12

8-bit UART

Set by Timer 1 (*)

9-bit UART

Oscillator / 64 (*)

9-bit UART

Set by Timer 1 (*)

(*) Note: The baud rate indicated in this table is doubled if PCON.7 (SMOD) is set.
The SCON SFR allows us to configure the Serial Port. Thus, well go through each bit and review its function.
29

The first four bits (bits 4 through 7) are configuration bits.

Bits SM0 and SM1 let us set the serial mode to a value between 0 and 3, inclusive. The four modes are defined
in the chart immediately above. As you can see, selecting the Serial Mode selects the mode of operation (8bit/9-bit, UART or Shift Register) and also determines how the baud rate will be calculated. In modes 0 and 2
the baud rate is fixed based on the oscillators frequency. In modes 1 and 3 the baud rate is variable based on
how often Timer 1 overflows. Well talk more about the various Serial Modes in a moment.
The next bit, SM2, is a flag for "Multiprocessor communication." Generally, whenever a byte has been received
the 8051 will set the "RI" (Receive Interrupt) flag. This lets the program know that a byte has been received and
that it needs to be processed. However, when SM2 is set the "RI" flag will only be triggered if the 9th bit
received was a "1". That is to say, if SM2 is set and a byte is received whose 9th bit is clear, the RI flag will
never be set. This can be useful in certain advanced serial applications. For now it is safe to say that you will
almost always want to clear this bit so that the flag is set upon reception of any character.
The next bit, REN, is "Receiver Enable." This bit is very straightforward: If you want to receive data via the
serial port, set this bit. You will almost always want to set this bit.
The last four bits (bits 0 through 3) are operational bits. They are used when actually sending and receiving
data--they are not used to configure the serial port.
The TB8 bit is used in modes 2 and 3. In modes 2 and 3, a total of nine data bits are transmitted. The first 8 data
bits are the 8 bits of the main value, and the ninth bit is taken from TB8. If TB8 is set and a value is written to
the serial port, the datas bits will be written to the serial line followed by a "set" ninth bit. If TB8 is clear the
ninth bit will be "clear."
The RB8 also operates in modes 2 and 3 and functions essentially the same way as TB8, but on the reception
side. When a byte is received in modes 2 or 3, a total of nine bits are received. In this case, the first eight bits
received are the data of the serial byte received and the value of the ninth bit received will be placed in RB8.
TI means "Transmit Interrupt." When a program writes a value to the serial port, a certain amount of time will
pass before the individual bits of the byte are "clocked out" the serial port. If the program were to write another
byte to the serial port before the first byte was completely output, the data being sent would be garbled. Thus,
the 8051 lets the program know that it has "clocked out" the last byte by setting the TI bit. When the TI bit is
set, the program may assume that the serial port is "free" and ready to send the next byte.
30

Finally, the RI bit means "Receive Interrupt." It funcions similarly to the "TI" bit, but it indicates that a byte has
been received. That is to say, whenever the 8051 has received a complete byte it will trigger the RI bit to let the
program know that it needs to read the value quickly, before another byte is read.
Setting the Serial Port Baud Rate
Once the Serial Port Mode has been configured, as explained above, the program must configure the serial ports
baud rate. This only applies to Serial Port modes 1 and 3. The Baud Rate is determined based on the oscillators
frequency when in mode 0 and 2. In mode 0, the baud rate is always the oscillator frequency divided by 12. This
means if youre crystal is 11.059Mhz, mode 0 baud rate will always be 921,583 baud. In mode 2 the baud rate is
always the oscillator frequency divided by 64, so a 11.059Mhz crystal speed will yield a baud rate of 172,797.
In modes 1 and 3, the baud rate is determined by how frequently timer 1 overflows. The more frequently timer 1
overflows, the higher the baud rate. There are many ways one can cause timer 1 to overflow at a rate that
determines a baud rate, but the most common method is to put timer 1 in 8-bit auto-reload mode (timer mode 2)
and set a reload value (TH1) that causes Timer 1 to overflow at a frequency appropriate to generate a baud rate.
To determine the value that must be placed in TH1 to generate a given baud rate, we may use the following
equation (assuming PCON.7 is clear).
TH1 = 256 - ((Crystal / 384) / Baud)
If PCON.7 is set then the baud rate is effectively doubled, thus the equation becomes:
TH1 = 256 - ((Crystal / 192) / Baud)
For example, if we have an 11.059Mhz crystal and we want to configure the serial port to 19,200 baud we try
plugging it in the first equation:
TH1 = 256 - ((Crystal / 384) / Baud)
TH1 = 256 - ((11059000 / 384) / 19200 )
TH1 = 256 - ((28,799) / 19200)
TH1 = 256 - 1.5 = 254.5
As you can see, to obtain 19,200 baud on a 11.059Mhz crystal wed have to set TH1 to 254.5. If we set it to 254
we will have achieved 14,400 baud and if we set it to 255 we will have achieved 28,800 baud. Thus were
stuck...

31

But not quite... to achieve 19,200 baud we simply need to set PCON.7 (SMOD). When we do this we double the
baud rate and utilize the second equation mentioned above. Thus we have:
TH1 = 256 - ((Crystal / 192) / Baud)
TH1 = 256 - ((11059000 / 192) / 19200)
TH1 = 256 - ((57699) / 19200)
TH1 = 256 - 3 = 253
Here we are able to calculate a nice, even TH1 value. Therefore, to obtain 19,200 baud with an 11.059MHz
crystal we must:
1. Configure Serial Port mode 1 or 3.
2. Configure Timer 1 to timer mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload).
3. Set TH1 to 253 to reflect the correct frequency for 19,200 baud.
4. Set PCON.7 (SMOD) to double the baud rate.
Writing to the Serial Port
Once the Serial Port has been propertly configured as explained above, the serial port is ready to be used to send
data and receive data. If you thought that configuring the serial port was simple, using the serial port will be a
breeze.
To write a byte to the serial port one must simply write the value to the SBUF (99h) SFR. For example, if you
wanted to send the letter "A" to the serial port, it could be accomplished as easily as:
MOV SBUF,#A
Upon execution of the above instruction the 8051 will begin transmitting the character via the serial port.
Obviously transmission is not instantaneous--it takes a measureable amount of time to transmit. And since the
8051 does not have a serial output buffer we need to be sure that a character is completely transmitted before we
try to transmit the next character.
The 8051 lets us know when it is done transmitting a character by setting the TI bit in SCON. When this bit is
set we know that the last character has been transmitted and that we may send the next character, if any.
Consider the following code segment:

32

CLR TI ;Be sure the bit is initially clear

MOV SBUF,#A ;Send the letter A to the serial port
JNB TI,$ ;Pause until the TI bit is set.
The above three instructions will successfully transmit a character and wait for the TI bit to be set before
continuing. The last instruction says "Jump if the TI bit is not set to $"--$, in most assemblers, means "the same
address of the current instruction." Thus the 8051 will pause on the JNB instruction until the TI bit is set by the
8051 upon successful transmission of the character.

Reading the Serial Port

Reading data received by the serial port is equally easy. To read a byte from the serial port one just needs to read
the value stored in the SBUF(99h) SFR after the 8051 has automatically set the RI flag in SCON.
For example, if your program wants to wait for a character to be received and subsequently read it into the
Accumulator, the following code segment may be used:
JNB RI,$ ;Wait for the 8051 to set the RI flag
MOV A,SBUF ;Read the character from the serial port
The first line of the above code segment waits for the 8051 to set the RI flag; again, the 8051 sets the RI flag
automatically when it receives a character via the serial port. So as long as the bit is not set the program repeats
the "JNB" instruction continuously.
Once the RI bit is set upon character reception the above condition automatically fails and program flow falls
through to the "MOV" instruction which reads the value.

33

Block Diagram Description

Fingerprint module R305

Fingerprint processing includes two parts: fingerprint enrollment and fingerprint
matching (the matching can be 1:1 or 1: N). When enrolling, user needs to enter the
finger two times. The system will process the two time finger images, generate a
template of the finger based on processing results and store the template. When
matching, user enters the finger through optical sensor and system will generate a
template of the finger and compare it with templates of the finger library. For 1:1
matching, system will compare the live finger with specific template designated in the
Module; for 1: N matching, or searching, system will search the whole finger library for
the matching finger. In both circumstances, system will return the matching result,
success or failure

Features
34

Basic Power: 8-12v AC/DC

Interface: RS232.
Matching Mode: 1:1 and 1:N
Baud rate: 9600 115200. Default: 57600.
Storage Capacity: 256.
Average Search Time: <1sec
Image Acquire Time: <0.5sec

LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation

of

displaying

special

&

even custom
35

characters (unlike

in

seven

segments), animations and

so

on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command
and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the
cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the
LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD
Pin Diagram:

in Description:
Pin No

Function

Ground (0V)

Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V)

Name
Ground
Vcc
36

Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor

VEE

Selects command register when low; and data register when high

Register Select

Low to write to the register; High to read from the register

Read/write

Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given

Enable

DB0

DB1

DB2

10
11

DB3

8-bit data pins

DB4

12

DB5

13

DB6

14

DB7

15

Backlight VCC (5V)

Led+

16

Backlight Ground (0V)

Led-

ELAYS:
Relays are used throughout the automobile. Relays which come in assorted sizes, ratings, and
applications, are used as remote control switches. A typical vehicle can have 20 relays or more.

37

RELAY APPLICATIONS:
Relays are remote control electrical switches that are controlled by another switch, such as a horn switch or a
computer as in a power train control module. Relays allow a small current flow circuit to control a higher
current circuit. Several designs of relays are in use today, 3-pin, 4-pin, 5-pin, and 6-pin, single switch or dual
switches.

RELAY OPERATION
All relays operate using the same basic principle. Our example will use a commonly used 4 - pin relay. Relays
have two circuits: A control circuit (shown in GREEN) and a load circuit (shown in RED). The control circuit
has a small control coil while the load circuit has a switch. The coil controls the operation of the switch.

38

RELAY ENERGIZED (ON)

Current flowing through the control circuit coil (pins 1 and 3) creates a small magnetic field which causes the
switch to close, pins 2 and 4. The switch, which is part of the load circuit, is used to control an electrical circuit
that may connect to it. Current now flows through pins 2 and 4 shown in RED, when the relay is energized.

RELAY DE-ENERGIZED (OFF)

When current stops flowing through the control circuit, pins 1 and 3, the relay becomes de-energized. Without
the magnetic field, the switch opens and current is prevented from flowing through pins 2 and 4. The relay is
now OFF.

39

RELAY OPERATION :
When no voltage is applied to pin 1, there is no current flow through the coil. No current
means no magnetic field is developed, and the switch is open. When voltage is supplied
to pin 1, current flow though the coil creates the magnetic field needed to close the
switch allowing continuity between pins 2 and 4.

40

DC Motor
Geared DC motors can be defined as an extension of DC motor which already had its Insight details
demystified here. A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly attached to the motor. The speed of motor is
counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM .The gear assembly helps in
increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct combination of gears in a gear motor, its
speed can be reduced to any desirable figure. This concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but
increase its torque is known as gear reduction. This Insight will explore all the minor and major details that
make the gear head and hence the working of geared DC motor.

External Structure
At the first sight, the external structure of a DC geared motor looks as a straight expansion over the simple DC
ones.

41

The lateral view of the motor shows the outer protrudes of the gear head. A nut is placed near the shaft which
helps in mounting the motor to the other parts of the assembly.

42

Also, an internally threaded hole is there on the shaft to allow attachments or extensions such as wheel to be
attached to the motor

Working of project:
Project Description
43

In this projectwe are concentrating on Fingerprint scanning. This module can operate in 2 modes
they are Master mode and User mode. We will be using Master mode to register the fingerprints
which will be stored in the ROM present on the scanner with a unique id.

When this module is interfaced to the microcontroller, we will be using it in user mode.
In this mode we will be verifying the scanned images with the stored images. When coming to
our application the images of the persons who are authorized to enter into the locker room will
be stored in the module with a unique id. To prove that the persons are authorized to enter that
area they need to scan their images.
This scanner is interfaced to 8051 microcontroller. By using this controller we will be
controlling the scanning process. After the scanning has been completed. Immediately the locker
will be opened. After the security system will generate a unique encrypted code for user access
and will SMS it to user with the help of GSM module attached, this code is purely generated on
complex software algorithm. User will need to enter this code in order to open the door, if the
code matches the encrypted code system will open the door, otherwise the door will be locked
and the access s denied by the system.

Flowchart:

44

START

USER SHOW HIS FINGUR READER SYSTEM

SYSTEM SEARCHES DATA FOR USER VALIDATION

IS
USER VALID?
GENERATE PASSWORD
FOR USER

SEND PASSWORD TO USER

VIA SMS

IS
CODE VALID?

OPEN THE DOOR

STOP

Advantages
1. High level of security is obtained by the use of GSM Technology
45

2. Security is ensured even if th unauthorized user tries to open the door with the valid user id,
as the encrypted code will only be sent to valid user cell phone
3. Low cost, easy to use
4. System can be easily modify for new users

Applications

1. Home security system

2.Peronal door security system
3.Jwellary stores

46

BILL OF MATERIAL:
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Description
P89V51RD2
Transformer 18 V, 0.5A
Heat sink
LM7805
Diode 1N4007
Capacitor 1000 f
Disc Capacitor
IC Base 40 Pin
Relimate Base
Relimate Connector
Pull Up Resistance 10 K
PCB
Reset Switch
IC Base 8 Pin
IC Base 16 Pin
12 V Relay
230 v relay
GSM Modem
Resistance
LM 35 Temp sensor
LDR
FINGUR PRINT MODEM
R305
transistor Bc 547
transistor Bc 557
Heat Sink

26
27
28
29

LCD
DC Motor
LED
Keypad

Quantity

Price
1
1
1
1
4
1
10
1
10
10
4
3
5
3
2
2
1
1
20
1
1

180
120
12
8
8
7
5
18
40
88
8
700
5
16
12
20
35
2000
10
45
22

1
5
5
1

2200
18
18
8

1
5
1

150
50
5
100

TOTAL AMOUNT
6000

47

Bibliography:
REFERENCE BOOKS: The 8051 microcontroller :- Kenneth Ayala
The 8051 microcontroller and Embedded systems :- Muhammad Ali
Mazidi

WEB-SITES: www.datasheetarchieve.com
www.maxim-ic.com
www.alldatasheet.com/
www.nxp.com/-Philips

48