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Intro To Computer

A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, and produce information as output. It consists of input devices like keyboards and mice, a central processing unit, memory, storage devices like hard disks, and output devices like monitors and printers. It performs operations like input, processing, output, and storage. It is powerful due to its speed, reliability, accuracy, and ability to store and process huge amounts of data. It follows instructions from software programs that are stored in its memory. There are two main types of software: system software that runs the computer like the operating system, and application software that allows users to perform tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, databases and presentations.

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Alexis Ramirez
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56 views

Intro To Computer

A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, and produce information as output. It consists of input devices like keyboards and mice, a central processing unit, memory, storage devices like hard disks, and output devices like monitors and printers. It performs operations like input, processing, output, and storage. It is powerful due to its speed, reliability, accuracy, and ability to store and process huge amounts of data. It follows instructions from software programs that are stored in its memory. There are two main types of software: system software that runs the computer like the operating system, and application software that allows users to perform tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, databases and presentations.

Uploaded by

Alexis Ramirez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1:

Introduction to Computers

What Is A Computer?
A computer is an electronic device, operating
under the control of instructions (software) stored
in its own memory unit, that can accept data
(input), manipulate data (process), and produce
information

(output)

from

the

processing.

Generally, the term is used to describe a collection


of devices that function together as a system.
2

Devices that comprise a computer system


Monitor
(output)

Speaker
(output)

System unit
(processor, memory)

Printer
(output)

Storage devices

Scanner
(input)

Mouse
(input)

(CD-RW, Floppy,
Hard disk, zip,)

Keyboard
(input)

What Does A Computer Do?


Computers

can

perform

four

general

operations, which comprise the information


processing cycle.

Input

Process

Output

Storage
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Data and Information

All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of


raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the computer during the
input phase.
Computers manipulate data to create information. Information
is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
During the output Phase, the information that has been created
is put into some form, such as a printed report.
The information can also be put in computer storage for future
use.

Why Is A Computer So Powerful?

The ability to perform the information


processing cycle with amazing speed.
Reliability (low failure rate).
Accuracy.
Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information.
Ability to communicate with other computers.

How Does a Computer Know


what to do?

It must be given a detailed list of instructions,


called a compute program or software,
that tells it exactly what to do.
Before processing a specific job, the
computer program corresponding to that job
must be stored in memory.
Once the program is stored in memory the
compute can start the operation by executing
the program instructions one after the other.
7

What Are The Primary


Components Of A Computer ?

Input devices.
Central Processing Unit
(containing the control
unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
Memory.
Output devices.
Storage devices.

Input Devices
Keyboard.
Mouse.
Touch screen
Voice recognition

The Keyboard
The most commonly used input device is the
keyboard on which data is entered by
manually keying in or typing certain keys. A
keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.

10

The Mouse
Is a pointing device which is used to control
the movement of a mouse pointer on the
screen to make selections from the screen. A
mouse has one to five buttons. The bottom of
the mouse is flat and contains a mechanism
that detects movement of the mouse.

11

The Central processing Unit


The central processing unit (CPU) contains
electronic circuits that cause processing to
occur. The CPU interprets instructions to the
computer, performs the logical and arithmetic
processing operations, and causes the input
and output operations to occur. It is
considered the brain of the computer.

12

Memory
Memory also called Random Access Memory
or RAM (temporary memory) is the main
memory of the computer. It consists of
electronic components that store data
including numbers, letters of the alphabet,
graphics and sound. Any information stored in
RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.
Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is
etched on a chip that has start-up directions
for your computer. It is permanent memory.
13

Amount Of RAM In Computers


The amount of memory in computers is
typically measured in kilobytes or megabytes.
One kilobyte (K or KB) equals approximately
1,000 memory locations and one megabyte
(M or MB) equals approximately one million
locations A memory location, or byte, usually
stores one character.
Therefore, a computer with 8 MB of memory
can store approximately 8 million characters.
One megabyte can hold approximately 500
pages of text information.
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Output Devices
Output devices make the information
resulting from the processing available for
use. The two output devices more commonly
used are the printer and the computer
screen.
The printer produces a hard copy of your
output, and the computer screen produces a
soft copy of your output.

15

Storage Devices
Auxiliary storage devices are used to store
data when they are not being used in
memory. The most common types of auxiliary
storage used on personal computers are
floppy disks, hard disks and CD-ROM drives.

16

Output devices

Printers
Monitor
Speakers

17

Floppy Disks
A floppy disk is a portable, inexpensive
storage medium that consists of a thin,
circular, flexible plastic disk with a magnetic
coating enclosed in a square-shaped plastic
shell.

18

Structure Of Floppy Disks

Initially Floppy disks were 8-inches wide, they then


shrank to 5.25 inches, and today the most widely
used folly disks are 3.5 inches wide and can typically
store 1.44 megabytes of data.
A folly disk is a magnetic disk, which means that it
used magnetic patterns to store data.
Data in floppy disks can be read from and written to.
Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for
reading and writing.
A track is a narrow recording band that forms a full
circle on the surface of the disk.
19

The disks storage locations are divided into pieshaped sections called sectors.
A sectors is capable of holding 512 bytes of data.
A typical floppy stores data on both sides and has 80
tracks on each side with 18 sectors per track.

20

Hard Disks

Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard disk. A


hard disk consists of one or more rigid metal plates
coated with a metal oxide material that allows data
to be magnetically recorded on the surface of the
platters.
The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed,
typically 5400 to 7200 revolutions per minute (RPM).
Storage capacites of hard disks for personal
computers range from 10 GB to 120 GB (one billion
bytes are called a gigabyte).
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Compact Discs

A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a


flat round, portable storage medium that is usually
4.75 inch in diameter.
A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc
that used the same laser technology as audio CDs for
recording music. In addition it can contain other
types of data such as text, graphics, and video.
The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 MB of data.

22

Computer Software
Computer software is the key to
productive use of computers. Software
can be categorized into two types:

System software
Application software.

23

System software

Operating system

Device drivers

Language translator

Utility

24

Operating System Software


Operating system software tells the computer
how to perform the functions of loading,
storing and executing an application and how
to transfer data.
Today, many computers use an operating
system that has a graphical user interface
(GUI) that provides visual clues such as icon
symbols to help the user.

25

Example of operating system

Microsoft operating system

Window
Window
Window
Window

98
XP
Vista
Seven (7)

Unix
Macintosh

26

Application Software
Application Software consists of programs
that tell a computer how to produce
information. Some of the more commonly
used packages are:

General Application software

Specific Application software

27

Example of Application
software

Word processing

Electronic spreadsheet

Database

Presentation graphics

28

Word Processing

Word Processing software is used to create and print


documents. A key advantage of word processing
software is that users easily can make changes in
documents.
29

Electronic Spreadsheets

Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to


add, subtract, and perform user-defined calculations
on rows and columns of numbers. These numbers
can be changed and the spreadsheet quickly
recalculates the new results.
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Database Software

Allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in


an organized and efficient manner, with flexible
inquiry and reporting capabilities.

31

Presentation Graphics

Presentation graphic software allows the user to


create documents called slides to be used in making
the presentations. Using special projection devices,
the slides display as they appear on the computer
screen.
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