Software Verification: Methodology

Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
METHODOLOGY
A comprehensive series of test problems, or examples, designed to test the various
elements and analysis features of the program were created. The results produced by
SAP2000 were compared to independent sources, such as hand calculated results,
theoretical or published results, or results obtained from other structural/finite element
programs. The comparison of the SAP2000 results with results obtained from
independent sources is provided in tabular form as part of each example.
Many different equation solver options are available in SAP2000. The different solver
options typically give identical results for most of the verification problems. For a few
numerically sensitive problems the different solver options may give slightly different
results. The results presented in this document are those obtained using the Advanced
equation solver running in-process on a 32 bit Intel Core(TM)2 CPU with the Vista
Business operating system.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The comparison of the SAP2000 validation and verification example results with
independent results is typically characterized in one of the following three ways.
Exact: There is no difference between the SAP2000 results and the independent
results within the larger of the accuracy of the typical SAP2000 output and the
accuracy of the independent result.
Acceptable: For force, moment and displacement values, the difference between
the SAP2000 results and the independent results does not exceed five percent
(5%). For internal force and stress values, the difference between the SAP2000
results and the independent results does not exceed ten percent (10%). For
experimental values, the difference between the SAP2000 results and the
independent results does not exceed twenty five percent (25%).
Unacceptable: For force, moment and displacement values, the difference
between the SAP2000 results and the independent results exceeds five percent
(5%). For internal force and stress values, the difference between the SAP2000
results and the independent results exceeds ten percent (10%). For experimental
values, the difference between the SAP2000 results and the independent results
exceeds twenty five percent (25%).
METHODOLOGY - 1
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
The percentage difference between results is typically calculated using the following
formula:
Percent Difference = 100
SAP2000 Result
-1
Independent Result
SUMMARY OF EXAMPLES
The example problems are categorized into seven groups based on the structural
elements used in the example. Table 1 defines the seven groups, illustrates the example
problem numbering system used for each group, and identifies the summary table used
for each group.
TABLE 1: GROUPING OF EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Group
Structural
Elements Tested
Example Numbering
Summary
Table
Frame
1-001, 1-002, , 1-xxx
Table 2-1
Shell
2-001, 2-002, , 2-xxx
Table 2-2
Plane
3-001, 3-002, , 3-xxx
Table 2-3
Asolid
4-001, 4-002, , 4-xxx
Table 2-4
Solid
5-001, 5-002, , 5-xxx
Table 2-5
Link
6-001, 6-002, , 6-xxx
Table 2-6
Cable
7-001, 7-002, , 7-xxx
Table 2-7
As shown in Table 1, Tables 2-1 through 2-7 summarize the validation and verification
examples for each of the seven categories. Tables 2-1 through 2-7 include the example
number, the problem title, a summary of the program features tested and the method of
independent verification.
METHODOLOGY - 2
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 2-1: SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 (FRAME) EXAMPLES

Exam.
No.
1-001
Problem Title
General
Loading
1-002
Temperature
Loading
1-003
Distributed and
Concentrated
Moments
1-004
Rotated Local
Axes
1-005
Displacement
Loading
1-006
Non-Prismatic
Sections and
Automatic
Frame
Subdivision
Program Features Tested

Calculation and application of
Self load
Projected, uniformly distributed load
Application of
Uniformly distributed load in global coordinates
Uniformly distributed load in frame object local
coordinates
Trapezoidal and triangular distributed load on
frames
Joint moments and forces
Static analysis of frames under all of these loading
types
The specification of
Joint patterns
The application of
Temperature increase
Transverse temperature gradient
The calculation of
Displacements in free expansion
Reaction forces in restrained case caused by
temperature loads
Method of
Independent
Verification
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Hand calculation
using standard
thermal expansion
formulas and using
Table 3 items 6a and
6c on page 107 in
Roark and Young
1975.
The application of
Distributed moments (uniform, trapezoidal,
triangular) to frame objects
Concentrated moments to frame objects
Hand calculation
using equation 8.1.3
on page 284 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Frame local axes rotated from global axes

Use of AISC sections
Hand calculation
using the beam
deflection formulas in
Table 3 item 1a and
Table 3 item 2a on
pages 96 and 98,
respectively, in Table
3 in Roark and
Young 1975.
Settlement of support in frame structures

Rotation of support in frame structures
Settlement of support with linear (translational) spring
Rotation of support with rotational spring
Skewed supports
Skewed support settlement
Structural behavior of a non-prismatic frame section
Self weight calculations
Linear variation of section area
Linear, parabolic and cubic variation of moment of
inertia
Linear variation of section torsional constant
Automatic frame subdivision
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
METHODOLOGY - 3
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7

Exam.
No.
Problem Title
1-007
End Releases

The end releases in a frame element, including
Axial release
Shear release
Bending release
The related frame static analysis
1-008
Partial Fixity
End Releases
1-009
Prestress
Applied To
Frame Objects
1-010
End Offsets
Method of
Independent
Verification
Hand calculation
using basic statics.
The partial fixity end releases in a frame element,

including
Shear partial fixity
Bending partial fixity
The application of gravity load to a frame object
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Prestress tendon with parabolic tendon profile and

different eccentricities at the two ends
Prestress tendon modeled usings loads
Prestress tendon modeled as elements
Prestress losses
Hand calculation
using basic principles
and the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
The use of end offsets in frames, including

Non-rigid offsets
Partially rigid offsets
Fully rigid offsets
The effect of end offsets on the frame static analysis
results
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Cardinal point
Joint offsets
Hand calculation
using statics.
1-011
Insertion Point
1-012
No Tension
and No
Compression
Frame Objects
Tension and compression limits for frame objects

End releases
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985
together with statics.
1-013
Simply
Supported
Beam on
Elastic
Foundation
Frame line spring assignments

Static analysis of beam on elastic foundation
Hand calculated
using formulas
presented in Problem
3 on page 23 of
Timoshenko 1956.
Eigenvalue analysis of a frame with unequal moment

of inertia values (I22 I33) for bending modes
Hand calculation
based on formulas
presented on page
313 of Clough and
Penzien 1975.
1-014
Eigenvalue
Problem
METHODOLOGY - 4
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7

Exam.
No.
Problem Title
1-015
Steady State
Harmonic
Loads
1-016
Tension
Stiffening Using
P-Delta
Analysis
1-017
Vibration of a
String Under
Tension
1-018
Bending, Shear
and Axial
Deformations in
a Rigid Frame
1-019
Buckling of a
Rigid Frame
1-020
Response
Spectrum
Analysis of a
TwoDimensional
Rigid Frame
1-021
Bathe and
Wilson
Eigenvalue
Problem

Steady state analysis of frame systems
Time history analysis of frame systems with periodic
loading
Line mass assignment to frame objects
Method of
Independent
Verification
Comparison with
illustrative example
20.2 on page 434 of
Paz 1985.
P-Delta force assignment to frame objects

Nonlinear static analysis using the P-Delta option
Hand calculation
using equation 23 on
page 28 and
equations 43 and 45
on page 43 of
Timoshenko 1956.
Static nonlinear analysis using the P-Delta option to

provide tension stiffening
Modal analysis of frame for eigenvalues
Hand calculation
using vibration theory
presented on pages
506 though 510 of
Kreyszig 1983.
Calculation of bending, shear and axial deformations

in a rigid frame
Frame property modification factors
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Buckling analysis of a rigid frame

Hand calculation
using formulas
presented in Article
2.4 on pages 62
though 66 of
Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.
Modal analysis of frame for eigenvalues and time

periods
Response spectrum analysis
Joint masses
Comparison with
example 13.11 on
page 521 of Chopra
1995.
Modal analysis for eigenvalues

Line mass assignment to frame objects
Comparison with
results published in
Bathe and Wilson
1972 and
comparison with
results from another
computer program
published in
Peterson 1981.
METHODOLOGY - 5
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7

Exam.
No.
1-022
Problem Title
TwoDimensional
Moment Frame
with Static and
Dynamic Loads
Method of
Independent
Verification
Diaphragm constraint
Joint force assignments
Joint mass assignments
Modal analysis for eigenvalues
Modal time history analysis for base excitation
Direct integration time history analysis for base
excitation
Comparison with
computer program
published by
Engineering/Analysis
and Computers/
Structures
International.
1-023
ASME
Eigenvalue
Problem
Three-dimensional frame analysis

Modal analysis using eigenvectors
Comparison with
computer program
published in
Peterson 1981 and in
DeSalvo and
Swanson 1977.
1-024
Response
Spectrum
Analysis of a
ThreeDimensional
Moment Frame

Rigid diaphragm constraint
Comparison with
computer program
published in
Peterson 1981.
1-025
Response
Spectrum
Analysis of a
ThreeDimensional
Braced Frame

Rigid diaphragm constraint
Comparison with
computer program
published in
Peterson 1981.
Static nonlinear analysis of a frame structure using

moment and shear hinges
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985
together with basic
deflection formulas
and superposition.
Nonlinear static analysis using the construction

sequence loading option
Frame end releases
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985
together with basic
deflection formulas.
1-026
1-027
Moment and
Shear Hinges
Construction
Sequence
Loading
METHODOLOGY - 6
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7

Exam.
No.
1-028
1-029
1-030
Problem Title
Large Axial
Displacements
Large Bending
Displacements
Moving Loads

Static nonlinear analysis of frame structure with large
axial displacements using the SAP2000 P-Delta plus
large displacements option
Frame end releases
Method of
Independent
Verification
Hand calculation
Static nonlinear analysis of frame structure with large

bending displacements using the SAP2000 P-Delta
plus large displacements option
Hand calculation and

Equation 4 in Article
7.1 of Chapter 7 on
page 91 of Roark
and Young 1975.
Moving load case

Multi-step static load case for vehicles
Comparison with
Appendix A of
AASHTO 1990 and
hand calculation.
METHODOLOGY - 7
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 2-2: SUMMARY OF GROUP 2 (SHELL) EXAMPLES

Exam.
No.
2-001
Problem
Description
Patch Test With

Prescribed
Displacements
2-002
Straight Beam
with Static
Loads
2-003
2-004
2-005
Curved Beam
with Static
Loads
Twisted Beam
with Static
Loads
Rectangular
Plate with Static
Loads
Method of
Independent
Verification
Membrane analysis using shell elements

Plate bending analysis using shell elements
Thin-plate option
Thick-plate option
Joint displacement loading
Hand calculation
based theory in
Timoshenko and
Goodier 1951 and
Timoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Effect of shell element aspect ratio
Effect of geometrical distortion of shell element from
rectangular
Joint force loading
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985 and
using formulas from
Roark and Young
1975. Results also
and Harder 1985.

Joint force loading
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
and Harder 1985.

Joint force loading
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
and Harder 1985.

Uniform load applied to shell elements
Joint force loading
Hand calculation
based theory in
Timoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959. Results also
and Harder 1985.
METHODOLOGY - 8
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7

Exam.
No.
Problem
Description
Method of
Independent
Verification
2-006
Scordelis-Lo
Roof with Static
Loads
Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements

Self weight applied to shell elements
Gravity load applied to shell elements
Uniform load applied to shell elements
Some results
and Harder 1985.
Other results scaled
from plotted results in
Zienkiewicz 1977
that were calculated
using theory
presented in
Scordelis and Lo
1964.
2-007
Hemispherical
Shell Structure
with Static
Loads

Joint local axes
Joint force loads
Results published in
MacNeal and Harder
1985.
2-008
Cantilever Plate
Eigenvalue
Problem
Eigenvalue analysis using shell elements

Area object mass assignment
Area object automatic mesh
Area object stiffness modifiers
Hand calculation
using Table 7.7 on
page 7-30 of Harris
and Crede 1976.
2-009
Plate on Elastic
Foundation

Area object spring assignment
Joint force loads
Hand calculation
using equation 185
on page 275 of
Timoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959.
2-010
Cylinder with
Internal
Pressure

Surface pressure load applied to shell elements
Joint local axes
Hand calculation
using item 1b in
Table 29 on page
448 of Roark and
Young 1975.
2-011
ASME Cooling
Tower Problem
with Static Wind
Pressure

Joint patterns
Shell element surface pressure load using joint
pattern
Results scaled from

plotted results in
Zienkiewicz 1977
using theory
presented in Albasiny
and Martin 1967.
2-012
Plate Bending
when Shear
Deformations
Are Significant
Plate bending analysis of shell elements when shear

deformations are significant
Frame distributed loads
example shown on
page 376 of Roark
and Young 1975.
METHODOLOGY - 9
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7

Exam.
No.
Problem
Description
2-013
Temperature
Load that Is
Constant
Through Shell
Thickness
2-014
Temperature
Gradient
Through Shell
Thickness
2-015
Method of
Independent
Verification
Temperature loading for shell elements
Hand calculation
on page 9 of Cook
and Young 1985.
Temperature gradient loading for shell elements

Area object local axes
Joint local axes
Hand calculation
using formulas
presented in item 8e
of Table 24 on page
361 of Roark and
Young 1975.
Orthotropic
Plate
Plate bending analysis of shells

Orthotropic material properties
Hand calculated
using theory
presented in Chapter
6 of Ugural 1981.
Out-of-Plane
Buckling
Buckling analysis of shells

Automatic area meshing (N x N) with added restraints
Joint springs
Frame property modifiers
Frame distributed load
Frame automatic subdivide at intermediate joints
Hand calculated
using theory
presented in
Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.
2-017
In-Plane
Buckling
Buckling analysis of shells

Joint force loads
Active degrees of freedom
Hand calculated
using equation 2-4
on page 48 of
Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.
2-018
Large Axial
Displacements
Static nonlinear analysis of shell structure with large

axial displacements using the SAP2000 P-Delta plus
large displacements option
Joint constraints
Hand calculation
Static nonlinear analysis of shell structure with large

bending displacements using the SAP2000 P-Delta
plus large displacements option
Automatic area meshing
Hand calculation and

Equation 4 in Article
7.1 of Chapter 7 on
page 91 of Roark
and Young 1975.

Prestress tendon modeled using loads and applied to
area objects
Prestress tendon modeled as elements and applied to
area objects
Prestress losses
Hand calculation
and the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
2-016
2-019
Large Bending
Displacements
2-020
Prestress
Applied to Area
Objects
METHODOLOGY - 10
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 2-3: SUMMARY OF GROUP 3 (PLANE) EXAMPLES

Exam.
No.
3-001
3-002
Problem
Description
Patch Test With

Prescribed
Displacements
Straight Beam
with Static
Loads
3-003
Curved Beam
with Static
Loads
Method of
Independent
Verification
Membrane analysis using plane stress elements

Incompatible bending mode option for plane elements
Hand calculation
based theory in
Timoshenko and
Goodier 1951.
Results also
and Harder 1985.
Membrane analysis using plane elements

Effect of plane element aspect ratio
Effect of geometrical distortion of plane element from
rectangular
Joint force loading
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985 and
using formulas from
Roark and Young
1975. Results also
and Harder 1985.
Membrane analysis using plane stress elements

Joint force loading
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
and Harder 1985.
3-004
Thick-Walled
Cylinder
Analysis using plane stress elements

Analysis using plane strain elements
Plane surface pressure load
Hand calculation
based on theory in
Timoshenko 1956
and based on
formulas in Roark
and Young 1975.
Results also
and Harder 1985.
3-005
Pore Pressure
Pore pressure loading for planes

Joint pattern
Hand calculation
using basic
principles.
METHODOLOGY - 11
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 2-4: SUMMARY OF GROUP 4 (ASOLID) EXAMPLES

Exam.
No.
Problem
Description
4-001
Soil Supporting
Uniformly
Loaded Circular
Footing
4-002
Thick-Walled
Cylinder
Method of
Independent
Verification
Analysis using asolid elements

Asolid surface pressure load
Incompatible bending modes for asolid objects
Hand calculation
based on data
presented in Poulos
and Davis 1974.

Asolid surface pressure load
Hand calculation
based on theory in
Timoshenko 1956.
Results also
and Harder 1985.
4-003
Rotating
Annular Disk

Asolid rotate load
Hand calculation
based on equations
presented in Item 8
on page 567 of
Roark and Young
1975.
4-004
Pore Pressure
Pore pressure loading for asolids

Joint pattern
Hand calculation
using basic
principles.
METHODOLOGY - 12
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 2-5: SUMMARY OF GROUP 5 (SOLID) EXAMPLES

Exam.
No.
Problem
Description
5-001
Patch Test With

Prescribed
Displacements
5-002
Straight Beam
with Static
Loads
Patch test using solid elements

Results also
and Harder 1985.
Solid object bending with and without the

incompatible modes option
Effect of solid object aspect ratio
Effect of geometrical distortion of solid object from a
cube
Joint force loading
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
and Harder 1985.
Solid object bending with the incompatible bending

modes option
Joint force loading
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
and Harder 1985.
Solid object bending and twist with the incompatible

bending modes option
Joint force loading
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
and Harder 1985.
Plate bending analysis using solid elements

Surface pressure load applied to solid objects
Joint force loading
Hand calculation
based theory in
Timoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959. Results also
and Harder 1985.
5-003
5-004
5-005
Curved Beam
with Static
Loads
Twisted Beam
with Static
Loads
Rectangular
Plate with Static
Loads
Method of
Independent
Verification
METHODOLOGY - 13
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7

Exam.
No.
Problem
Description
Method of
Independent
Verification
5-006
Scordelis-Lo
Roof with Static
Loads
Three-dimensional analysis using solid objects

Self weight applied to solid objects
Gravity load applied to shell objects
Some results
and Harder 1985.
Other results scaled
from plotted results in
Zienkiewicz 1977
using theory
presented in
Scordelis and Lo
1964.
5-007
Hemispherical
Dome Structure
with Static
Loads
Three-dimensional analysis using solid elements

Joint force loads
MacNeal and Harder
1985.
Analysis using solid elements

Solid surface pressure load
Joint local axes
Hand calculation
based on theory in
Timoshenko 1956.
Results also
and Harder 1985.

Prestress tendon modeled using loads and applied to
solid objects
Prestress tendon modeled as elements and applied to
solid objects
Prestress losses
Hand calculation
and the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Buckling analysis of solids

Joint force loads
Active degrees of freedom
Hand calculation
using equation 2-4
on page 48 of
Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.
5-008
5-009
Thick-Walled
Cylinder
Prestress
Applied to Solid
Objects
5-010
Buckling
5-011
Temperature
Load
Temperature loading for solid elements
Hand calculation
on page 9 of Cook
and Young 1985.
Plate on Elastic
Foundation
Plate bending analysis using solid elements

Solid object surface spring assignment
Solid object automatic mesh
Joint force loads
Hand calculation
using equation 185
on page 275 of
Timoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959.
5-012
METHODOLOGY - 14
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7

Exam.
No.
Problem
Description
5-013
Pore Pressure
Pore pressure loading for solids

Solid local axis assignments
Joint pattern
Method of
Independent
Verification
Hand calculation
using basic
principles.
METHODOLOGY - 15
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 2-6: SUMMARY OF GROUP 6 (LINK) EXAMPLES

Exam.
No.
Problem
Description

Linear links
Modal load case for eigenvectors
Modal time history load case
Direct integration time history load case
Ramp loading
6-001
Linear Link with

Ramp Loading
6-002
Multi-linear
Elastic Link
Multi-linear links
Displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Gap Element
6-004
Hook Element
Hook element links

Force-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Frame temperature loads
6-005
Damper
Element Under
Harmonic
Loading
6-003
6-006
SUNY Buffalo
Damper with
Linear Velocity
Exponent
6-007
SUNY Buffalo
Damper with
Nonlinear
Velocity
Exponent
Gap element links

Force-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Nonlinear direct time history analysis
Frame point loads
Joint force loads
Ramp loading for time histories
Damper element links

Linear link elements
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Joint force loads
Damper links with linear velocity exponents
Frame end length offsets
Modal analysis for ritz vectors
Linear modal time history analysis
Linear direct integration time history analysis
Generalized displacements
Damper links with nonlinear velocity exponents

Method of
Independent
Verification
Hand calculation
using theory
presented in section
4.5 on pages 126
through 129 of
Chopra 1995.
Comparison with
defined link forcedeformation
characteristics.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Hand calculation
using standard
thermal expansion
formulas.
Hand calculation
on page 70 in
Chopra 1995.
Comparison with
experimental results
from shake table
tests published in
Section 5, pages 61
through 73, of
Scheller and
Constantinou 1999.
Comparison with
from shake table
tests published in
Section 5, pages 61
through 73, of
Scheller and
Constantinou 1999.
METHODOLOGY - 16
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 2-6: SUMMARY OF GROUP 6 (LINK) EXAMPLES

Method of
Independent
Verification
Exam.
No.
Problem
Description
6-008
Plastic Wen
Link
Plastic Wen links

Link local axis assignments
Link gravity load
Comparison with
characteristics.
6-009
Plastic
Kinematic Link
Plastic kinematic links

Link gravity load
Comparison with
characteristics.
6-010
6-011
6-012
SUNY Buffalo
Eight-Story
Building with
Rubber
Isolators
Rubber isolator links

Linear links
Zero-length, two-joint link elements
Diaphragm constraints
Comparison with
results from the
computer program
3D-BASIS-ME (see
Tsopelas,
Constantinou and
Reinhorn 1994)
published in Section
2, pages 5 through
23, of Scheller and
Constantinou 1999.
SUNY Buffalo
Seven-Story
Building with
Friction
Pendulum
Isolators
Friction pendulum link elements

Damper link elements
Zero-length, two-joint link elements
Diaphragm constraints
Joint masses
Comparison with
from shake table
tests published in
Section 4, pages 43
through 59, of
Scheller and
Constantinou 1999.
Frequency
Dependent
Links
Frequency dependent links

Steady state analysis
Hand calculation
using formulas and
theory presented in
section 3.2 on pages
68 through 69 of
Chopra 1995.
METHODOLOGY - 17
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 2-7: SUMMARY OF GROUP 7 (CABLE) EXAMPLES

Method of
Independent
Verification
Exam.
No.
Problem
Description
7-001
Uniform and
Temperature
Loading
Uniform load applied to cable elements

Temperature load applied to cable elements
Nonlinear static analysis
Comparison with
Figure 5 of Peyrot
and Goulois, 1979.
7-002
Uniform and
Concentrated
Loading
Uniform load applied to cable elements

Concentrated load applied to cable elements
Response combination results
Comparison with
Section 4.6.2, Table
4.2, of Tibert, 1999.
7-003
Prestressed
Cable Net
Uniform load applied to cable nets

Concentrated load applied to cable nets
Comparison with
Section 4.6.3, Table
4.4, of Tibert, 1999.
METHODOLOGY - 18
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
MATRIX OF PROGRAM FEATURES COVERED IN EXAMPLES

This section presents tables illustrating which element assignments, including loads, and
which load case types are addressed in each of the examples. Table 3 shows the contents
of the matrix tables.
TABLE 3: CONTENTS OF MATRIX TABLES
Features
Table
Joint assignments including loads
Table 4-1
Frame object assignments including loads
Table 4-2
Area object assignments including loads
Table 4-3
Solid object assignments including loads
Table 4-4
Link object assignments including loads
Table 4-5
Cable object assignment including loads
Table 4-6
Load case types
Table 4-7
As illustrated in Table 3, the program features matrices are presented in tables 4-1
though 4-6. These tables are shown on the following pages.
METHODOLOGY - 19
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 4-1: JOINT ASSIGNMENT MATRIX

Joint Assignments
Example Problems
Restraints
Most
Constraints
1-022, 1-024, 1-025, 2-018, 6-010, 6-011
Springs
1-005, 2-016
Masses
1-020, 1-022, 1-023, 1-024, 1-025, 6-003, 6-006, 6-007, 6-011
Local axes
1-005, 2-007, 2-010, 2-014, 5-008
Panel zones
Joint patterns
1-002, 2-011, 3-005, 4-004, 5-013
Joint forces
1-001, 1-003, 1-004, 1-006, 1-010, 1-011, 1-012, 1-016, 1-019,

1-022, 1-026, 1-027, 1-028, 1-029, 2-002, 2-003, 2-004, 2-005,
2-007, 2-009, 2-017, 3-002, 3-003, 5-003, 5-004, 5-005, 5-012,
6-003, 6-005
Joint displacements
1-005, 2-001, 3-001
METHODOLOGY - 20
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 4-2: FRAME OBJECT ASSIGNMENT MATRIX

Frame Assignments
Example Problems
Non-prismatic section
1-006
Frame property modifiers
1-001, 1-002, 1-004, 1-005, 1-006, 1-013, 1-014, 1-018, 1-020,

1-021, 1-024, 2-016
End releases
1-007, 1-012, 1-028
Partial fixity
1-008
Local axes
1-004
End length offsets
1-010, 6-006, 6-007, 6-011
Insertion point
1-011
Prestress definition
1-009
P-Delta force
1-016
Tension/compression limits
1-012
Hinges
1-026
Line springs
1-013
Line mass
1-015, 1-021
Automatic frame subdivide
1-006, 1-013, 1-014, 1-015, 1-017, 1-019, 2-016
Gravity load
1-008
Point load
1-001, 1-004, 1-007, 1-011, 1-013, 6-003
Distributed load
1-001, 1-003, 1-008, 1-015, 1-016, 1-018, 2-012, 2-016
Temperature load
1-002, 6-004
Prestress load
1-009
Frame self weight
1-006, 1-009
METHODOLOGY - 21
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 4-3: AREA OBJECT TYPE AND ASSIGNMENT MATRIX

Area Type and Assignments
Example Problems
Shell type area object
2-001 through 2-020
Plane type area object
3-001 through 3-005
Asolid type area object
4-001 through 4-004
Stiffness modifiers
2-008, 2-012, 2-015
Local axes
2-014
Area springs
2-009
Area Mass
2-008
Automatic area mesh
2-008, 2-016, 2-019
Gravity load (all)
2-006
Uniform load (shell)
2-005, 2-006
Uniform load to frames (shell)

Surface pressure (all)
2-010, 2-011,3-004, 4-001, 4-002
Pore pressure (plane, asolid)
3-005, 4-004
Temperature load (all)
2-013, 2-014
Rotate load (asolid)
4-003
Wind pressure coefficients

(shell)
General prestress applied to
area objects
2-020
METHODOLOGY - 22
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 4-4: SOLID OBJECT ASSIGNMENT MATRIX

Solid Assignments
Example Problems
Local axes
5-013
Surface springs
5-012
Automatic solid mesh
5-012
Gravity load
5-006
Surface pressure load
5-005, 5-008
Pore pressure load
5-013
Temperature load
5-011
General prestress applied to

solid objects
5-009
METHODOLOGY - 23
SAP2000
7
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
TABLE 4-5: LINK OBJECT TYPE AND ASSIGNMENT MATRIX

Link Type and Assignments
Example Problems
Linear link
6-001, 6-005, 6-010
Multilinear elastic link
6-002
Gap (compression only) link
6-003
Hook (tension only) link
6-004
Damper link
6-005, 6-006, 6-007, 6-011
Plastic (Wen) link
6-008
Plastic (kinematic) link
6-009
Rubber isolator link
6-010
Friction isolator link
6-011
Frequency dependent link
6-012
Local axes
6-008
Gravity load
6-008, 6-009
TABLE 4-6: CABLE OBJECT TYPE AND ASSIGNMENT MATRIX

Link Type and Assignments
Example Problems
Cable element
7-001, 7-002
Cable net
7-003
Rubber isolator link
6-010
Friction isolator link
6-011
Frequency dependent link
6-012
Uniform load
7-001, 7-002
Temperature load
7-001
METHODOLOGY - 24
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
7
TABLE 4-7: LOAD CASE TYPE MATRIX

Load case type
Example Problems
Linear static
Most
Multi-step static
1-030
Nonlinear static
1-012, 1-016, 1-017, 1-026, 6-002, 6-003, 6-004, 6-008, 6-009,

7-001, 7-002, 7-003
Nonlinear static with

construction sequence loading
1-027
Nonlinear static with large

displacements
1-028, 1-029, 2-018, 2-019
Modal for eigenvectors
1-014, 1-017, 1-020, 1-021, 1-022, 1-023, 1-024, 1-025, 2-008

6-001
Modal for ritz vectors
6-006, 6-007, 6-010, 6-011
Response spectrum
1-020, 1-022, 1-024, 1-025
Linear transient modal time

history
1-022, 6-001, 6-006
Linear periodic modal time

history
1-015
Nonlinear transient modal time

history
6-003, 6-005, 6-006, 6-007, 6-010, 6-011
Linear direct integration time

history
1-022, 6-001, 6-006
Nonlinear direct integration time

history
6-003, 6-005, 6-006, 6-007, 6-010, 6-011
Moving load
1-030
Buckling
1-019, 2-016, 2-017, 5-010
Steady state
1-015, 6-012
Power spectral density
METHODOLOGY - 25

Software Verification: Methodology

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1-001, 1-002, , 1-xxx

2-001, 2-002, , 2-xxx

3-001, 3-002, , 3-xxx

4-001, 4-002, , 4-xxx

5-001, 5-002, , 5-xxx

6-001, 6-002, , 6-xxx

7-001, 7-002, , 7-xxx

TABLE 2-1: SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 (FRAME) EXAMPLES

Program Features Tested

Frame local axes rotated from global axes

Settlement of support in frame structures

TABLE 2-1: SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 (FRAME) EXAMPLES

Program Features Tested

The partial fixity end releases in a frame element,

Prestress tendon with parabolic tendon profile and

The use of end offsets in frames, including

Tension and compression limits for frame objects

Frame line spring assignments

Eigenvalue analysis of a frame with unequal moment

TABLE 2-1: SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 (FRAME) EXAMPLES

Program Features Tested

P-Delta force assignment to frame objects

Static nonlinear analysis using the P-Delta option to

Calculation of bending, shear and axial deformations

Buckling analysis of a rigid frame

Modal analysis of frame for eigenvalues and time

Modal analysis for eigenvalues

TABLE 2-1: SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 (FRAME) EXAMPLES

Program Features Tested

Three-dimensional frame analysis

Three-dimensional frame analysis

Three-dimensional frame analysis

Static nonlinear analysis of a frame structure using

Nonlinear static analysis using the construction

TABLE 2-1: SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 (FRAME) EXAMPLES

Program Features Tested

Static nonlinear analysis of frame structure with large

Hand calculation and

Moving load case

TABLE 2-2: SUMMARY OF GROUP 2 (SHELL) EXAMPLES

Patch Test With

Program Features Tested

Membrane analysis using shell elements

Membrane analysis using shell elements

Membrane analysis using shell elements

Membrane analysis using shell elements

Plate bending analysis using shell elements

TABLE 2-2: SUMMARY OF GROUP 2 (SHELL) EXAMPLES

Program Features Tested

Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements

Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements

Eigenvalue analysis using shell elements

Plate bending analysis using shell elements

Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements

Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements

Results scaled from

Plate bending analysis of shell elements when shear