Designation: E72 05

Standard Test Methods of

Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building

Construction1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E72; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

INTRODUCTION

Sound engineering design of structures using existing or new materials requires accurate technical
data on the strength and rigidity of the basic elements employed in various construction systems. It is
the purpose of these test methods to provide a systematic basis for obtaining engineering data on
various construction elements and structural details of value to designers, builders, building officials,
and others interested in this field. The results should closely approximate the performance in actual
service.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the following procedures for
determining the structural properties of segments of wall, floor,
and roof constructions:
Test Specimens
Loading
Deformation Measurements
Reports
Precision and Accuracy
TESTING WALLS
Significance and Use
Compressive Load
Tensile Load
Transverse LoadSpecimen Horizontal
Transverse LoadSpecimen Vertical
Concentrated Load
Impact LoadSee Test Methods E695 and
E661
Racking LoadEvaluation of Sheathing
Materials on a Standard Wood Frame
Racking LoadEvaluation of Sheathing
Materials (Wet) on a Standard Wood
Frame
TESTING FLOORS
Significance and Use
Transverse Load
Concentrated Load
Impact LoadSee Test Methods E695 and
E661

TESTING ROOFS
Section
19
20
21

Significance and Use

Transverse Load
Concentrated Load
APPENDIX

Section
3
4
5
6
7

Technical Interpretation

Appendix X1

1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the

standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E73 Practice for Static Load Testing of Truss Assemblies
E564 Practice for Static Load Test for Shear Resistance of
Framed Walls for Buildings
E575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests of
Building Constructions, Elements, Connections, and Assemblies
E661 Test Method for Performance of Wood and WoodBased Floor and Roof Sheathing Under Concentrated
Static and Impact Loads
E695 Test Method of Measuring Relative Resistance of
Wall, Floor, and Roof Construction to Impact Loading
E2322 Test Method for Conducting Transverse and Concentrated Load Tests on Panels used in Floor and Roof
Construction

8
9
10
11
12
13

14
15

16
17
18

1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.11
on Horizontal and Vertical Structures/Structural Performance of Completed Structures.
Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally
approved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E72 04. DOI:
10.1520/E0072-05.

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

E72 05
or complete load release. Plot initial and 5-min readings in the
form of load-deformation curves. Maintain complete loaddeformation-time records throughout the test. If application of
a given load is required for a certain period, such as 24 h, take
deformation readings at the beginning, at intervals during this
period, and at the end of this period, to allow the satisfactory
plotting of a time-deformation curve for the complete period.

3. Test Specimens
3.1 SizeThere shall be at least three specimens for each
test. Specimens shall be constructed to represent sections of the
wall, floor, or roof assembly. The specimens shall be representative as to material and workmanship and shall be of the
largest practical size to predict structural performance attributes of the assembly. Unsymmetrical assemblies shall be
tested in each axis for which the results may be different.
3.2 Length or HeightThe length or height of specimen for
each element shall be chosen to conform to the length or height
of that element in actual use.
3.3 WidthThe width of specimen shall be chosen, insofar
as possible, to include several of the principal load-carrying
members to ensure that the behavior under load will simulate
that under service conditions. With the exception of specimens
for the racking load test, the nominal width of wall specimens
shall be 1.2 m (4 ft). The actual width of specimens shall be a
whole number multiplied by the spacing of the principal
load-carrying members except for prefabricated panels, for
which the actual width shall be the width of panel used. If the
structural properties of a particular construction are to be
compared with another construction, there should not be a
great difference in the actual widths of the specimens.
3.4 AgeConstructions, such as concrete and masonry
(brick, structural clay tile, concrete block) for which the
structural properties depend upon the age of the specimen,
shall be tested not less than 25 days nor more than 31 days after
fabrication. This age requirement applies also to plastered and
stuccoed constructions.

NOTE 1Reasons for the 5-min application of constant-level increment

loads are as follows:
(1) To permit the assembly to come to a substantial rest prior to taking
the second set of readings (Depending on the method employed for
applying the test load, it may be necessary to continue, at a reduced rate,
the motion of the loading device in order to maintain the constant load
level during the 5-min period.)
(2) To provide sufficient time for making all observations. (Longer time
intervals may be required under certain conditions.)
(3) To observe any time-dependent deformation or load redistribution,
or both, and to record accurately the load level when time-dependent
deformation starts, that is, at the divergence of the immediate and delayed
load-deformation curves. This load level may, under certain conditions,
have an important bearing on the design load.
(4) To be able to stop the test, if this should be desirable, prior to total
failure, after initial failure has been anticipated as a result of the
observations.
(5) To assure uniformity in test performance and consistency in test
results.

5. Deformation Measurements
5.1 Measure the deformations with sufficient precision to
define the load-deformation relationship, and report at least to
the nearest 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). The deformation-measuring
apparatus specified for any loading may be replaced by other
apparatus, provided that it permits readings of deformation that
are equivalent in accuracy to those from the specified apparatus.

4. Loading
4.1 ApparatusThe testing machine or load-measuring apparatus shall comply with the requirements prescribed in
Methods E4.
4.2 Application of LoadApply the load to all of the
specimens in any test in increments so chosen that a sufficient
number of readings will be obtained to determine definitely the
load-deformation curve (see Section 6). Record the initial
reading of the load and the reading of the deformation, either
with no load on the specimen or under a small initial load.
Increase the load to the first increment and record the deformation. Unless otherwise specified, decrease the load to the
initial load and record the set (sometimes designated permanent set). Increase the load to two increments and record the
set, when it is released to the initial load. Follow this sequence
of readings for three increments, four increments, and so forth,
of load. When for each specimen the behavior of the specimen
under load indicates that the specimen might fail suddenly and
damage the deformation-measuring apparatus, remove this
apparatus from the specimen and increase the load continuously until the maximum load that can be applied to the
specimen is determined.
4.3 Duration of Load ApplicationExcept for racking tests,
after each increment of load is applied, maintain the load level
as constant as possible for a period of 5 min (see Note 1). Take
deformation readings as soon as practical after load application, at the end of the 5-min period under constant load, and
immediately and at the end of the 5-min period after any partial

6. Reports
6.1 Show the results of each of the tests graphically, as
illustrated in Fig. 1. Plot loads as ordinates and the deformations as abscissas for all tests. There shall be at least three
specimens for each test, and the results for each test shall be

FIG. 1 Typical Graph Showing Results

E72 05
9.2.1 CompressometerA bracket shall be attached to the
specimen near the upper end, supporting a metal rod. A bracket
shall also be attached to the specimen near its lower end,
supporting a deflectionmeasuring device with the spindle up
and the gage length shall be recorded. The conical end of the
rod shall seat in a hole in the end of the spindle and the rod and
spindle shall be held in contact by stretched rubber bands. The
deflectionmeasuring device shall be graduated to 0.025 mm
(0.001 in.) or less.
9.2.2 DeflectometerA fine wire shall be attached to a
clamp near the upper end of the specimen. The free end
connected to stretched rubber bands shall be attached to a
clamp near the lower end of the specimen. A mirror having a
paper scale one-half the width of the mirror shall be attached
horizontally to the edge of the specimen at midheight. The
scale shall be graduated to 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) or less.
9.3 Procedure:
9.3.1 LoadingTest the specimen as a column having a flat
end at the bottom (Fig. 2). Apply compressive loads to a steel
plate covering the upper end of the specimen. Apply the load
uniformly along a line parallel to the inside face, and one-third
the thickness of the specimen from the inside face. For wood
construction, a rate of loading corresponding to a movement of
the testing machine crosshead of nominally 0.8 mm/min (0.03
in./min) has been found satisfactory.
9.3.2 Load-Deformation DataAttach four compressometers to the faces of the specimen, one near each corner of the
specimen as shown in Fig. 2, to measure the shortening of the
specimen. Record the readings to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001
in.).
9.3.3 Lateral DeflectionAttach two deflectometers, one to
each edge of the specimen, as shown in Fig. 2. Record the
readings, when the image of the wire coincides with the wire,
to the nearest 0.25 mm (0.01 in.).

shown on the same graph. Show the points for deformation

under load by open circles and those for set by solid circles.
Average the three values for either the deformation or the set
and plot this average value in pencil on the graph. Draw a
smooth curve among the average points to show the average
behavior of the construction. The load-deformation curves
shall be continuous lines and the load-set curves shall be
dashed lines. Although the particular specimen for each point
on the graph is not designated, record it on the laboratory data
sheets. If readings are obtained under greater loads for some
specimens than for others, plot all the values, but draw the
curves only to the average values for which there are three
values.
6.2 Prepare the test report in accordance with Practice E575.
7. Precision and Bias
7.1 No statement is made either on the precision or on the
bias of these test methods due to the variety of materials and
combinations of materials involved.
TESTING WALLS
8. Significance and Use
8.1 The procedures described are those that will test the
behavior of segments of wall construction under conditions
representative of those encountered in service. Performance
criteria based on data from those procedures can ensure
structural adequacy and service life.
9. Compressive Load
9.1 Test SpecimensTests shall be made on three like
specimens, each having a height equal to the length of the
element and a nominal width of 1.2 m (4 ft) (see Section 3).
9.2 ApparatusThe apparatus shall be assembled as shown
in Fig. 2 and shall conform to the detailed requirements for
component parts prescribed in 9.2.1 and 9.2.2, or the equivalent.

FIG. 2 Compressive Load Test on Wall Specimen

E72 05
10.3.2 Load-Deformation DataAttach four extensometers
to the faces of the specimen, one near each corner, as shown in
Fig. 2, to measure the stretch of the specimen. Record the
readings to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.).
10.3.3 Lateral DeflectionAttach two deflectometers, one
to each edge of the specimen, as shown in Fig. 2. Record the
readings, when the image of the wire coincides with the wire,
to the nearest 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). Lateral deflection (if any)
may be caused by nonaxial loading of the specimen.
10.4 Calculations and ReportFor tensile loads, the calculations and report shall be similar to those required for
compressive loads (see 9.4).

9.4 Calculations and Report:

9.4.1 DeformationFor each compressometer, calculate the
shortening under each load as the difference between the
reading of the compressometer when the load is applied and the
initial reading. Calculate the shortening of the specimen as the
average of the shortenings for each of the four compressometers multiplied by the ratio: specimen length divided by the
compressometer gage length. Obtain the sets in a similar
manner.
9.4.2 Lateral DeflectionCalculate the lateral deflection
and the lateral set under each load for each deflectometer as the
difference between the reading of the deflectometer when the
load is applied and the initial reading. Calculate the lateral
deflection and lateral set for the specimen as the average of the
lateral deflection and lateral set of the two deflectometers.
9.4.3 Data PresentationRecord the maximum load for
each specimen and report the results of load-deformation and
load-deflection measurements in the form of a graph in
accordance with Section 6. Report gage lengths of all deflection or deformation gages.

11. Transverse LoadSpecimen Horizontal

11.1 Test SpecimensTests shall be made on three like
specimens on symmetrical assemblies and six like specimens
on unsymmetrical assemblies, each having a length equal to the
length of the element and a nominal width of 1.2 m (4 ft) (see
Section 3).
11.2 ApparatusThe apparatus shall be assembled as
shown in Fig. 3 and shall conform to the detailed requirements
for component parts prescribed in 11.2.1-11.2.3, or the equivalent.
11.2.1 SupportsTwo steel rollers with a steel plate between each supporting roller and the specimen.
11.2.2 Loading AssemblyTwo steel rollers with a steel
plate between each loading roller and the specimen.
11.2.3 Deflection GageA frame shall be placed on the
upper face of the specimen. To prevent stresses deforming the
frame as the specimen deforms under load, this frame shall rest
on three hardened steel balls each supported by a steel block on
the face of the specimen. Two of the balls shall be placed in a
line vertically above one support and the third ball vertically
above the other support. Two deflectionmeasuring devices,
one near each longitudinal edge of the specimen, shall be
attached to the frame at midspan. The spindles shall rest on the
upper face of the specimen. The devices shall be graduated to
0.025 mm (0.001 in.) or less.
11.3 Procedure:
11.3.1 LoadingUse two-point loading for transverse
load tests. Test the specimen as a simple beam (Fig. 3) on a
span 150 mm (approximately 6 in.) less than the specimen
length. Apply two equal loads, each at a distance of one quarter
of the span from the supports, toward the middle of the span.
For wall specimens tested horizontally (Fig. 3), the load on the
specimen shall include the weight of specimen between the
supports. Apply the transverse loads to the outside face for
three of the specimens and to the inside face for three of the
specimens. For symmetrical assemblies, test only three specimens.
11.3.1.1 Uniformly distributed loading may be used instead
of quarter-point loading, if a satisfactory method is available.
The transverse strength for any span may be greater for some
constructions under uniformly distributed load than under
loads applied at the quarter-points of the span. Transverse load,
uniformly distributed, may be applied by air pressure, either in
a bag or in a chamber having the specimen as one face. Support
specimens tested under uniform loading by rollers as for
quarter-point loading.

10. Tensile Load

10.1 Test SpecimensTests shall be made on three like
specimens, each having a height equal to the length of the
element and a nominal width of 1.2 m (4 ft) (see Section 3).
10.2 ApparatusThe apparatus preferably shall be assembled in a vertical testing machine and shall conform to the
detailed requirements for component parts prescribed in 9.2.1
and 9.2.2, or the equivalent, with the exception that the
compressometers prescribed in 9.2.1 shall be replaced by
extensometers which shall be like the compressometers but so
adjusted before load is applied that the stretch of the specimen
can be measured.
10.3 Procedure:
10.3.1 LoadingTest the specimen as a tension specimen
by uniform application of tensile forces along the line of the
fastenings at the top and the bottom of the wall in a building.
The top and bottom pulling fixtures may be attached to the
specimen by fastenings similar to those used in a building,
provided that, under the maximum load, failure of the specimen occurs between the top and the bottom of the specimen,
not in either the pulling fixtures or the fastenings. If, under the
tensile load, failure occurs either in a pulling fixture or in a
fastening, the results of the test determine only the properties
of the fixtures or the fastenings, not of the wall construction.
When the failure occurs in fastenings, the tensile load indicates
the maximum tensile strength of the construction that can be
realized in actual service unless improved fastenings are
provided.
10.3.1.1 Masonry ConstructionsThe construction may be
continued upward beyond the top of the specimen and downward below the bottom of the specimen to enclose attachments
for the pulling fixtures.
10.3.1.2 Framed Wall ConstructionsIf the construction
has studs (either of wood or metal) the studs may be extended
upward and downward beyond the top and bottom of the
specimen and attached to the pulling fixtures. If the framed
wall has plates at the top and the bottom, attach the pulling
fixtures to the plates in the specimen.
4

E72 05

FIG. 3 Transverse Load Test on Wall Specimen

11.3.2 Strength on Short SpanThe transverse strength of

any construction increases as the span is shortened. If the
strength of the construction for a shorter span is desired, do not
compute it, but test the construction on the short span.
11.4 Calculations and Report:
11.4.1 Load-Deflection DataFor each micrometer, calculate the deflection under a given load as the difference between
the reading to the nearest division of the micrometer when the
load is applied and the initial reading. Calculate the deflection
of the specimen for the span as the average of the deflections
obtained from each of the two micrometers. Calculate the sets
under the initial load by using a similar method. Record the
maximum load for each specimen.
11.4.2 Data PresentationReport the results in the form of
a graph in accordance with Section 6.

11.3.1.2 The bag method of loading is shown schematically

in Fig. 4. Connect a reaction platform parallel to the face to be
loaded and wider than the specimen to the supports by tie rods.
Place an airtight bag of rubberized cloth as wide as the
specimen and as long as the span between the specimen and the
reaction platform. Apply transverse load to the specimen by
increasing the air pressure in the bag. Measure the pressure by
means of a manometer. Water is usually the liquid in the
manometer, but the specific gravity of the liquid shall be such
that the error in pressure readings does not exceed 1 %.
11.3.1.3 When the chamber method of loading is used with
the specimen horizontal, place the specimen near the floor,
which should be practically airtight. An airtight frame or curb
shall surround the specimen closely and be about flush with the
upper surface of the specimen. A rubber blanket covers the
specimen, overlaps the frame, and is sealed so that it is
reasonably airtight. Use a small vacuum pump or positive
action exhaust blower to reduce air pressure between the
specimen and floor. Measure the difference in pressure above
and below the specimen by means of a manometer.

12. Transverse LoadSpecimen Vertical

12.1 Test SpecimensTests shall be made on three like
specimens on symmetrical assemblies and six like specimens

FIG. 4 Apparatus for Uniformly Distributed Transverse Load (Bag Method)

E72 05
12.4 Calculations and ReportCalculate the results of test
and report as described in 11.4, and report deflectometer
readings to the nearest 0.25 mm (0.01 in.).

on unsymmetrical assemblies each having a length equal to the

length of the element and a nominal width of 1.2 m (4 ft) (see
Section 3).
12.2 ApparatusThe apparatus shall be assembled as
shown in Fig. 3 and shall conform to the requirements for
component parts prescribed in 12.2.1-12.2.5, or the equivalent.
12.2.1 Steel Channel.
12.2.2 RollersCylindrical rollers, two supporting rollers,
two loading rollers.
12.2.3 Screw Jack.
12.2.4 Ring Dynamometer.
12.2.5 DeflectometersTwo taut-wire mirror-scale deflectometers similar to those described in 9.2.2.
12.3 ProcedureTransverse loads cannot be applied satisfactorily to some wall constructions, such as masonry, with the
specimen in a horizontal position. For such constructions,
apply the loads with the specimen in a vertical position, as
shown in Fig. 3, thus simulating service conditions. The
specimen, on a steel channel, shall rest on cylindrical rollers to
prevent restrained end conditions. The axes of the rollers shall
be parallel to the faces of the specimen. The two supporting
rollers shall be in contact with the vertical surface of the frame
and each roller shall rest horizontally on sponge rubber about
10 mm (0.4 in.) thick to prevent longitudinal restraint. Each of
the two loading rollers shall also rest on sponge rubber. Apply
the loads horizontally by a screw jack and measure by a ring
dynamometer between the jack and the specimen. The error in
the load indicated by the dynamometer shall not exceed 1 %.
Attach two taut-wire mirror-scale deflectometers to the specimen, one to each vertical edge.
12.3.1 Apply the transverse load to the outside face for three
of the specimens, and to the inside face for three of the
specimens. For symmetrical assemblies, test only three specimens.
12.3.2 The bag method of loading is shown schematically in
Fig. 4. Connect a reaction platform parallel to the face to be
loaded and wider than the specimen to the supports by tie rods.
Place an airtight bag as wide as the specimen and as long as the
span between the specimen and the reaction platform. Apply
transverse load to the specimen by increasing the air pressure
in the bag. Measure the pressure by means of a manometer or
other pressure measuring device. The error of the pressure
reading shall not exceed 1 %.
12.3.3 When the Chamber Method of loading is used with
the specimen vertical, the specimen forms one face of an
airtight chamber from which the air is exhausted. If all four
edges of the specimen bear on the chamber, this loading
determines the strength of the specimen as a plate supported at
the four edges, not the transverse strength as defined in these
methods.
12.3.4 If a specimen tested by the chamber method, either
horizontally or vertically, has an airtight cavity, vent each
cavity to the low-pressure face by a hole in the face of the
specimen not less than 5 mm (0.2 in.) in diameter, located
where it will least affect the transverse strength of the specimen.

13. Concentrated Load

13.1 Test SpecimensConcentrated load tests shall be made
on each transverse specimen after the transverse load tests, the
concentrated load being applied to the same face to which the
transverse load was applied.
13.2 ApparatusThe apparatus shall be assembled as
shown in Fig. 5 and shall conform to the requirements for
component parts prescribed in 13.2.1-13.2.3, or the equivalent.
13.2.1 Steel BarSteel bar having a diameter of 25.4 mm
(1 in.) and the edge of the face contacting the specimen
rounded to a radius of 1.3 mm (0.05 in.).
13.2.2 Depth GageThe depth gage shall consist of a
deflectionmeasuring device graduated to 0.025 mm (0.001
in.) or less mounted on a three-legged support. The support
shall be notched to permit placing the device directly adjacent
to the bar and shall be long enough to permit placing the
supporting legs on undisturbed areas of the face of the
specimen.
13.2.3 Loading DeviceAny convenient means for applying a compressive load up to 5 kN (1100 lbf) and means for
measuring the load within 1 %.
13.3 Procedure:
13.3.1 LoadingPlace the entire specimen or portion of the
specimen on a horizontal support and properly level. Place the
steel bar on the face of the specimen at what is judged to be the
weakest place and, also, at what is judged to be the strongest
place. Apply a load vertically downward to the upper surface of
the bar. Continue loading until maximum load or 4.45 kN
(1000 lbf) is attained.
13.3.2 Depth of IndentationMeasure the depth of indentation, by means of the depth gage, and record the reading of
the micrometer to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.).
13.4 Calculations and Report:
13.4.1 Depth of IndentationCalculate the depth of indentation (set) after a given load has been applied and the bar
removed to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) as the difference
between the depth for that load and the initial reading of the
micrometer before a load has been applied to the specimen.

FIG. 5 Concentrated Load Test

E72 05
dations for attaching the sheathing to the frame, and for
reporting the behavior of the specimen over its entire range of
use.
14.1.2 In applying the results, due allowance shall be made
for any variation in construction details or test conditions from
those in actual service.
14.2 Test Specimens:
14.2.1 Size and NumberThe test specimen shall be 2.4 by
2.4 m (8 by 8 ft) and the framing shall be constructed as shown
in Fig. 6 and a minimum of three panels of each construction
shall be tested. It is the intent of this test procedure to evaluate
the stiffening effect of the sheathing material; therefore, the
frame shall be constructed as nearly like the frames shown in
Fig. 6 as possible. Frames shall be newly constructed for each
test. All individual framing members shall be continuous. The
moisture content of framing material shall be between 12 and
15 % when the panel is fabricated, and shall not vary by more
than 3 % from the initial moisture content when the panel is
tested.
14.2.2 Application of SheathingThe method of applying
the sheathing shall be exactly as specified by the manufacturer.
The spacing of fasteners shall be as recommended. Fasteners

13.4.2 Data PresentationReport the results in the form of

a graph in accordance with Section 6.
14. Racking LoadEvaluation of Sheathing Materials on
a Standard Wood Frame
NOTE 2If the test objective is to measure the performance of the
complete wall, Method E564 is recommended.

14.1 ScopeThis test method measures the resistance of

panels, having a standard wood frame, and sheathed with sheet
materials such as structural insulating board, plywood, gypsum
board, transite, and so forth, to a racking load such as would be
imposed by winds blowing on a wall oriented at 90 to the
panel. It is intended to provide a reliable, uniform procedure
for determining the resistance to racking load provided by
these sheet materials as commonly employed in building
construction. Since a standard frame is employed, the relative
performance of the sheathing is the test objective.
14.1.1 This test is conducted with standardized framing,
loading procedures, and method of measuring deflection, as
detailed in the method to ensure reproducibility. Provision is
made for following the sheathing manufacturers recommen-

NOTETo eliminate test data that may be misleading, use lumber of average density for the specimens involved.
FIG. 6 Standard Wood Frame

E72 05
panel to rise as the racking load is applied. Plates and rollers
shall be provided between the test specimen and the hold-down
so that the top of the specimen can deflect horizontally with
respect to the bottom without unnecessary interference from
the hold-down. Because the amount of tension in the rods of
the hold-down may have an effect on the results of the test, nuts
on the hold-down rods shall be tightened prior to load
application so that the total force in each rod does not exceed
90 N (20 lbf) at the beginning of test as determined by previous
calibration.
14.3.3 Loading ApparatusLoad shall be applied to the
specimen through an 89 by 89-mm (3.5 by 3.5-in.) timber
firmly bolted to the upper plates of the panel. Loading shall be
a compressive force against the end of the timber attached to
the upper plate. When a testing machine is used, pulleys and
cables may be used to transmit the vertical movement of the
tension head of the machine to the horizontal movement in the
specimen.
14.3.4 Lateral GuidesLateral guides shall be provided so
that the specimen will deflect in a plane. The rollers should be
bearing-supported to reduce friction to a minimum. The lateral
guides shall be firmly attached to the loading frame. Plates for
the rollers may be up to 300 mm (12 in.) in length as required.
14.3.5 Deflection Measuring Devicemeasuring devices,
indicating dials, or scales and wires, shall be provided to
measure the displacement of the different parts of the panel
during test. The readings shall be recorded to the nearest 0.25
mm (0.01 in.). The locations of the deflection measuring
devices shall be as shown in the lower left, lower right, and
upper right corners of the side view of the test assembly in Fig.

shall be driven through the sheathing into only the outside stud
of each corner post shown in Fig. 6. The importance of the
attachment of sheathing to the framing cannot be overemphasized. Slight differences in edge clearances, angle of fastener,
and amounts of penetration of heads of fasteners into the
sheathing have appreciable effects on the results of test. Unless
otherwise specified, fasteners shall be driven perpendicular to
the surface of the sheathing with the center of each fastener the
specified distance from the edge of the sheathing. Fasteners
shall be driven so that the head of the fastener contacts the
surface of the sheathing but not so deep as to crush the surface,
unless specified differently by the manufacturers.
14.3 ApparatusThe apparatus shall be assembled as
shown in Fig. 7. Load shall be measured by means of a testing
machine, or a dynamometer attached to cables that load the
specimen, or in linkage with a hydraulic jack used to apply
load. The essential parts of the testing apparatus, exclusive of
the loading frame, are as described in 14.3.1-14.3.5.
14.3.1 Base and Loading FrameThe test panel shall be
attached to a timber or steel plate that is in turn attached rigidly
to the base of the loading frame in such a manner that when the
panel is racked, the sheathing will not bear on the loading
frame. This member may be of any convenient cross section,
but it shall be at least as long as the panel and not greater in
width than the thickness of the frame, 89 mm (312 in.). Means
shall be provided to bolt or otherwise attach the sole plate of
the panel firmly to this member. For illustrative purposes, two
bolts are shown in Fig. 7. More may be used if required.
14.3.2 Hold-DownA hold-down shall be provided as
shown in Fig. 7 to overcome the tendency of one end of the

FIG. 7 Racking Load Assembly

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detail. Describe in the report the sheathing used, the method of
applying the sheathing, the type and spacing of fasteners, and
the method and rate of loading employed.

7. The device at the lower left, which is attached to the stud,

measures any rotation of the panel, the device at the lower right
measures any slippage of the panel, and the device at the upper
right measures the total of the other two plus the deformation
of the panel. Therefore, the horizontal deflection of the panel at
any load is the reading of the device at the upper right less the
sum of the readings of the other two.
14.4 Procedure:
14.4.1 LoadingApply the load continuously throughout
test at a uniform rate of motion of the loading device used. The
recommended speed of testing shall be such that the loading to
3.5 kN (790 lbf) total load shall be completed in not less than
2 min from the start of the test. The loading to 7.0 to 10.5 kN
(1570 to 2360 lbf) total load and to failure shall employ the
same rate of travel of the loading device as for the loading to
3.5 kN. Give the speed of testing used in the report of test.
14.4.2 Loading ProcedureLoad the specimen in three
stages to 3.5, 7.0, and 10.5 kN (790, 1570, and 2360 lbf) total
load at a uniform rate.
14.4.2.1 To provide data to meet performance requirements,
other values of total load may be included in the test procedure.
Use the same rate of loading as for the loadings specified and
indicate additional loadings evaluated and the results obtained
in the report.
14.4.2.2 After the load of 3.5 kN (790 lbf) is placed on the
specimen, remove all of the load and any residual deflection
(set) in the panel noted. Then load the specimen to 7.0 kN
(1570 lbf) and again remove the load and note any additional
set; after this increase the loading to 10.5 kN (2360 lbf),
remove the load again, and note the set. Apply load continuously for each of the increment loads specified above and
obtain load-deflection data. Obtain these data for at least each
900 N (200 lbf) of loading. Obtain deflections during the
loading cycle and, if desired, during the unloading cycle as
well.
14.4.2.3 After the specimen is loaded as specified to 3.5,
7.0, and 10.5 kN (790, 1570, and 2360 lbf) load it again to
failure or until the total deflection of the panel becomes 100
mm (4 in.). Obtain readings of deflection for the same intervals
of load as were used for the other loadings.
14.5 Calculations and Report:
14.5.1 DeformationFor each dial, or other measuring
device, calculate the movement under each racking load as the
difference between the readings when load is applied and the
initial readings at the start of the test. Calculate set readings as
the difference between the readings when the load is removed
and the initial readings.
14.5.2 Data PresentationReport the deflections at 3.5,
7.0, and 10.5 kN (790, 1570, and 2360 lbf) and the set after
loading to these amounts. Present load-deflection curves obtained during loading to failure and to 3.5, 7.0, and 10.5 kN in
the form of a graph as prescribed in Section 6. Include
maximum load and any observations on the behavior of the
panel during test and at failure. Express residual deflections
(sets) as percentages of the deflections that produced the sets as
well as in millimetres or inches. If the specimen fails, describe
the visible failure. If the specimen has been subjected to any
special conditioning prior to test, describe this treatment in

15. Racking LoadEvaluation of Sheathing Materials

(Wet) on a Standard Wood Frame
15.1 ScopeThis test has been developed to simulate the
degree of wetting possible during construction of a structure
when, because of rain, the framing and sheathing may be
wetted on one or both sides. Both sides of the wall panel are
wetted because this represents the maximum exposure possible
during the stage of construction before the structure is roofed.
15.2 Test SpecimensThe test specimens shall conform in
size and fabrication details to the requirements of 14.2.
15.3 Specimen ConditioningMount the fabricated test
specimens or suspend them in a vertical position in such a
manner as to prevent continuous immersion of the bottom edge
of the specimen. Expose both sides of the test specimen to a
water spray applied at or near the top along the entire length to
ensure that the top of the specimen is being wetted. The spray
shall have no jet action that cuts into the sheathing material,
and the spray areas shall overlay sufficiently so that a continuous sheet of water flows down both surfaces of the specimen.
Maintain the temperature of the water in the line to the spray
nozzle at 24 6 3C (75 6 5F). Wet the specimens for a period
of 6 h and then allow to dry for a period of 18 h. Dry in
laboratory air, preferably at a temperature of 24 6 3C (75 6
5F). Make no attempt to increase the air movement over the
specimens by fans or blowers. Subject the test specimens to
two complete wetting and drying cycles and then a third
wetting cycle.
15.3.1 No more than 2 h shall elapse between the completion of the third wetting cycle and the start of the racking test.
15.4 ProcedureTest the specimens in accordance with the
procedure described in 14.4.
15.5 Moisture Content DeterminationAfter the racking
test is completed, cut moisture samples from the sheathing
material, and determine moisture content on a weight basis
with the moisture content expressed as a percentage of the oven
dry weight in accordance with 15.5.1. Preferably, take five
moisture content samples at least 100 by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.)
in size from each 1.2 by 2.4-m (4 by 8-ft) sheathing panel of
the test specimen: one from the center of each sheathing panel
at the top and bottom edges, one from midlength on each side,
and one from the panel center. Weigh the moisture content
samples immediately upon being cut from the test specimen to
an accuracy of not less than 60.2 %. Carefully remove all
loose particles from the sample before weighing. Then dry the
samples to constant weight in an oven at 103 6 2C (217 6
4F). If large amounts of volatile matter or substances other
than free water are removed from the sheathing material by
drying at 103 6 2C, the sheathing material may be dried to
constant weight at a lower temperature and the drying time and
temperature given in the report.
15.5.1 CalculationCalculate the moisture content as follows:
M 5 100 [~W 2 F!/F]

(1)

E72 05
where:
M = moisture content, %,
W = initial weight, and
F = final weight when oven dry.
15.6 Calculations and ReportThe report shall include the
racking test data as specified in 14.5. It shall also include the
line temperature of the water sprayed on the test specimens; the
air temperature and relative humidity during the drying portion
of the cycle; and the location of the moisture content samples
and the moisture content of each.

18. Concentrated Load

18.1 Test in accordance with Test Method E2322, Section 11.

TESTING FLOORS

20. Transverse Load

20.1 Test in accordance with Test Method E2322, Section 12.

TESTING ROOFS
19. Significance and Use
19.1 These procedures will serve to evaluate performance of
roof segments under simulated service conditions. Roof trusses
shall be evaluated under Methods E73.

16. Significance and Use

16.1 The procedures outlined will serve to evaluate the
performance of floor segments under conditions representative
of those sustained in service. Performance criteria based on
data from these procedures can ensure structural adequacy and
effective service.

21. Concentrated Load

21.1 Test in accordance with Test Method E2322, Section 13.
22. Keywords
22.1 compressive load; concentrated loads; deformation;
floors; load duration; racking load; roofs; sheathing; strength
tests; tensile load; transverse load; walls

17. Transverse Load

17.1 Test in accordance with Test Method E2322, Section 10.

APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. TECHNICAL INTERPRETATION

believed that the more important properties may be determined

by tests described in these test methods.

X1.1 It is the purpose of these test methods to provide a

systematic basis for obtaining comparable engineering data on
various construction elements and structural details of value to
designers, builders, building officials, and others interested in
this field.

X1.4 The test method, involving the application of the

loads in increments and the concurrent measurement of deformation and set, simulates, to some extent, the conditions of
repeated loading under service conditions. Therefore, results
by such a method of loading may be more useful than those
obtained by increasing the load continuously throughout the
test. The results from increment loading tests may show
whether different portions of a construction act as a unit under
load, whether the fastenings or bonds have adequate strength,
or whether they rupture under repeated loads. For any engineering structure, including small houses, it is necessary not
only that the strength be adequate, but also that the deformation
under load shall not appreciably decrease the usefulness of the
structure. If the working load and the allowable deformation
for an element for a structure are known, constructions
complying with these requirements may be selected by inspection of the graphs from tests of such constructions.

X1.2 Subjecting complete structures to known loads is very

expensive and requires much time; therefore, that method of
carrying out investigations to establish structural properties is
not likely to be used to any great extent. Such tests have the
further disadvantage that only the strength of the weakest
elements of a particular structure could be measured.
X1.3 For these reasons, it seems more practicable to apply
loads to specimens that accurately reproduce a structural
portion of a finished building. These portions of a building
have been designated as elements; for example, floor, wall,
roof, and so forth. For the procedure described in these test
methods, the elements have been restricted to those most
important structurally. For each element, methods of loading
are described that simulate the loads to which the element
would be subjected under service conditions. It is believed that
the results of these measurements on the structural elements
will be more useful to architects and engineers than the results
of tests on specimens of the materials from which the structure
was fabricated, or the results of tests of the individual structural
members. Although it may be impracticable to determine all of
the structural properties of each element of a building, it is

X1.5 A structure is elastic if, after a load has been applied

and then removed, the set is inappreciable. If the set is small for
an element of a building, it may be assumed that the construction has neither been damaged nor appreciably deformed by the
load. The set, therefore, is another property that may be used
when comparing different constructions and may be useful
when selecting a construction for a particular purpose.
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E72 05
X1.6 The variations in the properties of a construction as
used commercially for buildings, in all probability, will be
greater than the variations for the three specimens tested as
directed in these test methods because these specimens will be

all fabricated at the same time by the same workmen and from
the same lot of material. This fact should be clearly indicated
in any general report based on these test procedures.

X2. HISTORICAL

equivalent to results from products tested by the floor and roof

sections of Test Methods E72.

X2.1 This standard has been a compilation of test methods

for testing building panels and has included test methods for
the testing of both wall panels and floor and roof panels. due to
the numerous test methods and difficulty in updating all
methods on a regular basis, a new Test Method E2322 was
written to address only the floor and roof test methods. Results
obtained from Test Method E2322 should be considered as

X2.2 The sections in Test Methods E72 that addressed

testing of floor and roof panels were maintained, but only with
a reference to other standards for testing.

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