Hardness
Hardness
Hardness
Documentation
Unibar. Continuous Cast Iron Bar produced by United Cast Bar Limited
Spital Lane, Chesterfield, Derbyshire.
S41 0HS. (United Kingdom)
( +44 (0) 1246 20 11 94
www.unitedcastbar.com
e-mail: sales@unitedcastbar.com
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
. . . . .13
UNIBAR-200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
UNIBAR-250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
UNIBAR-300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
UNIBAR-GF
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
UNIBAR-350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
UNIBAR STANDARD SIZES UNIBAR 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
STANDARD LENGTHS FOR UNIBAR SPHEROIDAL GRADES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
MECHANICAL-CHARACTERISTICS, HARDNESS AND STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . .25
SURFACE HARDENING
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
UNIBAR-500-7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
UNIBAR-600-3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
UNIBAR-700-2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
UNIBAR-ADI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
COMPARISON BETWEEN UNIBAR-ADI AND STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
ADVANTAGES OF UNIBAR-ADI OVER STEEL
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
TABLE OF CONTENTS
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
TABLE OF CONTENTS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
1.0
4
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
Figure 1
Figure 2
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
Advantages of UNIBAR
T E C H N I C A L
ADVANTAGES OF UNIBAR
ADVANTAGES OF UNIBAR
2.0
7
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
ADVANTAGES OF UNIBAR
Many of the advantages of Unibar over other materials can be attributed to the two
phases present in the structure: an iron metallic one, similar to steel, and a graphitic
phase with graphite in flake or spheroidal form.
Therefore the advantages of Unibar, as compared with other materials, are as follows:
4 MACHINABILITY
The machinability of Unibar is high, fundamentally due to the presence of
microscopic particles of graphite in the structure, which act as a lubricant.
In addition to this, the homogeneity of its structure and the absence of the
abrasive inclusions of sand which are typical in sand casting, improve
machinability and therefore prolong the life of tools, drastically cutting your
costs.
ADVANTAGES OF UNIBAR
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
ADVANTAGES OF UNIBAR
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
4 LOW DENSITY
Today, the weight of the machinery and therefore of its components, is a
decisive factor, not only due to the energy saving this represents, but due to the
reduction in transport and logistic, as well as the in actual cost of the material.
The specific weight of Unibar, which is 10% less than that of steel, satisfies these
aspects without risking its physical and mechanical characteristics.
4 STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY comparable to that of mild and low alloy steels
(Unibar Spheroidal).
4 Excellent bearing properties, SELF-LUBRICATING and OIL RETAINING
PROPERTIES.
ADVANTAGES OF UNIBAR
10
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
3.0
11
T E C H N I C A L
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
12
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
3.1
13
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR-200
FERRITIC FLAKE CAST IRON (ANNEALED) (GJL-200 EN-1561)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This is the least hard quality, (120-180 HB) and is therefore recommended if your
requirements are for good machinability with low requirements of tensile strength and
resistance to wear. In addition, because of its ferritic structure, it is recommended for
applications requiring good thermal conductivity. The surface finish of UNIBAR-200 is,
however, inferior to that of the other qualities, which are harder and therefore have
better structural cohesion.
AVAILABILITY
UNIBAR-250
FERRITIC-PEARLITIC FLAKE CAST IRON (GJL-250 EN-1561)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This is a quality of average hardness (180-220 HB) and is therefore recommended for
uses where a balance is required between mechanical characteristics and
machinability. It can be annealed in order to obtain the previous UNIBAR-200 quality.
See table in page 25
AVAILABILITY
Available from stock. See the list of Standard Sizes on page 19.
However, any other size not included in the list can be produced according to
minimum tonnage and after consultation.
14
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
15
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR-300
PEARLITIC FLAKE CAST IRON (GJL-300 EN-1561)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This is one of the hardest qualities, (200-250 HB,) and is therefore used when high
tensile strength and/or resistance to wear is required, because of its pearlitic structure.
Its surface finish is better than that of other softer qualities because of its better
structural cohesion, which allows surface hardening.
AVAILABILITY
Available subject to consultation, taking the UNIBAR-250 sizes as a basis (see the list of
Standard Sizes on page 19). Subject to minimum order.
UNIBAR-GF
INTERDENDRITIC FERRITIC CAST IRON (SPECIAL)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This quality is recommended for glass moulds because of its ferritic structure with fine
graphite (ID/IE). The thin film of graphite improves the surface finish, while the ferritic
matrix encourages the expulsion of heat from the mould due to its greater heat
conductivity in comparison with pearlitic casting. This quality can be offered in the
annealed condition UNIBAR-GF (100% ferritic-140/180 HB) or as- cast UNIBAR-GP
(20/30 % ferrite-160/200 HB).
AVAILABILITY
Available subject to consultation, taking the UNIBAR-250 sizes as a basis (see the list of
Standard Sizes on page 19). Subject to minimum order.
16
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
17
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR-350
HIGH CONTENT PEARLITIC CAST IRON (SPECIAL)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This is the hardest quality with the highest resistance (220-280 HB, depending on
dimension). Its most important quality is the fact that the structure is also pearlitic on
the outside rim (90% pearlite), and is therefore suitable for those applications in which
high resistance to wear is required in the parts close to the outside of the bar. In
addition, this quality allows surface hardening.
In particular, this quality with a high phosphorus content (0.3/0.6%) is recommended
when a higher resistance to wear is required than that provided by a fully pearlitic
structure, as is the case with valve guides, etc. In addition, the very hard UNIBAR-350
quality (HB-250/310), obtained using fine graphite (ID/IE) in the center of the bar as
well, constitutes one of the highest values in terms of cohesion and resistance.
AVAILABILITY
Available subject to consultation, taking the UNIBAR-250 sizes as a basis (see the list of
Standard Sizes on page 19). Subject to minimum order.
UNIBAR-350 Periphery
UNIBAR GRADES AND STRUCTURES
18
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR 250
Standard Optional Ingots
25 mm.
30 mm.
35 mm.
40 mm.
45 mm.
50 mm.
55 mm.
60 mm.
65 mm.
70 mm.
75 mm.
80 mm.
85 mm.
90 mm.
95 mm.
100 mm.
105 mm.
110 mm.
115 mm.
120 mm.
125 mm.
130 mm.
135 mm.
140 mm.
145 mm.
150 mm.
160 mm.
170 mm.
180 mm.
190 mm.
200 mm.
210 mm.
220 mm.
230 mm.
240 mm.
250 mm.
260 mm.
270 mm.
280 mm.
290 mm.
300 mm.
310 mm.
Rectangles
Squares
Round
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Standard
30 x
35 x
40 x
45 x
50 x
55 x
60 x
65 x
70 x
75 x
80 x
85 x
90 x
95 x
100 x
110 x
120 x
130 x
140 x
150 x
160 x
170 x
180 x
190 x
200 x
210 x
220 x
230 x
250 x
280 x
300 x
310 x
320 x
330 x
350 x
360 x
370 x
380 x
390 x
400 x
410 x
420 x
30 mm.
35 mm.
40 mm.
45 mm.
50 mm.
55 mm.
60 mm.
65 mm.
70 mm.
75 mm.
80 mm.
85 mm.
90 mm.
95 mm.
100 mm.
110 mm.
120 mm.
130 mm.
140 mm.
150 mm.
160 mm.
170 mm.
180 mm.
190 mm.
200 mm.
210 mm.
220 mm.
230 mm.
250 mm.
280 mm.
300 mm.
310 mm.
320 mm.
330 mm.
350 mm.
360 mm.
370 mm.
380 mm.
390 mm.
400 mm.
410 mm.
420 mm.
Optional
Ingots
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
40 x
40 x
45 x
45 x
50 x
50 x
50 x
50 x
55 x
60 x
60 x
60 x
60 x
70 x
70 x
70 x
70 x
70 x
80 x
80 x
80 x
80 x
80 x
85 x
85 x
90 x
90 x
90 x
90 x
90 x
90 x
100 x
100 x
100 x
100 x
100 x
100 x
100 x
100 x
105 x
105 x
105 x
20 mm.
25 mm.
20 mm.
35 mm.
25 mm.
30 mm.
40 mm.
45 mm.
35 mm.
30 mm.
40 mm.
45 mm.
50 mm.
30 mm.
40 mm.
50 mm.
55 mm.
60 mm.
30 mm.
40 mm.
50 mm.
60 mm.
70 mm.
40 mm.
50 mm.
40 mm.
45 mm.
50 mm.
60 mm.
70 mm.
80 mm.
30 mm.
40 mm.
50 mm.
60 mm.
65 mm.
70 mm.
80 mm.
90 mm.
30 mm.
35 mm.
40 mm.
600x500
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
19
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR 250
Standard Optional Ingots
320 mm.
330 mm.
340 mm.
350 mm.
360 mm.
370 mm.
380 mm.
390 mm.
400 mm.
420 mm.
430 mm.
440 mm.
450 mm.
460 mm.
470 mm.
480 mm.
490 mm.
500 mm.
510 mm.
520 mm.
530 mm.
540 mm.
550 mm.
560 mm.
570 mm.
580 mm.
590 mm.
600 mm.
610 mm.
620 mm.
630 mm.
640 mm.
650 mm.
Rectangles
Squares
Round
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Standard
430 x
440 x
450 x
460 x
470 x
480 x
490 x
500 x
510 x
520 x
530 x
540 x
550 x
430 mm.
440 mm.
450 mm.
460 mm.
470 mm.
480 mm.
490 mm.
500 mm.
510 mm.
520 mm.
530 mm.
540 mm.
550 mm.
Optional
Ingots
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
105 x
110 x
110 x
110 x
110 x
110 x
110 x
110 x
110 x
115 x
120 x
120 x
120 x
120 x
120 x
120 x
120 x
125 x
130 x
130 x
130 x
130 x
130 x
130 x
130 x
130 x
130 x
140 x
140 x
140 x
145 x
150 x
150 x
150 x
160 x
160 x
160 x
160 x
165 x
170 x
170 x
170 x
90 mm.
30 mm.
35 mm.
40 mm.
50 mm.
60 mm.
70 mm.
90 mm.
80 mm.
55 mm.
40 mm.
50 mm.
60 mm.
70 mm.
80 mm.
90 mm.
100 mm.
85 mm.
40 mm.
50 mm.
55 mm.
60 mm.
70 mm.
80 mm.
90 mm.
100 mm.
110 mm.
70 mm.
80 mm.
90 mm.
75 mm.
90 mm.
100 mm.
110 mm.
40 mm.
65 mm.
80 mm.
100 mm.
135 mm.
110 mm.
120 mm.
150 mm.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
20
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR 250
Rectangles
Standar
180 x
180 x
185 x
180 x
190 x
200 x
200 x
200 x
200 x
205 x
210 x
210 x
210 x
215 x
220 x
220 x
220 x
230 x
230 x
245 x
260 x
290 x
300 x
300 x
320 x
320 x
320 x
350 x
360 x
380 x
400 x
400 x
400 x
400 x
400 x
400 x
420 x
420 x
430 x
430 x
470 x
490 x
100 mm.
120 mm.
165 mm.
170 mm.
145 mm.
80 mm.
90 mm.
100 mm.
150 mm.
155 mm.
100 mm.
130 mm.
160 mm.
85 mm.
70 mm.
150 mm.
170 mm.
180 mm.
185 mm.
165 mm.
120 mm.
200 mm.
70 mm.
150 mm.
60 mm.
80 mm.
220 mm.
100 mm.
65 mm.
90 mm.
60 mm.
80 mm.
100 mm.
120 mm.
130 mm.
180 mm.
80 mm.
120 mm.
160 mm.
330 mm.
90 mm.
245 mm.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Optional
Ingots
Standar
490 x
520 x
520 x
520 x
520 x
520 x
520 x
520 x
620 x
620 x
620 x
620 x
620 x
620 x
295 mm.
50 mm.
60 mm.
80 mm.
100 mm.
120 mm.
135 mm.
330 mm.
60 mm.
80 mm.
100 mm.
120 mm.
270 mm.
330 mm.
x
x
x
x
Optional
Ingots
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
21
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR 250
Rectangles
720 x
720 x
720 x
720 x
60 mm.
80 mm.
100 mm.
120 mm.
x
x
x
x
22
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
2000 mm +50/+150 mm
3000 mm +50/+150 mm
Others
Turned
Milled
Peeled
As-cast
Outside
Machined
Tubes
Outside
Ingots
Square
1000 mm -0/+50 mm
MACHINED
Round
Rectangle
Square
Round
AS-CAST
Standard Length
8 Possible as special if required both Length and Tolerance.
23
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Unibar guarantees the characteristics particular to its various grades, with chemical
composition subject to the discretion of its Technical Department. Required variations
in mechanical or compositional characteristics must be discussed in advance, and
specified on the order.
The following table shows the chemical composition of the various Unibar flake
grades for information purposes only. The percentages of C and Si vary according to
the dimensions of the bar.
ELEMENT
Carbon
2.9 3.65
Silicon
1.8 2.9
Manganese
0.5 0.7
Sulphur
0.1 max
Phosphorus
0.3 max.
24
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
Hardness
Range H.B.
2.5/187.5
UTS
(N/mm2) or
(Mpa) Min.-
150-210
140-200
130-190
120-190
120-190
180
155
130
115
< 25 mm
25-50 mm
50-100 mm
100-200 mm
> 200 mm
190-250
180-230
180-220
170-220
160-220
225
195
170
155
< 25 mm
25-50 mm
50-100 mm
100-200 mm
> 200 mm
210-260
200-240
200-230
190-230
190-230
250
235
210
170
40-200 mm
160-200
170
40-200 mm
140-180
160
UNIBAR 350
(Special)
UNIBAR-300
UNIBAR-250 UNIBAR-200
< 25 mm
25-50 mm
50-100 mm
100-200 mm
> 200 mm
UNIBAR GP
(Special)
Diameter or
Module of
Cooling
UNIBAR GF
(Special)
UNIBAR
Grade
The table below shows details of the expected values. It is important to note that, due
to the effect of sensitivity to the thickness of the flake cast iron, the values of these
properties reduce as the diameter or cooling modulus of the bar increases.
Matrix
Structure
Graphite
Structure
Rim.- Ferritic
Core.- Ferritic
Rim.- Ferritic
20-150 mm
210-280
210
With IB/ID/IE
if % P>0.3 is desired).
(10% maximum)
25
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
NOTES:
1. The test specimen for tensile strength is taken from mid-radius.
2. The cooling modulus for square and rectangular bars is obtained by applying
the formula
Mod =
C=Width
2xCxc
(C+c)
c=Height
Ring
Core
26
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
SURFACE HARDENING
The UNIBAR-300 and UNIBAR-350 qualities are recommended for surface hardening
(approx. 880C.). Given its pearlitic structure in the as-cast condition, it is advisable to
test the 1st samples in order to check the values reached (40/55 HRc).
UNIBAR-350 is specially recommended for parts where high values of hardness are
required in areas close to the periphery, since this is mainly pearlitic.
The process of hardening UNIBAR-200 with a ferritic structure is not recommended.
The UNIBAR-250 pearlitic-ferritic quality allows hardening although the results will be
inferior to those obtained with UNIBAR-300 and UNIBAR-350.
Generally, the through-hardening of Unibar is not to be recommended.
In the areas of the bar close to the core it is advisable to bear in mind (especially for
large dimensions) that because of its thick graphite sheet structure, the values of
hardness reached will be lower than those obtained in the areas close to the outside
of the bar.
In general, other types of surface hardening (nitriding, sulphinizing, etc.) are perfectly
applicable as with any type of traditional Flake Cast Iron. However, the treatment
specialist will have to take into account the normal considerations, including the
following:
1. Structure and hardness of the core-periphery of the bar in the as-cast
condition;
2. Awareness of the different qualities as referred to in the case of hardening
treatment;
3. Variation in casting characteristics depending on the dimensions of the bar;
See grading of suitability for hardening in Comparative Table Of Unibar Behaviour in
page 68.
27
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
ROUND
SQUARE AND
RECTANGULAR
Minimum
Machining Allowance
Minimum
Machining Allowance
25-50
2 mm
2.5 mm
55-75
2 mm
3 mm
80-100
2,5 mm
4 mm
105-150
3 mm
4 mm
155-200
4 mm
5 mm
210-280
5 mm
5 mm
290-350
7.5 mm
7.5 mm
360-430
10 mm
10 mm
NOTE:
This machining allowance refers to the radius of the round bar or to each face of the
square or rectangular bar. For example, in order to obtain a 40 mm as a final
dimension, we must start with a 44 mm as a minimum. In the case of square and
rectangular sections, we have to machine a dimension 108x108 mm or over in order
to obtain a final dimension of 100x100 mm.
28
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
TOLERANCE in comparison
with the nominal
measurement
Maximum ovality
-.
20-100
- 0 /+ 2 mm
1 mm
105-200
- 0 / + 3mm
2 mm
> 200
- 3 /+ 3 mm
4 mm
29
T E C H N I C A L
SQUARE
SHAPE
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
In comparison with
the nominal
measurement
SQUARE C x C
C
TOLERANCE
SQUARE
C < 100 mm
C (0, +2)
TOLERANCE
SQUARE
100 < = C-Width
<=200
C (0, +3)
TOLERANCE
SQUARE
200mm < C
C (- 3, +3)
In comparison with
TOLERANCE
TOLERANCE
TOLERANCE
the nominal
RECTANGLE
RECTANGLE
RECTANGLE
measurement
c-Height
c-Height 100 < c-Height 200mm
RATIO C / c
C-Width<100 mm = C-Width <=200
< C-Width
C- Widt...c- Height
1 < C/c < 1,5
RECTANGLE
c(0,+2)
c(0,+3)
c(0,+4)
C(0,+2)
c(0,+3)
C(0,+3)
c(0,+4)
C(-3,+3)
c(0,+5)
C(0,+2)
C(0,+3)
C(-3,+3)
c(0,+4)
c(0,+5)
c(0,+6)
C(0,+2)
C(0,+3)
C(-3,+3)
c(0,+5)
c(0,+6)
c(0,+7)
C(0,+2)
C(0,+3)
C(-3+3)
c(0,+6)
c(0,+7)
c(0,+8)
C(0,+2)
C(0,+3)
C(-3,+3)
30
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
3.2
31
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR 400-15
SPHEROIDAL FERRITIC CAST IRON. (GJS -400-15 EN-1563)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Its structure is ferritic, obtained via heat treatment (190 HB max), and is therefore used
when machinability and a good surface finish are the required characteristics.
Because of its ferritic structure it is recommended for uses requiring high heat and/or
electric conductivity, as well as good magnetic permeability.
UNIBAR-400-15 possesses high ductility, as illustrated by its high percentage of
elongation. It can be manufactured with values of hardness of 180 HB as a maximum
and elongation corresponding to the standard GJS-400-18 EN-1563, with or without
impact resistance specifications, according to the order specifications.
AVAILABILITY
32
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR-500-7
SPHEROIDAL PEARLITIC-FERRITIC CAST IRON. (GJS -500-7 EN-1563)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
33
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
34
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR-600-3
SPHEROIDAL PERLITIC CAST IRON (GJS -600-3 EN-1563)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
UNIBAR-600-3 has a structure that is predominantly pearlitic (>50%) in the core, which
makes it specially recommended for applications requiring high resistance to wear
and maximum strength.
The average hardness values fall within the range HB-200-260.
AVAILABILITY
Available subject to consultation, taking the UNIBAR-500-7 sizes as a basis (see list of
Standard Sizes on page 40).
Subject to minimum order.
UNIBAR-700-2
SPHEROIDAL PEARLITIC CAST IRON (GJS -700-2 EN-1563)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Available subject to consultation, taking the UNIBAR-500-7 sizes as a basis (see the list
of Standard Sizes on page 40).
Subject to minimum order.
35
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR-ADI
(AUSTEMPERING DUCTILE IRON)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
4 The ability to utilise dimensions very close to the finished size prior to the
austempering treatment, thus allowing better dimensional stability in comparison
with steels. Through hardening is required to produce similar properties in steels with
the attendant risk of distortion.
4 Ease of machining, similar to UNIBAR-600-3, in comparison with various steels, due
to the lubricating effect of the graphite. The hardness values prior to the
austempering treatment vary between 220-280 HB;
4 UNIBAR-600-3 can also be pre-annealed in order to get a better machinability prior
to the austempering process.
4 Vibration damping higher than that of steel;
4 Good ratio of ductility to strength with high values of elastic limit:
From
850MPa(UTS)
To
1400Mpa(UTS)
550Mpa
(PS-0.2%)
1100Mpa
(PS-0.2%)
10%(El)
1%(El)
AVAILABILITY
36
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
37
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
38
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
4 In general, the most valuable property in the majority of designs is tensile strength,
not ductility. Most technical calculations are therefore based on the elastic limit,
increased by a safety factor, and not on tensile strength. This is why using Unibar
Spheroidal Graphite bar offers clear advantages over steel.
UTS (Mpa)
O.2%PS
(Mpa)
%
Elongation
H.B.
400-800
250-500
22-2
140-300
Up to 1200
Up to 900
2-1
Up to 550
A.D.I.
800-1600
600-1400
10-1
260-480
Austenitic
370-450
190-210
6-20
120-210
400-750
450-250
25-11
130-220
650-1800
450-1400
15-5
200-500
Ferritic-Pearlitic
39
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR 500-7
Standard Optional Ingots
30 mm.
35 mm.
40 mm.
45 mm.
50 mm.
55 mm.
60 mm.
65 mm.
70 mm.
75 mm.
80 mm.
85 mm.
90 mm.
95 mm.
100 mm.
105 mm.
110 mm.
115 mm.
120 mm.
125 mm.
130 mm.
135 mm.
140 mm.
145 mm.
150 mm.
155 mm.
160 mm.
165 mm.
170 mm.
180 mm.
190 mm.
200 mm.
210 mm.
220 mm.
230 mm.
240 mm.
250 mm.
260 mm.
270 mm.
280 mm.
290 mm.
Rectangles
Squares
Round
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Standard
40 x
50 x
60 x
70 x
75 x
80 x
85 x
90 x
95 x
100 x
105 x
110 x
115 x
120 x
130 x
135 x
140 x
150 x
155 x
160 x
165 x
170 x
180 x
190 x
200 x
210 x
220 x
230 x
240 x
250 x
260 x
270 x
280 x
290 x
300 x
310 x
320 x
330 x
340 x
350 x
360 x
40 mm.
50 mm.
60 mm.
70 mm.
75 mm.
80 mm.
85 mm.
90 mm.
95 mm.
100 mm.
105 mm.
110 mm.
115 mm.
120 mm.
130 mm.
135 mm.
140 mm.
150 mm.
155 mm.
160 mm.
165 mm.
170 mm.
180 mm.
190 mm.
200 mm.
210 mm.
220 mm.
230 mm.
240 mm.
250 mm.
260 mm.
270 mm.
280 mm.
290 mm.
300 mm.
310 mm.
320 mm.
330 mm.
340 mm.
350 mm.
360 mm.
Optional
Ingots
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
50 x 45 mm.
65 x 35 mm.
65 x 50 mm.
70 x 40 mm.
70 x 50 mm.
70 x 60 mm.
80 x 60 mm.
82 x 69 mm.
85 x 30 mm.
85 x 55 mm.
88 x 82 mm.
90 x 55 mm.
90 x 60 mm.
90 x 65 mm.
95 x 75 mm.
100 x 50 mm.
100 x 70 mm.
100 x 80 mm.
110 x 55 mm.
110 x 62 mm.
110 x 70 mm.
110 x 85 mm.
120 x 50 mm.
120 x 70 mm.
120 x 90 mm.
120 x 95 mm.
120 x 100 mm.
125 x 95 mm.
125 x 105 mm.
130 x 55 mm.
130 x 65 mm.
130 x 90 mm.
130 x 100 mm.
130 x 110 mm.
135 x 85 mm.
135 x 95 mm.
140 x 90 mm.
140 x 110 mm.
140 x 125 mm.
145 x 75 mm.
145 x 105 mm.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
40
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR 500-7
Standard Optional Ingots
300 mm.
310 mm.
320 mm.
330 mm.
340 mm.
350 mm.
360 mm.
370 mm.
380 mm.
390 mm.
400 mm.
410 mm.
420 mm.
430 mm.
440 mm.
450 mm.
460 mm.
470 mm.
480 mm.
490 mm.
500 mm.
510 mm.
520 mm.
530 mm.
540 mm.
550 mm.
560 mm.
570 mm.
580 mm.
590 mm.
600 mm.
610 mm.
620 mm.
630 mm.
640 mm.
650 mm.
Rectangles
Squares
Round
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Standard
Optional
Ingots
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
150 x
150 x
150 x
160 x
160 x
165 x
165 x
168 x
175 x
175 x
175 x
180 x
185 x
190 x
190 x
200 x
205 x
208 x
210 x
220 x
235 x
230 x
235 x
235 x
240 x
245 x
245 x
250 x
250 x
255 x
260 x
320 x
320 x
320 x
320 x
380 x
400 x
400 x
400 x
420 x
420 x
420 x
430 x
85 mm.
100 mm.
140 mm.
110 mm.
130 mm.
90 mm.
145 mm.
60 mm.
110 mm.
135 mm.
145 mm.
130 mm.
125 mm.
130 mm.
170 mm.
140 mm.
100 mm.
184 mm.
160 mm.
120 mm.
80 mm.
180 mm.
185 mm.
230 mm.
190 mm.
155 mm.
195 mm.
85 mm.
245 mm.
185 mm.
200 mm.
80 mm.
100 mm.
120 mm.
220 mm.
90 mm.
80 mm.
100 mm.
180 mm.
80 mm.
100 mm.
120 mm.
330 mm.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
41
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR 500-7
Rectangles
Squares
Round
Standar Optional Ingots
Standar
Optional
Ingots
42
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
2000 mm +50/+150 mm
3000 mm +50/+150 mm
Others
Turned
Milled
Peeled
As-cast
Outside
Machined
Tubes
Outside
Ingots
Square
1000 mm -0/+50 mm
MACHINED
Round
Rectangle
Square
Round
AS-CAST
Standard Length
8 Possible as special if required both Length and Tolerance.
43
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
ROUND
SQUARE AND
RECTANGULAR
Minimum
Machining Allowance
Minimum
Machining Allowance
25-50
2 mm
55-75
2.5 mm
3 mm
80-100
3 mm
4 mm
105-150
4 mm
5 mm
155-200
5 mm
6 mm
210-280
6 mm
7 mm
290-350
8 mm
9 mm
360-430
10 mm
12 mm
2.5 mm
44
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
NOTE:
This machining allowance refers to the radius of the round bar or to each face of the
square or rectangular bar. For example, in order to obtain a 40 mm as a final
dimension, we must start with a 44 mm as a minimum. In the case of square and
rectangular sections, we have to machine a dimension 108x108 mm or over in order
to obtain a final dimension of 100x100 mm.
TOLERANCE in
comparison with
the nominal measurement
Maximum Ovality
-
20-100
- 0.5 / +2 mm
2 mm
105-200
- 0.5 / +3 mm
3 mm
> 200
- 3/ +3 mm
4 mm
45
T E C H N I C A L
SQUARE
SHAPE
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
In comparison with
the nominal
measurement
SQUARE C x C
TOLERANCE
SQUARE
C < 100 mm
TOLERANCE
SQUARE
100 < = C-Width
<=200
TOLERANCE
SQUARE
200mm < C
C-
C(- 0.5,+2)
C(- 0.5,+3)
C(- 3,+3)
In comparison with
TOLERANCE
TOLERANCE
TOLERANCE
the nominal
RECTANGLE
RECTANGLE
RECTANGLE
measurement
c-Height
c-Height 100 <
c-Height 200mm
RATIO C / c
C-Width<100 mm = C-Width <=200
< C-Width
C- Widt...c- Height
1 < C/c < 1,5
RECTANGLE
c(0,+2)
c(0,+3)
c(0,+4)
C( - 0.5,+2)
C(- 0.5,+3)
C( - 3,+3)
c(0,+3)
c(0,+4)
c(0,+5)
C( - 0.5,+2)
C(- 0.5,+3)
C( - 3,+3)
c(0,+4)
c(0,+5)
c(0,+6)
C( - 0.5,+2)
c(0,+5)
C(- 0.5,+3)
c(0,+6)
C( - 3,+3)
c(0,+7)
C( - 0.5,+2)
C(- 0.5,+3)
C( - 3,+3)
c(0,+6)
c(0,+7)
c(0,+8)
C( - 0.5,+2)
C(- 0.5,+3)
C( - 3,+3)
46
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Unibar guarantees the physical characteristics particular to its various grades, with
the chemical composition subject to the discretion of its Technical Department.
Required variations to the mechanical or compositional characteristics must be
discussed in advance and specified on the order (for example, percentage of
elements which influence austempering for Unibar-ADI).
The following table shows the chemical composition of the various Unibar spheroidal
grades for information purposes only. The percentages of C and Si vary according to
the dimensions of the bar.
ELEMENT
Carbon
3.4 - 3.85
Silicon
2.3 - 3.1
Manganese
0.1 - 0.3
Sulphur
Phosphorus
0.020 max.
0.1 max.
47
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
DIAMETER
COOLING
MODULUS
HARDNESS
RANGE H.B.
2.5/187.5
0.2 % PS
UTS
%
(N/mm2) or (N/mm2) or
PEARLITE
(Mpa) -Min.- (Mpa) -Min.-
UNIBAR 400-15
< 50 mm
> 50 mm
190 MAX
180 MAX
10 MAX
10 MAX
250
240
390
370
15
12
UNIBAR 500-7
< 50 mm
> 50 mm
180-230
15-50
300
290
450
420
7
5
UNIBAR 600-3
< 50 mm
> 50 mm
200-260
50-80
360
340
600
550
3
1
UNIBAR 700-2
< 50 mm
> 50 mm
230-290
70-100
400
380
700
660
2
1
% TEL
-Min.-
NOTE:
1 UNIBAR-400-15 can be supplied, subject to consultation, with specific values
relating to elongation and/or minimum impact resistance, as well as maximum
values of hardness (according to dimensions).
2 UNIBAR-500-7 can be supplied, subject to consultation, with specific maximum
values of hardness and percentage of pearlite (depending on dimensions). The
EN-1563 (Spheroidal) and EN-1561 (Laminar) standards provide for casting requests
in accordance with specific HB hardness values. In this case, these values will
determine the Unibar grade, while the mechanical characteristics (UTS, PS, EL) will
be provided for information only.
3 Spheroidal Unibar has a rim on the periphery with approximately 200/250
nod/mm2. The structure is predominantly ferritic in the grades UNIBAR-400-15 and
UNIBAR-500-7 and predominantly pearlitic in UNIBAR-600-3 and UNIBAR-700-2. With
regard to the core, the number of nodules is approximately 80/150 nod/mm2,
depending on the dimensions involved.
4 The graphite comes in forms V and VI (EN ISO 945), or Types I and II (ASTM A-247).
5. UNIBAR-500-7, 600-3 and 700-2 can have a maximum percentage of 5% Fe3C in a
form dispersed in the outside rim.
48
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR NI-RESIST
3.3
49
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR NI-RESIST
UNIBAR-NR-F (FLAKE GRAPHITE) AND UNIBAR-NR- S (SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
50
T E C H N I C A L
Chemical
Composition
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR NR-F
ASTM A436
Type 1
UNIBAR NR-N
ASTM A439
Type D2
% Carbon
3.00 Max
3,0 Max
3.00 Max
3,00 Max
% Silicon
1,5 2,8
1,00 - 2,8
1.5 - 3.0
1,5 - 3,0
% Manganese
0,5 - 1.5
0,5 - 1,5
0.5 - 1.5
0,7 - 1,25
0.08 Max
0,08 Max
% Phosphorus
% Nickel
13.5 - 17.5
13,5 - 17,5
18,00 22,00
18,00 - 22,00
% Copper
5.5 - 7.5
5,5/7,5
0,5 Max.
N/A
1.00 - 2.50
1,00 - 2,50
1.00 - 2.50
1,75 - 2,75
% Chromium
0,12 Max
% Sulphur
Mechanical
Characteristics
N/A
N/A
30.5(210)
30 (207) Min
UTS-ksi (Mpa)
24,6/170 Min.
25/172 Min
53,7(370)
58 (400) Min
% Elongation
N/A
N/A
7 Min.
8 Min
140 - 202
131 - 183
140 - 200
139 - 202
0.2%PS-ksi(Mpa)
Brinell Hardness
AVAILABILITY
UNIBAR Ni-Resist is not a grade that is normally held on stock; its availability is subject
to consultation.
51
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR INGOTS
4.0
52
UNIBAR Ingots
UNIBAR INGOTS
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR INGOTS
Unibar ingots are ideal for cross-sections greater than those obtained by the standard
Unibar horizontal casting process. All Unibar Ingots are produced in permanent
mould and are proof machined.
Standard sizes are included in the tables of Unibar Turned and Unibar Milled.
SPHEROIDAL
Si
Mn
Unibar 250
3.05/3.15
2.35/2.45
0.50/0.80
0.05/0.08
0.2 Max
Unibar 300
3.05/3.15
2.35/2.45
0.50/0.80
0.05/0.08
0.2 Max
Unibar 400-15
3.35/3.50
2.40/2.60
0.25 Max
0.02 Max
0.05 Max
Unibar 500-7
3.35/3.50
2.40/2.60
0.25 Max
0.02 Max
0.05 Max
0.25/0.30
0.045/0.065
Unibar 600-3
3.35/3.50
2.40/2.60
0.25 Max
0.02 Max
0.05 Max
0.55/0.65
0.045/0.065
Unibar 700-2
3.35/3.50
2.40/2.60
0.25 Max
0.02 Max
0.05 Max
0.80/0.95
0.045/0.065
UNIBAR INGOTS
Cu
Mg
0.8/1.1
0.045/0.065
53
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
Microstructure
Pearlite Ferrite
Carbide
(HB)
0.2%PS
UTS
%EL
FLAKE
Graphite
Unibar 250
Type I-A3/A4
80%Min
20%Max
5% Max (Ring)
160/220
Unibar 300
Type I-A3/A4
95%Min
5%Max
5% Max (Ring)
190/240
SPHEROIDAL
Grade
Unibar 400-15
>80% Type V or VI
20% Max
80% Min
5% Max (Ring)
190 Max
250 Min
400 Min
15 Min
Unibar 500-7
>80% Type V or VI
15-60%
85-40%
5% Max (Ring)
180/230
320 Min
500 Min
7 Min
Unibar 600-3
>80% Type V or VI
50-90%
50-10%
5% Max (Ring)
200/260
370 Min
600 Min
3 Min
Unibar 700-2
>80% Type V or VI
60-100%
40-0%
5% Max (Ring)
220/280
420 Min
700 Min
2 Min
UNIBAR INGOTS
54
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR MACHINING
5.0
55
UNIBAR Machining
UNIBAR MACHINING
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR MACHINING
So that our customers can maximize the use of their precision machining centres
(which are costly to run) to produce their more complex parts, we make available all
Unibar Production Centres with machining facilities. Less complicated operations, or
the prior work of proof machining, can be carried out, thus lowering the overall cost
of production.
In addition to the clear reduction in pre-machining costs due to using less costly
machinery in this operation, machined Unibar products allow our customers to
increase their production capacity by subcontracting part of their machining process
to Unibar, thus allowing them to meet peaks in demand which they would not
otherwise be able to satisfy.
This also means that our customers can concentrate their investments on more
complex and up-to-date machinery, which will allow them to maintain and improve
their competitive position in an environment subject to continual change.
UNIBAR MACHINING
56
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR TUBES
Unibar tubes can be supplied with the exterior surface as-cast or machined. These
two variants are complemented by a wide selection of internal measurements, which
currently range from 30 to 250 mm. However, since Unibar's range of dimensions is
increasing daily, new internal and external measurements are continually being
incorporated into the Unibar production schedule.
Unibar Tubes are especially suitable for applications such as:
Rings
Segments
Spacers
Pulleys
Note: Other sizes, lengths and tolerances also available after consultation.
The expected mechanical characteristics in Unibar Tubes are those which
correspond to the solid bar (External ) and not to the thickness of the tube.
Unibar
Type
Concast
Ingot
Outside
Inside
Diameter Diameter
From
50 mm to
500 mm
From
510 mm to
715 mm
UNIBAR MACHINING
From
20 mm to
100 mm
From
110 mm to
250 mm
From
110 mm to
250 mm
Tool
Increments
5 mm
Outside
Tolerance
+0 / +2 mm
for Outside
Proof-Machined
10 mm
10 mm
Inside
Tolerance
+0 / -2 mm
Length
1000 mm
-0 / +50 mm
+0 / -3 mm
-0 / 2 mm
for Outside
Proof-Machined
+0 / -3 mm
1000 mm
-0 / +50 mm
57
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR TURNED
Unibar Turned can avoid the machining operations prior to grinding as they are
supplied with a machining allowance close to the final measurement required by our
customers. In this way, our customers only have to carry out the final grinding in order
to achieve the desired measurements. Unibar Turned therefore comes with a
standard tolerance of +1mm, although after consultation we can offer alternatives to
suit all of our customers' requirements.
Following are the most common applications of Unibar Turned:
Pistons
Pulleys
Valve guides
Unibar Type
Outside
Tolerance
Length
Concast
From 50 mm to
500 mm
-0 / +2 mm for
Outside Proof-Machined
-0 / +5 mm for
Outside Proof-Machined
1.000 mm -0 / +30 mm
Ingot
From
510 mm to
715 mm
UNIBAR MACHINING
58
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR PEELED
In the case of machined Unibar with diameters of less than 110 mm., the alternative
to Unibar Turned is Unibar Peeled. As these are smaller dimensions, and involve a
different machining process, the tolerances offered are more precise, for example h12.
Following are the most common applications of Unibar Peeled:
Pistons
Valve guides
Corrector guides
Unibar Type
Concast
Outside
From
20 mm to
105 mm
Tolerance
Length
3.000 mm 0 / +80 mm
Note: Other sizes, lengths and tolerances available after consultation. However, for
more information consult the standard Unibar length as cast on pages 19 and 40.
UNIBAR MACHINING
59
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR MILLED
In the case of Square or Rectangular Unibar, we can offer our customers two options:
milling on either 4 or 6 faces. This means that the only remaining machining
operations are the grinding and boring of the block.
In addition to this, Unibar has more than 150 different un-machined sizes permanently
in stock, allowing us to adapt to any standard hydraulic block dimension in existence
on the market. The range of dimensions that Unibar offers is increasing daily, and new
sizes are continually being incorporated into the Unibar production schedule.
Hydraulic blocks
Guides
Bases
Unibar
Type
Outside
Tolerance
Length
Concast 4
Sides Milled
From 30x30 mm
to 400x400 mm
0.2 mm
2000 to 3000 mm
-0 / +80 mm
Concast 4
Sides Milled
From 30x30 mm
to 400x400 mm
0.2 mm
Ingot 6
Sides Milled
From 450x450 mm
to 600x600 mm
+0 / +2 mm
for Outside
Proof-Machined
1000 mm
0 / +30 mm
NOTE: Tighter tolerances are also available depending on the length of the pieces.
UNIBAR MACHINING
60
UNIBAR Applications
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR APPLICATIONS
6.0
61
UNIBAR Machining
UNIBAR APPLICATIONS
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR APPLICATIONS
In addition to offering the advantages listed above, Unibar is extremely suitable for
those applications whose geometry is close to the standard sections: round, square.
However, Unibar can be produced in a multitude of forms to meet the customers'
requirements.
You can see some of the existing applications below, with these being split into the
following sectors:
UNIBAR APPLICATIONS
62
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR APPLICATIONS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Unibar NR - S
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Unibar ADI
X
X
Unibar 700-2
Unibar 600-3
Unibar G - F
Unibar G - P
Unibar 300
Unibar 500-7
Unibar 250
Cylinder blocks
End Caps
Glands
Hidraulic Manifolds HIGH Pressure
Hidraulic Manifolds LOW Pressure
Hydraulic Pistons
Piston ring inserts
Pump bodies
Rotors
Spool valves
Spools
Valve bodies
Valve guides
Valves
Bearings
Brake Pistons
Bushings
Carriers
Chain Rollers
Cross-slides
Die blocks
Face plates
Flywheels
Gear racks
Gears
Gears for Printing Machinery
Gibs
Guide rail
Jib strips
Jigs & fixtures
Metal fed tubes
Paper press rolls
Piston for electric impact drill
Press rams
Pulleys
Rams
Rotary tables
Shoe moulds for plastic
Side frames
Sleeve casting
Slides
Spindle Housings
Spindles
Taper lock bushes
Unibar 200
Applications
Special Qualities
Unibar 400-15
Sector
Spheroidal
Unibar NR - F
Flake
Applications List
Unibar 350
T E C H N I C A L
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
63
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
Glass Manufacturing
Industry
Baffles
Blank molds
Bottom plates
Discs
Full molds
Funnels
Guide and neck rings
Plungers
Sleeves
UNIBAR APPLICATIONS
Unibar ADI
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Unibar NR - S
Unibar 700-2
Unibar 500-7
Unibar 400-15
Unibar G - F
Unibar G - P
Unibar 300
X
X
X
X
X
Special Qualities
Unibar 600-3
Automovile Industry
Brake Pistons
Camshafts
Cylinder liners
Damper Pistons in Schock Absorbers
Fluid pumps - tanker types lorries for pumping fluids
Gears
Motorcycle Disc Brake
Pulleys
Rail Spacers
Shafts
Tappet Guides
Turbocharger Bushings
Valve guides
Valve seat inserts
Crankshafts
End covers
Gears
Housings
Liners
Mechanical Seals
Piston ring inserts
Pistons
Pump rings
Rollers
Rotary Screws
Rotors
Rotors in fluid pumps
Rotors in vacuum pumps
Screw Rotors for pumps
Seals
Shaft coupling for cooler compressor
Spacer rings
Vane - type rotors
Unibar 250
Applications
Unibar 200
Sector
Spheroidal
Unibar NR - F
Flake
Applications List
Unibar 350
T E C H N I C A L
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
64
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
Miscellaneous
UNIBAR APPLICATIONS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
65
Unibar NR - S
Unibar NR - F
Special Qualities
Unibar 700-2
Unibar 600-3
Unibar 500-7
X
X
Unibar 400-15
X
X
Unibar G - F
Unibar 250
Unibar 350
Unibar 300
Steel
Machinery
Oil
and Gas
Applications
Unibar 200
Sector
Spheroidal
Unibar ADI
Flake
Applications List
Unibar G - P
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
UNIBAR: Additional
Information
T E C H N I C A L
7.0
66
UNIBAR Machining
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
Unibar-750-2
Unibar-600-3
Unibar-300
Unibar-500-7
Unibar-250
Unibar-350
Unibar-200
Resistance to Shearing
Torsion Resistance
Poisson Coefficient
Resistance to Compression
*Elasticity Modulus E
**Elasticity Modulus E
Limit of Elasticity at 0.1%Conventional ***
Elongation ****
Resistance to Buckling
Limit of Fatigue
Without Notch (10.6)
Ratio of Fatigue Without Notch
Limit of Fatigue *****
With Notch (10.6)
Thermal Conductivity at 300C
Thermal Capacity 20-500C
Coefficient of Lineal Dilation
20-400C
Density
Loss through hysteresis (B=1T)
Resistivity
Permeability
N/mm2
150-200
200-300
300-350
350-400
300-400
400-500
450-550
550-650
N/mm2
150-200
200-300
300-350
350-400
300-400
400-500
450-550
550-650
-----
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
N/mm2
500-700
700-850
850-950
900-1000
700
800
870
1000
GN/mm2
-----
-----
-----
-----
169
169
175
176
KN/mm2
75-110
100-120
110-130
120-140
-----
-----
-----
-----
N/mm2
100-180
160-220
190-250
220-280
-----
-----
-----
-----
0.2/0.8
0.2/0.8
0.2/0.8
0.2/0.8
12-18
7-14
3-10
1-5
N/mm2
250
330
380
480
-----
-----
-----
-----
N/mm2
-----
-----
-----
-----
180-200
200-220
220-250
250-280
Limit/UTS
-----
-----
-----
-----
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.4
N/mm2
-----
-----
-----
-----
110-120
120-140
140-155
155-170
W/(K.m)
50
Unit
CHARACTERISTIC
Unibar-450-15
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
45
45
43
36.2
35.2
32.5
31
J/(kg.K) 460-535
460-535
460-535
460-535
515
515
515
515
.m/(m.K) 11.7-13
11.7-13
11.7-13
11.7-13
11.7-13
12.5
12.5
12.5
7.2
7.25
7.3
7.1
7.1
7.2
kgs./dm3
J/m3
7.1
600
1000-2000 2000-2500
7.2
2700
W.m
0.75-0.8
0.7-0.75
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.51
0.54
0.54
H/m
220-330
220-330
220-330
220-330
2136
1596
866
500
Note:The data regarding the UNIBAR-200 to UNIBAR-350 flake cast bar refers to a RD30 separately cast bar.
The data presented is approximate and provided for information only. It is based on the technical bibliography on the subject.
Any requirement for minimums/maximums on top of these parameters must be discussed in advance.
*
**
***
****
*****
67
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
F-P
P-F
**
**
***
***
****
****
*****
**
***
ADI
Unibar NR-S
F-P
***
Unibar NR-F
***
Unibar-750-2
**
Unibar-600-3
Unibar-200-P
P-F
Unibar-500-7
Unibar-350
F
**
Unibar-200-F
Unibar-250
Structure
Fatigue Strength
Characteristic
Unibar-300
Unibar-200
Unibar-400-15
Resistance to Corrosion
**
**
**
**
***
***
***
**
**
**
****
*****
*****
Machinability
*****
****
***
***
***
****
****
***
**
**
**
***
***
Dampening capacity
*****
****
****
****
****
*****
***
***
***
***
***
****
***
Resistance to Wear
**
**
***
****
**
**
**
**
***
***
******
***
*****
**
***
****
**
***
***
*****
**
**
*****
***
***
***
****
***
AustemperedDuctility
Weldable
*****
****
**
**
**
**
**
Thermal Conductivity
**
**
***
****
**
**
**
**
***
***
****
Surface Finish
*****
****
***
***
****
*****
****
***
**
**
**
***
**
Forgeability
**
***
***
****
***
***
****
****
****
****
*****
**
****
*
Magnetic
-----
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
-----
-----
Yes
Yes
Yes
-----
-----
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Structure
P Perlitic
P-F Perlitic-Ferritic
A Austenitic
F Ferritic
F-P Ferritic-Perlitic
B Bainitic
68
No
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
Unibar-450-15
Unibar-500-7
Unibar-600-3
600-3
M 3193
GGG-400
GGG-500
GGG-600
NBN830-02
FNG42-12
FNG50-7
FNG60-2
BS 2789
400/12
500/7
600/3
GG 30
DS 11303
0715-0716
0727
0707
GRS 300
SFS 2113
GRP 400
GRP 500
GRP 600
AS1830
T-200
T-250
T-300
Austria 1983
M3191
GG-200
GG-250
GG-300
Belgium 1970
NBN 830-01
FGG 20
FGG 25
FGG 30
BS 1452
Gr.180/200
Gr.260
Gr.300
Denmark 1969
DS 11301
GG 20
GG 25
Finland
SFS 4855
GRS 200
GRS 250
Country
Unibar-300
500-7
Unibar-250
400-12
Unibar-200
AS 1831
Standard
Standard
Australia 1986
NF A32 -101
FGL 200
FGL 250
FGL 300
NF A32 - 201
FGS400-15
FGS500-7
FGS 600-3
Germany 1985
DIN 1691
GG - 20
GG - 25
GG - 30
DIN 1693
GGG-40
GGG-50
GGG-60
Holland 1966
NEN 6002A
GG 20
GG 25
GG 30
NEN 6002D
GN 42
GN 50
GN 60
Hungary 1981
France 1987
MSZ 8280
v 200
v 250
v 300
MSZ 8277
Gv 400
Gv 500
Gv 600
I.S.O. 1961
R 185
Gr. 20
Gr. 25
Gr. 30
ISO 1083
Gr.400-12
Gr.-500-7
Gr.-600-3
Italy 1969
UNI 5007
G 20
G 25
G 30
UNI 4544
GS400-12
GS500-7
GS600-3
Japan 1976
JIS. G5501
FC 20
FC 25
FC 30
JIG.G5502
FCD40
FCD50
FCD60
Norway 1963
N S 722
S j G 20
S j G 25
S j G 30
NS 11301
NS 11342
NS 11350
NS 11360
Poland 1986
PNH-83101
ZI 200
ZI 250
ZI 300
PNH-82123
Zs40012
Zs50007
Zs60003
Portugal 1981
NP 1758
FGL-200
FGL-250
FGL 300
NP 1759
FGE 400/12
FGE 500/7
FGE 600/3
Rumania 1982
S T A S 568
FC 200
FC 250
FC 300
S T A S 6071
FGN400-12
FGN500-7
FGN600-3
U N E 36-111
FG 20
FG 25
FG 30
U N E 36-118
FGE 42-12
FGE 50-7
FGE 60-2
SSOI 20-00
SSOI 25-00
SSOI 30-00
Spain 1973
Sweden 1984
MNC 705E
Switzerland 1961
VSM 10691
MNC 706E
SS07 17-00
SS07 27-02
SS07 32-03
VSM 10693
GGG42 FGS42
GGG50 FGS50
GGG60 FGS60
USA 1983
ASTM A48
Class 25
Class 35
Class 40
ASTM A536
65-45-12
70-50-07
80-60-03
USSR
GOST 1412
SC 20
SC 25
SC 30
GOST 7293
Vch40
Vch50
Vch60
Yugoslavia
JuscC. J2020
SL 20
SL 25
SL 30
JuscC. J2022
NL 42
NL50
NL60
SF 420.12
SFP500
SPF600
EN 1563
GJS-400-15
GJS-500-7
GJS-600-3
Meehanite
GE200
GD250
GB300
EN 1561
GJL-200
GJL-250
GJL-300
69
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
FLAKE
Grade
Unibar- 200
Unibar- 250
Unibar- 300
Unibar- 350
Unibar- G P
Unibar- G F
Unibar- NR F
DUCTILE
Colour
Grade
Colour
Orange
(No Colour)
Red
Violet
Silver (one end)
Silver (both ends)
Black - Yellow
Unibar-400-15
Unibar-500-7 Low hardness
Unibar-500-7 High hardness
Unibar-600-3
Unibar-700-2
Unibar-NR - S
Yellow
Light Green
Dark Green
Light Blue
Dark Blue
Red - Yellow
70
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
71
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
C.E. = %C
(%Si+%P)
3
4 CEMENTITE. - See "Carbides". This is formed when the liquid casting cools in
accordance with what is known as the metastable diagram.
Normally its
presence as free cementite is not desirable because of its hardness and brittleness.
However, sometimes it is beneficial in order to give the structure wear resistance.
4 COOLING MODULUS. - Relationship between the volume and the cooling surface
of a certain mass of metal or liquid alloy. In particular, we can point out the
cooling modulus of some of the most important geometric figures. Sometimes the
inverse relationship S/V is taken, instead of the V/S one taken below as the cooling
modulus.
=
Applications. - The roun d bar of diameter =2x has the same modulus as a
wall of thickness x. A rectangular bar of 100x50, has the same modulus as
a round bar of diameter -67-
72
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
4 DENSITY. - 7200 Kg/m3 for flake cast iron, (see tables of physical properties).
=
d x p x 0,0072
Kgr/Metro =
4
=
Kgr/Metro = L x l x 0,0072
=
Kgr/Metro = L x L x 0,0072
4 DUCTILITY. - Property that allows the permanent deformation of materials without
breaking when submitted to stress. In metal materials, the concept of plasticity
and ductility are similar.
4 ELASTICITY. - Property that allows materials to be deformed, solely during the
action of stress or compression loads. When these cease, the material acquires
the form prior to deformation. In metal materials it is associated with concepts of
Elasticity Modulus and Elastic Limit.
4 ELASTICITY MODULUS. - Relationship between the elastic limit and induced
elastic deformation (see Elastic Limit). In grey casting, there is no pure elastic
behaviour. The values provided are conventional and refer to the deformation
caused at a certain percentage of the maximum breaking load (approx. 75%).
4 ELASTIC LIMIT. - During elastic deformation, the maximum stress supported by the
sample in the tensile test (see "elasticity") is known as the elastic limit. The
relationship between this load and the original section of the sample is calculated.
4 ELONGATION. - Permanent deformation, which is measured in the samples in the
test for tensile strength once the sample reaches the maximum breaking load. It is
measured as a % of the original length of the sample.
73
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
74
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
4 LAMINAR GREY IRON - This is grey iron when the non-metallic phase is present in
the form of sheets of graphite. In common parlance it is often called by various
names: simple grey cast iron, cast iron, etc.
4 MACHINABILITY. - Ability of the metal materials to be submitted to the action of
the tools in the machining operations.
4 MARTENSITE. - Structure of acicular appearance, which is present in steels and
cast iron when the hardening process is carried out. It is hard, (though not as hard
as cementite,) and not very resistant. The tempering process accompanies the
hardening process in order to produce tempered martensite, reducing its hardness
and somewhat increasing its tensile strength
4 MATRIX. - Fundamental constituent of the microstructure. In casting it is said that
the structure consists of the metal matrix and the graphite (see "casting").
4 MILLING. - Machining operation. This is used on square and rectangular
continuous cast bars in order to clean the surface and improve its condition.
4 NODULARIZER. - Element added to the liquid casting which is necessary for the
graphite phase in the micro-structure to present the form of spheroids or nodules.
That is to say, the nodularizer is the element that makes the casting nodular instead
of laminar.
4 NORMALISED. - Heat treatment in which the iron alloy is heated to a temperature
higher than that of the ferrite-pearlite transformation and air-cooled, (with forced
or unforced air, depending on the thickness of the part). This process is called the
pearlising the material.
4 PEARLITE. - Structure, normally lamellar, (known as eutectoid), which is
characterised by the fact that the ferrite and the cementite are so closely linked
that they form a new constituent called pearlite, (see ferrite). In spite of being
harder than ferrite it is perfectly suitable for machining.
4 PEELED See "surfacing".
75
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
4 PORES. - Defects of the cavity type which are present in the metal or solid alloy as
a consequence of the presence of gases dissolved in the liquid. These gases
remain trapped in the liquid once their solubility drops, forming a bubble, which
results in the hole. (Also known as BLOW HOLES.)
4 ROCKWELL HARDNESS. - As hardness is the resistance of materials to penetration,
the value of Rockwell hardness is determined by the difference between the
penetration depths of 2 loads, (pre-load and load). These loads act on a ball of a
given diameter or on a diamond cone. Depending on these load values and the
penetration tool, we use the scale A, B or C.
4 SLAG. - Constituent of the liquid baths of the metal alloys, produced in fusion
processes for various reasons. Normally it is separated from the bath before
proceeding to solidify the alloy. Its presence in the solid metal or alloy constitutes
a serious defect.
4 SPHEROIDAL GREY IRON - This is grey iron when the non-metallic phase is present
in the form of spheroids or nodules of graphite. It is also called nodular iron or
ductile iron.
4 TEMPERING. - Low temperature annealing which accompanies the hardening
process in order to produce drawn martensite, lowering the hardness and
somewhat increasing tensile strength.
4 TENSILE STRENGTH. - The maximum stress a material can withstand before
breaking. The relationship between this maximum load and the surface of the
original working section of the sample submitted to the tensile test is calculated.
76
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. - Linearity constant from the general equation for heat
transmission.
C.E. = %C
(%Si+%P)
3
77
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
ROCKWELL
Hardness
Rc Diamond
BH
Cone 150 kg
SHORE
Rb Sphere
Ra Diamond
Cone
100 * g
80 kg
VICKERS
Diamond
Pyramid
(2,05)
(898,00)
(2,10)
(857,00)
(2,15)
(817,00)
(2,20)
(780,00)
70
106
1150
(2,25)
(745,00)
68
100
1050
(2,30)
(712,00)
66
95
950
(2,35)
(682,00)
64
82,2
91
885
(2,40)
(653,00)
62
81,2
87
820
(2,45)
(627,00)
60
80,5
84
765
(2,50)
(601,00)
58
80,2
81
717
2,55
578
57
79,4
78
675
2,60
555
55
(120)
78,6
75
633
2,65
534
53
(119)
77,9
72
598
2,70
514
52
(119)
77,0
70
567
2,75
495
50
(117)
76,5
67
540
2,80
477
49
(117)
75,7
65
515
2,85
461
47
(116)
75,0
63
494
2,90
444
46
(115)
74,2
61
472
2,95
429
45
(115)
73,4
59
454
3,00
415
44
(114)
72,3
57
427
3,05
401
42
(113)
72,0
55
420
3,10
388
41
(112)
71,2
54
404
3,15
375
40
(112)
70,6
52
389
3,20
363
38
(110)
70,3
51
375
3,25
352
37
(110)
69,3
49
363
3,30
341
36
(109)
68,7
48
350
3,35
331
35
(109)
68,1
46
329
3,40
321
34
(108)
67,5
45
327
78
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
BRINELL
Imprint mm load
3.000 kg Sphere
10 mm
ROCKWELL
Hardness
Rc Diamond
BH
Cone 150 kg
SHORE
Rb Sphere
Ra Diamond
Cone
100 * g
80 kg
VICKERS
Diamond
Pyramid
3,45
311
33
(108)
66,9
44
316
3,50
302
32
(107)
66,8
43
305
3,55
293
31
(106)
65,7
42
296
3,60
285
30
(105)
65,3
40
287
3,65
277
29
(104)
64,6
39
279
3,70
269
28
(104)
64,1
38
270
3,75
262
26
(103)
63,6
37
263
3,80
255
25
(102)
63,0
37
255
3,85
248
24
(102)
62,5
36
248
3,90
241
23
100
61,8
35
241
3,95
235
22
99
61,4
34
235
4,00
229
21
98
60,8
33
229
4,05
223
20
97
32
223
4,10
217
(18)
96
31
217
4,15
212
(17)
96
31
212
4,20
207
(16)
95
30
207
4,25
201
(15)
94
30
202
4,30
197
(13)
93
29
197
4,35
192
(12)
92
28
192
4,40
187
(10)
91
28
187
4,45
183
(9)
90
27
183
4,50
179
(8)
88
27
179
4,55
174
(7)
88
26
174
4,60
170
(6)
87
26
170
4,65
167
(4)
86
25
166
4,70
163
(3)
85
25
163
4,75
159
(2)
84
24
159
4,80
156
(1)
83
24
156
79
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
BRINELL
Imprint mm load
3.000 kg Sphere
10 mm
ROCKWELL
Hardness
Rc Diamond
BH
Cone 150 kg
SHORE
Rb Sphere
Ra Diamond
Cone
100 * g
80 kg
VICKERS
Diamond
Pyramid
4,85
152
82
23
153
4,90
149
81
23
149
4,95
146
80
22
146
5,00
143
79
22
143
5,05
140
78
21
140
5,10
137
77
21
137
5,40
121
70
121
5,45
118
69
118
5,50
116
68
116
5,55
114
67
114
5,60
112
66
112
5,65
109
65
109
5,70
107
64
107
5,75
105
62
105
5,80
103
61
103
5,85
101
60
101
5,90
93
59
99
5-,95
87
57
97
6,00
83
56
95
80
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
CONVERSION FACTORS
Take
Multiply by
To get
Newtons/mm2
Kilograms
Newtons
Pounds
Inches
Centimetres
Pounds
Grams
Cubic Metre
Kg/Metre
Grams/cc
Cubic Feet
Cubic Inch
Centimetre
Feet
Pounds/inch2 (psi)
144
2.20
0.223
4.48
2.54
0.394
454
2.20x103
3.278
0.672
0.036
1.728
5.87x10-4
0.0327
30.5
6.944x10-3
Pounds/inch2 (psi)
Pounds
Pounds
Newtons
Centimetres
Inches
Grams
Pounds
Cubic Feet
Pounds/Foot
Pounds/Inch3
Cubic Inch
Cubic Feet
Feet
Centimetre
Newtons/mm2
This
Equals
This
1 Foot
1 Metre
1 MPa
0.305
3.278
1
Metres
Feet
N/mm2
81
T E C H N I C A L
D O C U M E N T A T I O N
TEMPERATURES
Fahrenheit to Celsius:
( F - 32)
= C
1,8
Celsius to Fahrenheit:
F = 1,8 C + 32
82