Web Application (Webapp)

A web application (or webapp), unlike standalone application, runs over the Internet.
Examples of webapps are google, amazon, ebay, facebook and twitter.
A webapp is typically a 3-tier (or multi-tier) client-server database application run over
the Internet as illustrated in the diagram below. It comprises five components:
1. HTTP Server: E.g., Apache HTTP Server, Apache Tomcat Server, Microsoft Internet
Information Server (IIS), nginx, Google Web Server (GWS), and others.
2. HTTP Client (or Web Browser): E.g., Internet Explorer (MSIE), FireFox, Chrome, Safari, and
others.
3. Database: E.g., Open-source MySQL, Apache Derby, mSQL, SQLite, PostgreSQL,
OpenOffice's Base; Commercial Oracle, IBM DB2, SAP SyBase, MS SQL Server, MS Access;
and others.
4. Client-Side Programs: could be written in HTML Form, JavaScript, VBScript, Flash, and
others.
5. Server-Side Programs: could be written in Java Servlet/JSP, ASP, PHP, Perl, Python, CGI, and
others.

The typical use-case is:

1. A user, via a web browser (HTTP client), issues a URL request to an HTTP server to start a
webapp.

2. A client-side program (such as an HTML form) is loaded into client's browser.

3. The user fills up the query criteria in the form.
4. The client-side program sends the query parameters to a server-side program.
5. The server-side program receives the query parameters, queries the database and returns
the query result to the client.
6. The client-side program displays the query result on the browser.
7. The process repeats.

1.2 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP is an application layer protocol runs over TCP/IP. The IP provides support for routing
and addressing (via an unique IP address for machines on the Internet); while TCP supports
multiplexing via 64K ports from port number 0 to 65535. The default port number
assigned to HTTP is TCP port 80.

HTTP is an asynchronous request-response application-layer protocol. A client sends a

request message to the server. The server then returns a response message to the client.

HTTP is a pull protocol, a client pulls a page from the server (instead of server pushes
pages to the clients).

The syntax of the message is defined in the HTTP specification.

1.3 Apache Tomcat HTTP Server

Apache Tomcat is a Java-capable HTTP server, which could execute special Java
programs known as Java Servlet and Java Server Pages (JSP). It is the official Reference
Implementation (RI) for Java Servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technologies. Tomcat is
an open-source project, under the "Apache Software Foundation" (which also provides
the most use, open-source, industrial-strength Apache HTTP Server). The mother site for
Tomcat is http://tomcat.apache.org. Alternatively, you can find tomcat via the Apache
mother site @ http://www.apache.org.
Tomcat was originally written by James Duncan Davison (then working in Sun), in 1998,
based on an earlier Sun's server called Java Web Server (JWS). It began at version 3.0
after JSWDK 2.1 it replaced. Sun subsequently made Tomcat open-source and gave it to
Apache.
The various Tomcat releases are:
1. Tomcat 3.x (1999): RI for Servlet 2.2 and JSP 1.1.
2. Tomcat 4.x (2001): RI for Servlet 2.3 and JSP 1.2.
3. Tomcat 5.x (2002): RI for Servlet 2.4 and JSP 2.0.
4. Tomcat 6.x (2006): RI for Servlet 2.5 and JSP 2.1.
5. Tomcat 7.x (2010): RI for Servlet 3.0, JSP 2.2 and EL 2.2.
6. Tomcat 8.x (2013): RI for Servlet 3.1, JSP 2.3, EL 3.0 and Java WebSocket 1.0.

Tomcat is an HTTP application runs over TCP/IP. In other words, the Tomcat server runs on
a specific TCP port in a specific IP address. The default TCP port number for HTTP
protocol is 80, which is used for the production HTTP server. For test HTTP server, you
can choose any unused port number between 1024 and 65535.

PreRequirement
Apt-get
The Advanced Package Tool, or APT, is a free software user interface that works
with core libraries to handle the installation and removal of software on
the Debian GNU/Linux distribution and its variants.APT simplifies the process of
managing software on Unix-like computer systems by automating the retrieval,
configuration and installation of software packages, either from precompiled files or
by compiling source code.
APT was originally designed as a front-end for dpkg to work with Debian's .deb packages,
but it has since been modified to also work with the RPM Package Manager system

via APT-RPM.The Fink project has ported APT to Mac OS X for some of its own package
management tasks,and APT is also available in OpenSolaris.
The apt-get utility is a powerful and free package management command line
program, that is used to work with Ubuntus APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) library
to perform installation of new software packages, removing existing software packages,
upgrading of existing software packages and even used to upgrading the entire
operating system.
Name
apt-get - APT package handling utility - command-line interface
Synopsis
apt-get [options] [-o config=string] [-c=cfgfile] command [pkg]
Description
apt-get is the command-line tool for handling packages, and may be considered the
user's "back-end" to other tools using the APT library. Several "front-end" interfaces
exist, such as synaptic and aptitude.
Commands
Unless the -h, or --help option is given, one of the commands below must be present.

What is apt-cache?
The apt-cache command line tool is used for searching apt software package cache. In
simple words, this tool is used to search software packages, collects information of
packages and also used to search for what available packages are ready for installation
on Debian or Ubuntu based systems.

25 Useful Basic Commands of APT-GET and APT-CACHE for Package Management

This
article
explains
how
quickly
you
can
learn
to install, remove, update and search software
packages
using apt-get and aptcache commands from the command line. This article provides some useful commands
that will help you to handle package management in Debian/Ubuntubased systems.

APT-GET and APT-CACHE Commands

APT-CACHE 5 Useful Basic Commands
1. How Do I List All Available Packages?
To list all the available packages, type the following command.
$ apt-cachepkgnames
esseract-ocr-epo
pipenightdreams
mumudvb
tbb-examples
libsvm-java
libmrpt-hmtslam0.9
libboost-timer1.50-dev
kcm-touchpad
g++-4.5-multilib
...
2. How Do I Find Out Package Name and Description of Software?
To find out the package name and with it description before installing, use the search
flag. Using search with apt-cache will display a list of matched packages with short
description. Lets say you would like to find out description of package vsftpd, then
command would be.
$ apt-cache search vsftpd
vsftpd - lightweight, efficient FTP server written for security
ccze - A robust, modular log coloriser
ftpd - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server
yasat - simple stupid audit tool
To find and list down all the packages starting with vsftpd, you could use the following
command.
$ apt-cachepkgnamesvsftpd
vsttpd
3. How Do I Check Package Information?
For example, if you would like to check information of package along with it short
description say (version number, check sums, size, installed size, category etc). Use
show sub command as shown below.
$ apt-cache show netcat
Package: netcat
Priority: optional
Section: universe/net
Installed-Size: 30
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email protected]>
Original-Maintainer: Ruben Molina <[email protected]>

Architecture: all
Version: 1.10-40
Depends: netcat-traditional (>= 1.10-39)
Filename: pool/universe/n/netcat/netcat_1.10-40_all.deb
Size: 3340
MD5sum: 37c303f02b260481fa4fc9fb8b2c1004
SHA1: 0371a3950d6967480985aa014fbb6fb898bcea3a
SHA256: eeecb4c93f03f455d2c3f57b0a1e83b54dbeced0918ae563784e86a37bcc16c9
Description-en: TCP/IP swiss army knife -- transitional package
This is a "dummy" package that depends on lenny's default version of
netcat, to ease upgrades. It may be safely removed.
Description-md5: 1353f8c1d079348417c2180319bdde09
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Origin: Ubuntu
4. How Do I Check Dependencies for Specific Packages?
Use the showpkg sub command to check the dependencies for particular software
packages. whether those dependencies packages are installed or not. For example, use
the showpkg command along with package-name.
$ apt-cacheshowpkgvsftpd
Package: vsftpd
Versions:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1
(/var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_binaryi386_Packages)
Description Language:
File:
/var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_binary-i386_Packages
MD5: 81386f72ac91a5ea48f8db0b023f3f9b
Description Language: en
File:
/var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_i18n_Translation-en
MD5: 81386f72ac91a5ea48f8db0b023f3f9b
Reverse Depends:
ubumirror,vsftpd
harden-servers,vsftpd
Dependencies:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1 - debconf (18 0.5) debconf-2.0 (0 (null)) upstart-job (0 (null)) libc6 (2
2.15) libcap2 (2 2.10) libpam0g (2 0.99.7.1) libssl1.0.0 (2 1.0.0) libwrap0 (2 7.6-4~)
adduser (0 (null)) libpam-modules (0 (null)) netbase (0 (null)) logrotate (0 (null)) ftpserver (0 (null)) ftp-server (0 (null))
Provides:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1 - ftp-server
Reverse Provides:

5. How Do I Check statistics of Cache

The stats sub command will display overall statistics about the cache. For example, the
following command will display Total package names is the number of packages have
found in the cache.
$ apt-cache stats
Total package names: 51868 (1,037 k)
Total package structures: 51868 (2,490 k)
Normal packages: 39505
Pure virtual packages: 602
Single virtual packages: 3819
Mixed virtual packages: 1052
Missing: 6890
Total distinct versions: 43015 (2,753 k)
Total distinct descriptions: 81048 (1,945 k)
Total dependencies: 252299 (7,064 k)
Total ver/file relations: 45567 (729 k)
Total Desc/File relations: 81048 (1,297 k)
Total Provides mappings: 8228 (165 k)
Total globbed strings: 286 (3,518 )
Total dependency version space: 1,145 k
Total slack space: 62.6 k
Total space accounted for: 13.3 M
6. How to Update System Packages
The update command is used to resynchronize the package index files from the their
sources specified in /etc/apt/sources.list file. The update command fetched the
packages from their locations and update the packages to newer version.
$ sudo apt-get update
[sudo] password for tecmint:
Ign http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security InRelease
Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security Release.gpg [933 B]
Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security Release [49.6 kB]
Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantalInRelease
Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-updates InRelease
Get:3 http://repo.varnish-cache.org precise InRelease [13.7 kB]
Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-backportsInRelease
Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantalRelease.gpg
Get:4 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security/main Sources [34.8 kB]
Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-updates Release.gpg [933 B]
...
7. How to Upgrade Software Packages
The upgrade command is used to upgrade all the currently installed software packages
on the system. Under any circumstances currently installed packages are not removed or

packages which are not already installed neither retrieved and installed to satisfy
upgrade dependencies.
$ sudo apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages have been kept back:
linux-headers-genericlinux-image-generic wine1.5 wine1.5-i386
The following packages will be upgraded:
activity-log-manager-common
activity-log-manager-control-centeradium-themeubuntualacarte
alsa-base app-install-data-partner appmenu-gtk appmenu-gtk3 apportapport-gtk apt
apt-transport-https apt-utilsaptdaemonaptdaemon-data at-spi2-core bamfdaemon basefiles bind9-host
...
However, if you want to upgrade, unconcerned of whether software packages will be
added or removed to fulfill dependencies, use the dist-upgrade sub command.
$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
8. How Do I Install or Upgrade Specific Packages?
The install sub command is tracked by one or more packages wish for installation or
upgrading.
$ sudo apt-get install netcat
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
netcat-traditional
The following NEW packages will be installed:
netcatnetcat-traditional
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
Need to get 67.1 kB of archives.
After this operation, 186 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe netcat-traditional i386 1.1040 [63.8 kB]
Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe netcat all 1.10-40 [3,340 B]
Fetched 67.1 kB in 1s (37.5 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package netcat-traditional.
(Reading database ... 216118 files and directories currently installed.)
Unpacking netcat-traditional (from .../netcat-traditional_1.10-40_i386.deb) ...
Selecting previously unselected package netcat.
Unpacking netcat (from .../netcat_1.10-40_all.deb) ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
Setting up netcat-traditional (1.10-40) ...
Setting up netcat (1.10-40) ...

9. How I can Install Multiple Packages?

You can add more than one package name along with the command in order to install
multiple packages at the same time. For example, the following command will install
packages nethogs and goaccess.
$ sudo apt-get install nethogsgoaccess
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
goaccess is already the newest version.
nethogs is already the newest version.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
10. How to Install Several Packages using Wildcard
With the help of regular expression you can add several packages with one string. For
example, we use * wildcard to install several packages that contains the *name* string,
name would be package-name.
$ sudo apt-get install '*name*'
11. How to install Packages without Upgrading
Using sub no-upgrade command will prevent already installed packages from
upgrading.
$ sudo apt-get install packageName --no-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Skipping vsftpd, it is already installed and upgrade is not set.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
12. How to Upgrade Only Specific Packages
The only-upgrade command do not install new packages but it only upgrade the
already installed packages and disables new installation of packages.
$ sudo apt-get install packageName --only-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
vsftpd is already the newest version.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
13. How Do I Install Specific Package Version?
Lets say you wish to install only specific version of packages, simply use the = with the
package-name and append desired version.
$ sudo apt-get install vsftpd=2.3.5-3ubuntu1

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
vsftpd is already the newest version.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
14. How Do I Remove Packages Without Configuration
To un-install software packages without removing their configuration files (for later re-use
the same configuration). Use the remove command as shown.
$ sudo apt-get remove vsftpd
[sudo] password for tecmint:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
vsftpd
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
After this operation, 364 kB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
(Reading database ... 216156 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing vsftpd ...
vsftpd stop/waiting
Processing triggers for ureadahead ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
15. How Do I Completely Remove Packages
To remove software packages including their configuration files, use the purge sub
command as shown below.
$ sudo apt-get purge vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
vsftpd*
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
(Reading database ... 216107 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing vsftpd ...
Purging configuration files for vsftpd ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead ...
Alternatively, you can combine both the commands together as shown below.
$ sudo apt-get remove --purge vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done

The following packages will be REMOVED:

vsftpd*
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
After this operation, 364 kB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
(Reading database ... 216156 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing vsftpd ...
vsftpd stop/waiting
Purging configuration files for vsftpd ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
16. How I Can Clean Up Disk Space
The clean command is used to free up the disk space by cleaning retrieved
(downloaded) .debfiles (packages) from the local repository.
$ sudo apt-get clean
17. How Do I Download Only Source Code of Package
To download only source code of particular package, use the option download-only
source with package-name as shown.
$ sudo apt-get --download-only source vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Need to get 220 kB of source archives.
Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (dsc)
[1,883 B]
Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (tar)
[188 kB]
Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (diff)
[30.5 kB]
Fetched 220 kB in 4s (49.1 kB/s)
Download complete and in download only mode
18. How Can I Download and Unpack a Package
To download and unpack source code of a package to a specific directory, type the
following command.
$ sudo apt-get source vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Need to get 220 kB of source archives.
Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (dsc)
[1,883 B]
Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (tar)
[188 kB]

Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (diff)

[30.5 kB]
Fetched 220 kB in 1s (112 kB/s)
gpgv: Signature made Thursday 24 May 2012 02:35:09 AM IST using RSA key ID
2C48EE4E
gpgv: Can't check signature: public key not found
dpkg-source: warning: failed to verify signature on ./vsftpd_2.3.5-3ubuntu1.dsc
dpkg-source: info: extracting vsftpd in vsftpd-2.3.5
dpkg-source: info: unpacking vsftpd_2.3.5.orig.tar.gz
dpkg-source: info: unpacking vsftpd_2.3.5-3ubuntu1.debian.tar.gz
dpkg-source: info: applying 01-builddefs.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 02-config.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 03-db-doc.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 04-link-local.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 05-whitespaces.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 06-greedy.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 07-utf8.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 08-manpage.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 09-s390.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 10-remote-dos.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 11-alpha.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 09-disable-anonymous.patch
dpkg-source: info: applying 12-ubuntu-use-snakeoil-ssl.patch
19. How Can I Download, Unpack and Compile a Package
You can also download, unpack and compile the source code at the same time, using
option compile as shown below.
$ sudo apt-get --compile source goaccess
[sudo] password for tecmint:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Need to get 130 kB of source archives.
Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (dsc)
[1,120 B]
Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (tar) [127
kB]
Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (diff)
[2,075 B]
Fetched 130 kB in 1s (68.0 kB/s)
gpgv: Signature made Tuesday 26 June 2012 09:38:24 AM IST using DSA key ID
A9FD4821
gpgv: Can't check signature: public key not found
dpkg-source: warning: failed to verify signature on ./goaccess_0.5-1.dsc
dpkg-source: info: extracting goaccess in goaccess-0.5
dpkg-source: info: unpacking goaccess_0.5.orig.tar.gz
dpkg-source: info: unpacking goaccess_0.5-1.debian.tar.gz
dpkg-buildpackage: source package goaccess
dpkg-buildpackage: source version 1:0.5-1

dpkg-buildpackage: source changed by Chris Taylor <[email protected]>

dpkg-buildpackage: host architecture i386
dpkg-source --before-build goaccess-0.5
dpkg-checkbuilddeps: Unmet build dependencies: debhelper (>= 9) autotools-dev
libncurses5-dev libglib2.0-dev libgeoip-devautoconf
dpkg-buildpackage: warning: build dependencies/conflicts unsatisfied; aborting
dpkg-buildpackage: warning: (Use -d flag to override.)
...
20. How Do I Download a Package Without Installing
Using download option, you can download any given package without installing it. For
example, the following command will only download nethogs package to current
working directory.
$ sudo apt-get download nethogs
Get:1 Downloading nethogs 0.8.0-1 [27.1 kB]
Fetched 27.1 kB in 3s (7,506 B/s)
21. How Do I Check Change Log of Package?
The changelog flag downloads a package change-log and shows the package version
that is installed.
$ sudo apt-get changelogvsftpd
vsftpd (2.3.5-3ubuntu1) quantal; urgency=low
* Merge from Debian testing (LP: #1003644). Remaining changes:
+ debian/vsftpd.upstart: migrate vsftpd to upstart.
+ Add apport hook (LP: #513978):
- debian/vsftpd.apport: Added.
- debian/control: Build-depends on dh-apport.
- debian/rules: Add --with apport.
+ Add debian/watch file.
+ debian/patches/09-disable-anonymous.patch: Disable anonymous login
by default. (LP: #528860)
* debian/patches/12-ubuntu-us-snakeoil-ssl.patch: Use snakeoil SSL
certificates and key.
-- Andres Rodriguez <[email protected]> Wed, 23 May 2012 16:59:36 -0400
...
22. How Do I Check Broken Dependencies?
The check command is a diagnostic tool. It used to update package cache and checks
for broken dependencies.
$ sudo apt-get check
[sudo] password for tecmint:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done

23. How Do I Search and Build Dependencies?

This build-dep command searches the local repositories in the system and install the
build dependencies for package. If the package does not exists in the local repository it
will return an error code.
$ sudo apt-get build-depnetcat
The following NEW packages will be installed:
debhelper dh-apparmor html2text po-debconf quilt
0 upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,219 kB of archives.
After this operation, 2,592 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main html2text i386 1.3.2a-15build1
[91.4 kB]
Get:2
http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
quantal/main
po-debconf
all
1.0.16+nmu2ubuntu1 [210 kB]
Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main dh-apparmor all 2.8.0-0ubuntu5
[9,846 B]
Get:4
http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
quantal/main
debhelper
all
9.20120608ubuntu1 [623 kB]
Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main quilt all 0.60-2 [285 kB]
Fetched 1,219 kB in 4s (285 kB/s)
...
24. How I Can Auto clean Apt-Get Cache?
The autoclean command deletes all .deb files from /var/cache/apt/archives to freeup significant volume of disk space.
$ sudo apt-get autoclean
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
25. How I Can Auto remove Installed Packages?
The autoremove sub command is used to auto remove packages that were certainly
installed to satisfy dependencies for other packages and but they were now no longer
required. For example, the following command will remove an installed package with its
dependencies.
$ sudo apt-get autoremovevsftpd
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Package 'vsftpd' is not installed, so not removed
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.

What is Sudo
sudo (/sudu/[2] or /sudo/[2][3])
is
a program for Unix-like computer operating
systems that allows users to run programs with the security privileges of another user
(normally the superuser, or root).[4] Its name is a contraction of "substitute user do",
meaning to do something as a different user (typically as root, the "superuser"). [5]
Unlike the su command, users typically supply their own password to sudo rather than
the root password. After authentication, and if the /usr/local/etc/sudoers (sometimes
found at /etc/sudoers) configuration file permits the user access, then the system will
invoke the requested command. The sudoers configuration file enables a huge amount of
configurability, including but not limited to: enabling root commands only from the
invoking terminal; not requiring a password for certain commands; requiring a password
per user or group; requiring re-entry of a password every time or never requiring a
password at all for a particular command line. It can also be configured to permit passing
arguments or multiple commands, and even supports commands with regular
expressions.
NAME
sudo, sudoedit - execute a command as another user
SYNOPSIS
sudo -h | -K | -k | -L | -l | -V | -v
sudo [-bEHPS] [-p prompt] [-u username|#uid] [VAR=value] {-i | -s | command}
sudoedit [-S] [-p prompt] [-u username|#uid] file ...
DESCRIPTION
sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user,
as specified in the sudoers file. The real and effective uid and gid are set to match those
of the target user as specified in the passwd file and the group vector is initialized based
on the group file (unless the -P option was specified). If the invoking user is root or if the
target user is the same as the invoking user, no password is required.
Otherwise, sudo requires that users authenticate themselves with a password by default
(NOTE: in the default configuration this is the users password, not the root password).
Once a user has been authenticated, a timestamp is updated and the user may then use
sudo without a password for a short period of time (5minutes unless overridden
in sudoers).
When invoked as sudoedit, the -e option (described below), is implied.
sudo determines who is an authorized user by consulting the file /etc/sudoers. By
giving sudothe -v flag, a user can update the time stamp without running a command.
The password prompt itself will also time out if the users password is not entered
within 5 minutes (unless overridden via sudoers).

If a user who is not listed in the sudoers file tries to run a command via sudo, mail is
sent to the proper authorities, as defined at configure time or in the sudoers file (defaults
to root). Note that the mail will not be sent if an unauthorized user tries to run sudo with
the -l or -v flags. This allows users to determine for themselves whether or not they are
allowed to use sudo.
If sudo is run by root and the SUDO_USER environment variable is set, sudo will use this
value to determine who the actual user is. This can be used by a user to log commands
through sudo even when a root shell has been invoked. It also allows the -e flag to
remain useful even when being run via a sudo-run script or program. Note however, that
the sudoers lookup is still done for root, not the user specified by SUDO_USER.
sudo can log both successful and unsuccessful attempts (as well as errors) to syslog(3),
a log file, or both. By default sudo will log via syslog(3) but this is changeable at
configure time or via the sudoers file.

How to Install Tomcat 8 and Get Started with Java Servlet

Programming
Step OneInstall Java
Installing Java with apt-get is easy. First, update the package index:
sudo apt-get update
Then, check if Java is not already installed:
java -version
If it returns "The program java can be found in the following packages", Java hasn't been
installed yet, so execute the following command:
sudo apt-get install default-jre
This will install the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). If you instead need the Java
Development Kit (JDK), which is usually needed to compile Java applications (for
example Apache Ant, Apache Maven, Eclipseand IntelliJ IDEA execute the following
command:
sudo apt-get install default-jdk
That is everything that is needed to install Java.

Then, depending on the version you want to install, execute one of the following
commands:
Oracle JDK 6
This is an old version but still in use.
sudo apt-get install oracle-java6-installer
Oracle JDK 7
This is the latest stable version.
sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer
Oracle JDK 8
sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-installer
Managing Java (optional)
When there are multiple Java installations on your Computer, the Java version to use as
default can be chosen. To do this, execute the following command:
sudo update-alternatives --config java
It will usually return something like this if you have 2 installations (if you have more, it
will of course return more):
There are 2 choices for the alternative java (providing /usr/bin/java).
Selection
*0

Path
/usr/lib/jvm/java-7-oracle/jre/bin/java

Priority
1062

/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdkamd64/jre/bin/java

1061

/usr/lib/jvm/java-7-oracle/jre/bin/java

1062

Press enter to keep the current choice[*],

or type selection number:
You can now choose the number to use as default.
Do this to check for the Java compiler (javac):

sudo update-alternatives --configjavac

Status
auto
mode
manual
mode
manual
mode

It is the same selection screen as the previous command and should be used in the same
way. This command can be executed for all other commands which have different
installations. In Java, this includes but is not limited to: keytool, javadoc and jarsigner.

Create an environmental variable JAVA_HOME by typing following lines in

terminal
i) $JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/jdk1.7.0_15
ii) $PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:$JAVA_HOME/bin
iii) $JRE_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/jre1.7.0_15
iv) $PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:$JRE_HOME/bin
v) $export JAVA_HOME
vi) $export JRE_HOME
vii) $export PATH
Step TwoInstall Tomcat
1.
Goto http://tomcat.apache.org
Download

Tomcat 7.0

"7.0.{xx}"
(where {xx} denotes the latest upgrade number) Binary distribution Core "tar.gz"
package (e.g., "apache-tomcat-7.0.{xx}.tar.gz", about 8 MB).
2.File is Down Loaded In Downloads Folder.
3.Extract files from that tar file and store it under a separate directory.
4.Installation can be done through apt-get by typing:
sudo apt-get install tomcat7
It will ask for admin password.
5.Create a simple html page as follows and save as hello.jsp
<html>
<head><title>Hello</title></head>
<body>Hello World</body>
</html>
6.Type sudo nautilus in terminal without double codes
A window will appear, in that open path
filesystem/var/lib/samba/
In this directory, make a new folder usershares if it is not present.
7.Now open path
filesystem/var/lib/tomcat7/webapps
8.In that directory, create a new folder jsp and put the hello.jsp file in that directory.
9.To run in browser type URL http://localhost:8080/jsp/hello.jsp or
http://YOURIPADDRESS:8080/jsp/hello.jsp
8080 is a port number for apache tomcat server.
Note: ip address can be found by typing ifconfig in terminal.

Conclusion : To be Written by student