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    Halogens Information Sheet

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    mallika29
    The document discusses the trends in properties of the halogens and their compounds. It covers their appearance, state, boiling points, electronegativity, atomic size, ionic size, oxidizing power, reactions with water and alkalis, and uses of halogens and halides. It also describes how to test for halide ions using silver nitrate solutions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Halogens Information Sheet

    Uploaded by

    mallika29
    65 views4 pages
    The document discusses the trends in properties of the halogens and their compounds. It covers their appearance, state, boiling points, electronegativity, atomic size, ionic size, oxidizing power, reactions with water and alkalis, and uses of halogens and halides. It also describes how to test for halide ions using silver nitrate solutions.

    Original Description:

    AS Level information/revision sheet on the halogens

    Original Title

    Halogens information sheet

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    The document discusses the trends in properties of the halogens and their compounds. It covers their appearance, state, boiling points, electronegativity, atomic size, ionic size, oxidizing power, reactions with water and alkalis, and uses of halogens and halides. It also describes how to test for halide ions using silver nitrate solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    65 views4 pages

    Halogens Information Sheet

    Uploaded by

    mallika29
    The document discusses the trends in properties of the halogens and their compounds. It covers their appearance, state, boiling points, electronegativity, atomic size, ionic size, oxidizing power, reactions with water and alkalis, and uses of halogens and halides. It also describes how to test for halide ions using silver nitrate solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 4

    1

    F321

    Group VII - The Halogens

    GROUP VII - The Halogens


    General

    non-metals
    exist as separate diatomic molecules.
    all have the electronic configuration ... ns2 n p5 .

    TRENDS
    Appearance

    Cl

    yellow

    green

    State (at RTP)

    gas

    gas

    liquid

    Increases down group

    Cl

    Br

    -188

    -34

    58

    Colour

    Boiling Point

    Boiling point / C

    Br
    red-brown

    I
    grey
    solid

    I
    183

    increased size makes the van der Waals forces increase


    more energy is required to separate the molecules

    Electronegativity Decreases down group


    Electronegativity

    Cl

    Br

    4.0

    3.0

    2.8

    2.5

    increasing nuclear charge due to the greater number of protons should attract
    electrons more, but there is an ...

    Atomic size

    increasing number of shells;

    more shielding and less pull on electrons

    increasing atomic radius;

    attraction drops off as distance increases

    Increases down group


    Covalent radius / nm

    Ionic size

    Increases down group


    Ionic radius / nm

    Cl

    Br

    0.064

    0.099

    0.111

    0.128

    Cl

    0.136

    0.181

    Br
    0.195

    I
    0.216

    The greater the atomic number the more electrons there are.
    These go into shells increasingly further from the nucleus.
    Ions are larger than atoms - repulsion due to added electron expands radius

    KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING 2008

    2
    Oxidising
    power

    F321

    Group VII - The Halogens

    halogens are oxidising agents - they need an electron to complete their octet
    the oxidising power gets weaker down the group
    the trend can be explained by considering the nucleuss attraction for the
    incoming electron which is affected by the...
    increasing nuclear charge which should attract electrons more; but is offset by
    - increasing shielding
    - increasing atomic radius
    This can be demonstrated by reacting the halogens with other halide ions.
    chlorine oxidises bromide ions to bromine

    Cl2 + 2Br > Br2 + 2Cl

    chlorine oxidises iodide ions to iodine

    Cl2 + 2I

    > I2

    bromine oxidises iodide ions to iodine

    Br2 + 2I

    > I2 + 2Br

    + 2Cl

    As a result of its small size and high electronegativity,


    fluorine can bring out the highest oxidation state in elements
    e.g. PF5 (+5), SF6 (+6), IF7 (+7) and F2O (+2).

    Some reactions of chlorine


    Water

    Halogen reactivity with decreases down the group as oxidising power decreases
    Litmus will be turned red then decolourised in chlorine water
    Cl2(g) + H2O(l)

    Alkalis

    HCl(aq)
    strong acid

    HOCl(aq)
    bleaches by oxidation

    Q.1

    What happens to the oxidation state of chlorine in this reaction?

    Q.2

    Explain the colour changes of litmus.

    Q.3

    What is the industrial importance of this reaction ?

    Chlorine reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide; the products vary with conditions.
    cold, dilute

    2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) > NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)

    KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING 2008

    F321

    Group VII - The Halogens

    USES OF HALOGENS AND HALIDES


    Chlorine, Cl2

    water purification
    bleach
    solvents
    polymers - poly(chloroethene) or PVC
    CFCs

    Fluorine, F2

    CFCs
    polymers - PTFE poly(tetrafluoroethene) as used in...
    non-stick frying pans, electrical insulation, waterproof clothing

    Fluoride, F

    helps prevent tooth decay - tin fluoride is added to toothpaste


    - sodium fluoride is added to water supplies

    Hydrogen
    fluoride, HF

    used to etch glass

    Silver
    bromide, AgBr

    Q.4

    used in photographic film

    The automatic addition of fluoride to public drinking water has always been
    controversial. Many people think it is a good thing as its use is linked to fewer
    fillings in childrens teeth. However, it can cause permanent discolouration of
    teeth and liver damage.
    Some people feel that taking fluoride should be a personal choice. What are
    your thoughts?

    Q.5

    Why are some environmental campaigners demanding that chlorine is no


    longer used for purifying drinking water?

    Drinking bottled water bad for the environment - explain.

    Tap water or bottled water - which do you prefer?

    KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING 2008

    F321

    Group VII - The Halogens

    HALIDE IONS
    Reducing
    ability

    halide ions behave as reducing agents


    they give an electron to what they are reducing

    Cl

    Trend

    least powerful

    most powerful reducing agent

    Reason

    As the ionic radius get larger it becomes easier to remove the outer electrons.

    F <

    Cl

    <

    Br < I

    >

    Cl

    TESTING FOR HALIDE IONS


    Silver
    nitrate

    make a solution of the halide


    acidify with dilute nitric acid - prevents formation of other insoluble silver salts
    add a few drops of silver nitrate solution
    treat any precipitate with dilute ammonia solution
    if a precipitate still exists, add concentrated ammonia solution

    Halide ion

    Precipitate

    Colour

    Solubility in dilute
    ammonia solution

    Solubility in conc.
    ammonia solution

    Chloride

    AgCl

    WHITE

    SOLUBLE

    SOLUBLE

    Bromide

    AgBr

    CREAM

    INSOLUBLE

    SOLUBLE

    Iodide

    AgI

    YELLOW

    INSOLUBLE

    INSOLUBLE

    the halides are precipitated as follows

    Ag+(aq) + X(aq) > Ag+X(s)

    dissolving in ammonia gives the colourless diammine complex [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq)

    Q.6

    What use is made of silver salts ?

    KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING 2008

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