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1 Microprocessor Architecture

The document discusses the architecture and programming of microprocessors. It describes how a microprocessor can be programmed to perform functions by writing instructions into memory and manipulating data. It also explains the different types of operations microprocessors perform, including internal operations and externally initiated operations like interrupts and resets. The document provides details about the 8085 microprocessor architecture including its bus system, registers, and examples of memory reads and external communication.

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Tejaswi Nisanth
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101 views

1 Microprocessor Architecture

The document discusses the architecture and programming of microprocessors. It describes how a microprocessor can be programmed to perform functions by writing instructions into memory and manipulating data. It also explains the different types of operations microprocessors perform, including internal operations and externally initiated operations like interrupts and resets. The document provides details about the 8085 microprocessor architecture including its bus system, registers, and examples of memory reads and external communication.

Uploaded by

Tejaswi Nisanth
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microprocessor and Interfaces

MicroprocessorandInterfaces
Microprocessorarchitecture

Architecture
Architecture
Programmable
Programmabledigitaldevice
digital device
Manipulatesdataandcommunicatewith
peripherals
Operatesonpredesignedsetofinstructions
Architecturereferstothelogicdesignofthe
microprocessor

Programming a microprocessor
Programmingamicroprocessor
Microprocessor
Microprocessorcanbeprogrammedto
can be programmed to
performfunctionsongivendatabywriting
specific instructions into its memory
specificinstructionsintoitsmemory
Readsoneinstructionatatime,matchesitwith
its instruction set, and performs the data
itsinstructionset,andperformsthedata
manipulationspecified
Resultisstoredbackintomemoryordisplayedon
esu s s o ed bac
o e o y o d sp ayed o
anoutputdevice

Microprocessor functions
Microprocessorfunctions
Classification
Classificationoffunctionsperformedbya
of functions performed by a
microprocessor
Microprocessorinitiatedoperations
Microprocessor initiated operations
Internaloperations
Peripheral(Externallyinitiated)operations
Peripheral (Externally initiated) operations

Microprocessor initiated operations


Microprocessorinitiatedoperations

Memoryread
Memory
read
Memorywrite
I/Oread(getdatafromainputdevice)
/O
d(
d
f
i
d i )
I/Owrite(senddatatoaoutputdevice)
Alltheseoperationsrequirecommunication
All
these operations require communication
withaperipheralormemorylocation

MPU Peripheralcommunication
MPU
Peripheral communication
Communication
Communicationprocessbetween
process between
microprocessorandperipheraldevicesconsist
of the following three steps
ofthefollowingthreesteps
Identifyperipheralormemorylocation(usingits
address)
Transferinformation(data/instructioninbinary
form)
o )
Providetimingandsynchronizationdetails

8085 bus system


8085bussystem
The
The8085usesthreeseparatebusses
8085 uses three separate busses
(communicationlines)toperformits
operations
Addressbus
Databus
Data bus
Controlbus

Address bus
Addressbus
16bitswide(A
6 b ts de ( 0,,A1, ,
,A155)
8085canaccesslocationswithnumbersfrom0to
65536,Atotalof64Kaddresses

Unidirectional
Informationflowsoutofthemicroprocessorandinto
the memory or peripherals
thememoryorperipherals

When8085wantstoaccessaperipheralora
memory location it places the 16bit
memorylocation,itplacesthe16
bitaddresson
address on
theaddressbusandthensendstheappropriate
controlsignals

Data bus
Databus
8bitswide(D
8 bits wide (D0,D
D1,,D
D7)
Bidirectional
Informationflowsbothwaysbetweenthe
I f
ti fl
b th
b t
th
microprocessorandmemoryorI/O

8085
8085usesthedatabustotransferthebinary
th d t b t t
f th bi
information(data)
8085canmanipulate8bitsofdataatatime
Widthofdatabus==nbitmicroprocessor

Control bus
Controlbus
Made
Madeupofanumberofsinglebitcontrol
up of a number of single bit control
signals
Synchronizationsignals
Synchronization signals
Timingsignals
Memoryread/writesignal
Memory read/write signal
I/Oread/writesignal

Example: memory read


Example:memoryread
Microprocessorplacesthe16bitaddressofthe
c op ocesso p aces t e 6 b t add ess o t e
memorylocationontheaddressbus
p
g
Microprocessoractivatesacontrolsignalcalled
memoryreadwhichenablesthememorychip
Thememorydecodestheaddressandidentifies
therightlocation
Thememoryplacesthecontentsonthedatabus
Themicroprocessorreadsthevalueofthedata
busafteracertainamountoftime

Internal data operations


Internaldataoperations

Storingdata
Storing
data
Arithmeticandlogicoperation
Testforconditions
f
di i
Sequencingtheexecutionofprogram
Storingdatatemporarilyinstack

8085 programmable registers


8085programmableregisters

Register description
Registerdescription
Accumulator(A)
Accumulator (A)
Usedforstoringtheresultofanyoperation

Flags
UsedbyALUtoconveysomeinformation(zero,carry,
etc.))

B,C,D,E,H,L
Generalpurposeregisterstostoreintermediatedata
General purpose registers to store intermediate data

H,L
Alsousedasmemorypointer
Also used as memory pointer

Program Counter (PC)


ProgramCounter(PC)
Used
Usedtocontrolsequencingoftheinstruction
to control sequencing of the instruction
execution
holdstheaddressofthenextinstruction
holds the address of the next instruction
16bitswide

Stack pointer (SP)


Stackpointer(SP)
16
16bitregisterusedtopointtomemory
bit register used to point to memory
Thememorythisregisterpointstoisaspecial
area called the stack
areacalledthestack
Stackisusedtoholddatathatwillbe
retrievedsoon
i d
stackisusuallyaccessedinaLastInFirstOut
(LIFO)fashion
y
UsedforintermediatedatatransferbyALU

Example program
Exampleprogram
2000

06

MVIB, 76h

2001

78

2002

3E

2003

F2

2004

80

ADDB

2005

76

HLT

MVIA,F2h

Externally initiated operations


Externallyinitiatedoperations
Reset
Alloperationsarestoppedandtheprogram
counter is reset to 0000h
counterisresetto0000
h

Interrupt
Microprocessorsoperationsareinterruptedand
Microprocessors operations are interrupted and
theitexecuteswhatiscalledaserviceroutine
Routine
Routine handles
handles theinterrupt,(performthe
the interrupt (perform the
necessaryoperations),thenthemicroprocessor
returnstoitspreviousoperationsandcontinues
p
p

Externally initiated operations


Externallyinitiatedoperations
Ready
8085hasapincalledRDY.Thispinisusedby
external devices to stop the 8085 until they catch
externaldevicestostopthe8085untiltheycatch
up.
AslongastheRDYpinislow,the8085willbeina
As long as the RDY pin is low, the 8085 will be in a
waitstate

Externally initiated operations


Externallyinitiatedoperations
Hold
Hold
8085hasapincalledHOLD.Thispinisusedby
external devices to gain control of the busses
externaldevicestogaincontrolofthebusses.
WhentheHOLDsignalisactivatedbyanexternal
device, the 8085 stops executing instructions and
device,the8085stopsexecutinginstructionsand
stopsusingthebusses.
Thisallowsexternaldevicestocontrolthe
informationonthebusses,exampleDMA

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