PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
To have sustainable growth and social progress, it is necessary to meet the energy
need by utilizing the renewable energy resources like wind, biomass, hydro, co
generation, etc. In sustainable energy system, energy conservation and the use of
renewable source are the key paradigm. The need to integrate the renewable energy like
wind energy into power system is to make it possible to minimize the environmental
impact on conventional plant. The integration of wind energy into existing power system
presents technical challenges and that requires consideration of voltage regulation,
stability, power quality problems. The power quality is an essential customer focused
measure and is greatly affected by the operation of a distribution and transmission
network. The issue of power quality is of great importance to the wind turbine.
Today, more than 28 000 wind generating turbines are successfully operating all
over the world. In the fixed speed wind turbine operation, all the fluctuation in the wind
speed are transmitted as fluctuations in the mechanical torque, electrical power on the
grid and leads to large voltage fluctuations. The power quality issues can be viewed with
respect to the wind generation, transmission and distribution network, such as voltage
sag, swells, flickers, harmonics etc. However the wind generator introduces disturbances
into the distribution network. One of the simple methods of running a wind generating
system is to use the induction generator connected directly to the grid system.
The induction generator has inherent advantages of cost effectiveness and
robustness. However; induction generators require reactive power for magnetization.
When the generated active power of an induction generator is varied due to wind,
absorbed reactive power and terminal voltage of an induction generator can be
significantly affected. A proper control scheme in wind energy generation system is
required under normal operating condition to allow the proper control over the active
power production.

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

In the event of increasing grid disturbance, a battery energy storage system for
wind energy generating system is generally required to compensate the fluctuation
generated by wind turbine. A STATCOM based control technology has been proposed
for improving the power quality which can technically manages the power level
associates with the commercial wind turbines. The proposed STATCOM control scheme
for grid connected wind energy generation for power quality improvement has following
objectives.
Unity power factor at the source side.
Reactive power support only from STATCOM to wind Generator and Load.
Simple PI controller for STATCOM to achieve fast dynamic response.

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

CHAPTER 2
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
2.1 POWER QUALITY STANDARDS
International Electro Technical Commission Guidelines
The guidelines are provided for measurement of power quality of wind turbine. The
International standards are developed by the working group of Technical Committee 88
of the International Electro technical Commission (IEC), IEC standard 61400 21,
describes the procedure for determining the power quality characteristics of the wind
turbine. The standard norms are specified.
IEC 61400 21: Wind turbine generating system, part 21. Measurement and
Assessment of power quality characteristic of grid connected wind turbine.
IEC 61400 13: Wind Turbinemeasuring procedure in determining the power
behavior.
IEC 61400 3 7: Assessment of emission limits for fluctuating load IEC 61400 12:
Wind Turbine performance. The data sheet with electrical characteristic of wind
turbine provides the base for the utility assessment regarding a grid connection.

2.2 POWER QUALITY ISSUES

2.2.1 Voltage Variation
The voltage variation issue results from the wind velocity and generator torque. The
voltage variation is directly related to real and reactive power variations. The voltage
variation is commonly classified as under:
Voltage Sag/Voltage Dips.
Voltage Swells.
Short Interruptions.
Long duration voltage variation.

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

Table 1 Categories of PQ problems

2.2.2 Voltage Flicker
The voltage flicker issue describes dynamic variations in the network caused by
wind turbine or by varying loads. Thus the power fluctuation from wind turbine occurs
during continuous operation. The amplitude of voltage fluctuation depends on grid
strength, network impedance, and phase angle and power factor of the wind turbines. It is
defined as a fluctuation of voltage in a frequency 1035 Hz. The IEC 61400 4 15
specifies a flicker meter that can be used to measure flicker directly.
2.2.2 Harmonics
The harmonic results due to the operation of power electronic converters. The
harmonic voltage and current should be limited to the acceptable level at the point of
wind turbine connection to the network. To ensure the harmonic voltage within limit,
each source of harmonic current can allow only a limited contribution, as per the standard
IEC 61400 36 guideline. The rapid switching gives a large reduction in lower order
harmonic current compared to the line commutated converter, but the output current will
have high frequency current and can be easily filter out.
2.2.3 Wind Turbine Location in Power System
The way of connecting the wind generating system into the power system highly
influences the power quality. Thus the operation and its influence on power system
depend on the structure of the adjoining power network.

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

2.2.4 Self4Excitation of Wind Turbine Generating System

The self excitation of wind turbine generating system (WTGS) with an
asynchronous generator takes place after disconnection of wind turbine generating system
(WTGS) with local load. The risk of self excitation arises especially when WTGS is
equipped with compensating capacitor. The capacitor connected to induction generator
provides reactive power compensation. However the voltage and frequency are
determined by the balancing of the system. The disadvantages of self excitation are the
safety aspect and balance between real and reactive power.

2.3 CONSEQUENCES OF THE ISSUES

The voltage variation, flicker, harmonics causes the malfunction of equipments
namely microprocessor based control system, programmable logic controller; adjustable
speed drives, flickering of light and screen. It may lead to tripping of contractors, tripping
of protection devices, stoppage of sensitive equipments like personal computer,
programmable logic control system and may stop the process and even can damage of
sensitive equipments. Thus it degrades the power quality in the grid.

2.4 GRID COORDINATION RULE

Grid Codes are issued by grid companies, spelling out the rules that apply for anyone
who wishes to connect a wind farm to the grid. Main requirements involve:
Reactive power supply
Voltage control
Power quality control (flicker, harmonics)
Frequency control
Fault ride through capability
The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) led the effort in the United
States for adoption of the grid code for the interconnection of the wind plants to the
utility system. The first grid code was focused on the distribution level, after the blackout
in the United States in August 2003. The United State wind energy industry took a stand
in developing its own grid code for contributing to a stable grid operation. The rules for
realization of grid operation of wind generating system at the distribution network are
defined as per IEC 61400 21.
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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

The grid quality characteristics and limits are given for references that the
customer and the utility grid may expect. According to Energy Economic Law, the
operator of transmission grid is responsible for the organization and operation of
interconnected system.
Voltage Rise (u)
The voltage rise at the point of common coupling can be approximated as a
function of maximum apparent power Smax of the turbine, the grid impedances R and X
at the point of common coupling and the phase angle ,

Where Fu is the voltage rise, Smax is the maximum apparent power, is the phase
difference and U is the nominal voltage of grid. The Limiting voltage rise value is 2 %
Voltage Dips (d)
The voltage dips is due to startup of wind turbine and it causes a sudden reduction
of voltage. It is the relative % voltage change due to switching operation of wind turbine.
The decrease of nominal voltage change is given as

Where D is relative voltage change, Sn is rated apparent power, Sk is short circuit

apparent power, and Ku is sudden voltage reduction factor. The acceptable voltage dips
limiting value is 3%.
Flicker
The measurements are made for maximum number of specified switching
operation of wind turbine with 10 min period and 2 h period are specified, as given as,

Where Plt is the Long term flicker, C(k) is the Flicker coefficient calculated from
Rayleigh distribution of the wind speed. The Limiting Value for flicker coefficient is
about 0.4, for average time of 2 h.

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

Harmonics
The harmonic distortion is assessed for variable speed turbine with an electronic
power converter at the point of common connection. The total harmonic voltage
distortion of voltage is given as,

Where Vn is the nth harmonic voltage and V1 is the fundamental frequency (50 Hz). The
THD limit for 132 kV is 3%. THD of current ITHD is given as,

Where In is the nth harmonic current and I1 is the fundamental frequency (50 Hz). The
THD of current and limit for 132 KV is 2.5%.
Grid Frequency
The grid frequency in India is specified in the range of 47.551.5 Hz, for wind
farm connection. It shall be able to withstand change in frequency up to 0.5 Hz/s.

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

CHAPTER 3
FACTS
FACTS make up a family of high power devices that are applied in power
systems in shunt and/or in series. FACTS solutions are particularly justifiable in
applications requiring rapid dynamic response, ability for frequent variations in output,
and/or smoothly adjustable output. Under such conditions, FACTS is a highly useful
option for enabling or improving the utilization of power systems. FACTS devices can
basically be sub divided into three categories:
Shunt devices such as SVC (Static Var Compensator) and STATCOM
Series devices such as Series Capacitors and Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitors (TCSC)
Dynamic Energy Storage devices.
With FACTS, a number of valuable benefits can be attained in power systems:
Dynamic voltage control, to enable limiting of overvoltage over long, lightly
loaded lines and cable systems, as well as prevent voltage depressions or even
collapses in heavily loaded or faulty systems.
Increased power transmission capability and stability, without any need to build
new lines. This is a highly attractive option, costing less than new lines, with less
time expenditure or environmental impact.
Facilitating integration of renewable power by maintaining grid stability and
fulfilling grid codes, as well as making room for this additional power in existing
grids.

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

CHAPTER 4
TOPOLOGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
The STATCOM based current control voltage source inverter injects the current
into the grid in such a way that the source current are harmonic free and their phase angle
with respect to source voltage has a desired value. The injected current will cancel out the
reactive part and harmonic part of the load and induction generator current, thus it
improves the power factor and the power quality. To accomplish these goals, the grid
voltages are sensed and are synchronized in generating the current command for the
inverter. The proposed grid connected system is implemented for power quality
improvement at point of common coupling (PCC). The grid connected system, consists of
the wind energy generation system and battery energy storage system with STATCOM.

Fig.4.1 Grid connected system for power quality improvement

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

4.1 WIND ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEM

In this configuration, wind generations are based on constant speed topologies with pitch
control turbine. The induction generator is used in the proposed scheme because of its
simplicity, it does not require a separate field circuit, it can accept constant and variable
loads, and has natural protection against short circuit. The available power of wind
energy system is presented as
Pwind = 0.5AV3wind

Where (kg/m) is the air density, A (m) is the area swept out by turbine blade and Vwind
is the wind speed in m/s. It is not possible to extract all kinetic energy of wind, thus it
extract a fraction of power in wind, called power coefficient

of the wind turbine and is

given as,
Pmech =

Where

Pwind

is the power coefficient, depends on type and operating condition of wind

turbine. This coefficient can be expressed as a function of tip speed ratio and pitch angle.
The mechanical power produced by wind turbine is given as,
Pmech = 0.5R2V3windCp
Where, R is the radius of the blade in m.

4.2 STATCOM STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR

The STATCOM (or SSC) is a shunt connected reactive power compensation
device that is capable of generating and/ or absorbing reactive power and in which the
output can be varied to control the specific parameters of an electric power system. It is
in general a solid state switching converter capable of generating or absorbing
independently controllable real and reactive power at its output terminals when it is fed
from an energy source or energy storage device at its input terminals.

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Specifically, the STATCOM considered in this chapter is a voltage source converter

that, from a given input of dc voltage, produces a set of 3 phase ac output voltages, each
in phase with and coupled to the corresponding ac system voltage through a relatively
small reactance (which is provided by either an interface reactor or the leakage
inductance of a coupling transformer). The dc voltage is provided by an energy storage
capacitor. A STATCOM can improve power system performance in such areas as the
following:
The dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution systems
The power oscillation damping in power transmission systems
The transient stability
The voltage flicker control
The control of not only reactive power but also if needed active power in the
connected line, requiring a dc energy source

Fig.4.2. Power quality control using STATCOM with BESS

As the traditional STATCOM works only in leading and lagging operating mode,
its application is therefore limited to reactive power support only.

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

The fluctuating power due to the variation of wind cannot be smoothened by

reactive power control using a STATCOM, because it has no active power control ability.
To overcome this problem, Battery Energy Storage system (BESS) has been incorporated
with STATCOM which has both real and reactive power control ability. Furthermore, a
STATCOM does the following:
1. It occupies a small footprint, for it replaces passive banks of circuit elements by
compact electronic converters.
2. It offers modular, factory built equipment, thereby reducing site work and
Commissioning time.
3. It uses encapsulated electronic converters, thereby minimizing its environmental
impact.
A STATCOM is analogous to an ideal synchronous machine, which generates a
balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages at the fundamental frequency with controllable
amplitude and phase angle. This ideal machine has no inertia, is practically instantaneous,
does not significantly alter the existing system impedance, and can internally generate
reactive (both capacitive and inductive) power.

4.3 OPERATION SCHEME

It is possible to improve the STATCOM response by employing the PID control method.
Application of the PID involves choosing the KP, KI and KD that provide satisfactory
closed loop performance. But the main method is based on trial and error, although time
consuming. To achieve equilibrium among range control parameters, response speed,
settling time, and proper overshoot rate, all of which guarantee the system stability, the
PID is employed. PID controller designing
One of the most common controlling devices in the
market is the PID controller. The order of types of
controller positioning is depicted in Fig. 2.
PID control is a linear control methodology with a very
simple control structure (see Fig. 2). This type of
controller operates directly on the error signal, which is
the difference between the desired output and the actual
output, and generates the actuation signal that drives the
plant. PID controllers have three basic terms:
proportional action, in which the actuation signal is
proportional to the error signal, integral action, where
the actuation signal is proportional to the time integral
of the error signal, and derivative action, where the

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actuation signal is proportional to the time derivative of
the error signal.

Fig.4.3 System operational scheme in grid system.

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
The proposed control scheme is simulated using SIMULINK in power system block set.
The system parameter for given system is given Table I.

S.N

Parameters

Ratings

Grid voltage

3 phase,415V,50Hz

Induction

3.35 KVA, 415 V,50 Hz, P=4,Speed=1440 rpm,

Generator/Motor

Rr=0.01O, Rs=0.015 O, Ls=Lr=0.06H

Line series

0.05mH

inductance
4

Inverter parameters

DC Link Voltage=800V, DC Link

Capacitance=100PF, Switching Frequency=2kHz

IGBT Rating

Collector Voltage=1200V,Forward
Current=50A,Gate Voltage=20V, Power
Dissipation=310W

Load Parameters

Non Linear Load=25kW

Table 1 System parameters

The system performance of proposed system under dynamic condition is also presented.

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Fig.5.1 wind turbine model output voltage

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Fig.5.2 Wind Turbine Model Output current

Fig.5.3 6 Pulse STATCOM OUTPUT

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

Fig.5.4 FFT analysis without Controller (THD=4.96%)

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Fig.5.5 FFT analysis with Controller (THD=0.41%)

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

CONCLUSION
In this paper we present the FACTS device (STATCOM) based control scheme
for power quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system and with
nonlinear load. The power quality issues and its consequences on the consumer and
electric utility are presented. The operation of the control system developed for the
STATCOM in MATLAB/SIMULINK for maintaining the power quality is to be
simulated. It has a capability to cancel out the harmonic parts of the load current. It
maintains the source voltage and current in phase and support the reactive power demand
for the wind generator and load at PCC in the grid system, thus it gives an opportunity to
enhance the utilization factor of transmission line. The integrated wind generation and
FACTS device with BESS have shown the outstanding performance. Thus the proposed
scheme in the grid connected system fulfills the power quality norms as per the IEC
standard 61400 21.

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PQ Improvement of Grid Connected WECS using FACTS Devices

REFERENCES
STATCOM TMT & D Corporation
FACTS for Grid Integration of Wind Power; Rolf Grnbaum, Senior Member,
IEEE
ROLE OF FACTS DEVICES IN IMPROVING POWER QUALITY IN A GRID
CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM; Dr. S.M. Ali1 B.K.Prusty2
M.K.Dash2 S. P. Mishra2; Journal of Engineering
Research and Studies
Power quality enhancement using custom power devices; Arindam Ghosh
Gerard Ledwich
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS; Boston / Dordrecht / London
Improving Grid Power Quality with FACTS Device on Integration of Wind
Energy System; Yuvaraj V, S N Deepa, A P Roger Rozario, Madhusudan Kumar;
2011 Fifth Asia Modelling Symposium
FACTS & Power Quality Issues;MANJULA NAIR & SINDHU.M.R; DEPT OF
EEE; AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, COIMBATORE
Power Electronic Systems for the Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources;
Zbigniew Leonowicz, Wroclaw Institute of Tchnology
Optimized Performance of STATCOM with PID Controller Based on Genetic
Algorithm

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