Tensile Testing Lab Report

By Anish Agrawal

Lab Partners (Group G):

Son Trinh
Katy Hagerty
Daniel Margulis
MEMS 205
Mechanics and Materials Laboratory
Laboratory #1

Date of Experiment: Jan. 22, 2015

Submission Date: Jan. 29, 2015

Submitted to : Dr. WagensABSTRACT

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SYMBOL

DEFINITION

A
E
F

Area over which force (lb) acts (in2)

Elastic modulus (ksi)
Force (lb)

(lo)i
t

Initial dimension in direction i (in)

Specimen thickness (in)

Vchart

Rate of chart displacement (in/min)

Vdisplacem
ent
Rate of sample displacement (in/min)
w
Specimen width (in)

Strain
=0

Predicted strain at zero stress

li

Change in dimension in direction i (in)

Error in the specimen thickness (in)

Error in the width (in)

Engineering stress (ksi)

Yield point (ksi)

ult

Ultimate strength (ksi)

INTRODUCTION
The primary objective of this lab was to analyze how several different
specimens reacted under increasing uniaxial load. Samples 1018 steel, 110
Copper, 360 Brass, 6061 Aluminum and Tefon were subjected to increasing
axial loads using a mechanical testing machine. By reviewing the respective
stress vs. strain graphs, Youngs modulus, 0.2% offset yield, and ultimate
tensile strength of the material is calculated.
Mechanical properties are of interest to engineers utilizing materials in
any application where forces are applied, dimensions are critical, or failure is
undesirable. Three fundamental mechanical properties of metals are the
elastic modulus (E), the yield point (y), and the ultimate strength (ult). This
report contains the results of an experiment to determine the elastic
modulus, yield point, and ultimate strength of 1018 steel, 110 Copper, 360
Brass, 6061 Aluminum and Tefon.
When forces are applied to materials, they deform in reaction to those forces.
The magnitude of the deformation for a constant force depends on the
geometry of the materials. Likewise, the magnitude of the force required to
cause a given deformation, depends on the geometry of the material. For
these reasons, engineers defne stress and strain. Stress (engineering
defnition) is given by:
F
=

(1)
A

Defned in this manner, the stress can be thought of as a normalized force.

Strain (engineering defnition) is given by:
li
i
= ( lo
)i
The strain can be thought of as a normalized deformation.
While the relationship between the force and deformation depends on the
geometry of the material, the relationship between the stress and strain is
geometry independent. The relationship between stress and strain is given
by a simplifed form of Hooke's Law [1]:
= E
Since E is independent of geometry, it is often thought of as a material
constant. However, E is known to depend on the chemistry, structure, and
temperature of a material. Change in any of these characteristics must be
known before using a "handbook value" for the elastic modulus.

(2)

(3)

Hooke's Law (Equation 3) predicts a linear relationship between the

strain and the stress and describes the elastic response of a material. In
materials where Hook's Law describes the stress-strain relationship, the
elastic response is the dominant deformation mechanism. However, many
materials exhibit nonlinear behavior at higher levels of stress. This nonlinear
behavior occurs when plasticity becomes the dominant deformation
mechanism. Metals are known to exhibit both elastic and plastic response
regions. The transition from an elastic response to a plastic response occurs
at a critical point known as the yield point (y). Since a plastic response is
characterized by permanent deformation (bending), the yield point is an
important characteristic to know. In practice, the yield point is the stress
where the stress-strain behavior transforms from a linear relationship to a
non-linear relationship. The most commonly used method to experimentally
determine the yield point is the 0.2% offset method. In this method, a line is
drawn from the point ( =0, =0.2%) parallel to the linear region of the
stress-strain graph. The slope of this line is equal to the elastic modulus. The
yield point is then determined as the intersection of this line with the
experimental data.
In materials that exhibit a large plastic response, the deformation
tends to localize. Continued deformation occurs only in this local region, and
is known as necking. Necking begins at a critical point known as the ultimate
stress ( ult). Since failure occurs soon after necking begins, the ultimate
stress is an important characteristic to know. While many experimental tests
exist to determine the mechanical properties, the simplest is the tension
test. A convenient geometry for a tensile test is the "dogbone" geometry. In
this test geometry, one end of the test specimen is held fxed while the other
end is pulled in uniaxial tension collinear with the long axis of the sample.
The forces throughout the sample and test machine are constant, but the
stress varies with cross sectional area.
INSTRUMENT USED:
1) Digital Gauge (Mitutayo Absolute; Serial No: 13322266)
2) Tensile Gripper (CURTIS; Serial No: 4662229)
3) Testing Machine for Tensile Tests (ATS; Serial No: 00-1542-12-00)
4) Dogbone shaped specimen of 1018 steel, 110 Copper, 360 Brass,
6061 Aluminum, Tefon
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
A tensile test sample was machined from 1018 steel stock. The region of
minimum cross section was measured and recorded by a digital gauge
(Serial No: 13322266). This sample was clamped into an ATS Test Machine
(Serial No: 00-1542-12-00). The sample was held at a fxed position with the
other end was displaced at a constant rate. A load cell was used to
determine the force required to maintain a constant displacement rate. Data
was collected on a DTS computer software that monitored the force as a
function of displacement. The stress in the sample at any force level can be
determined from Equation 1. The specimen was subjected to a force until

failure. The above mentioned procedures were performed on 110 Copper,

360 Brass, 6061 Aluminum and Tefon sequentially. While replacing each
specimen, the resolution was observed and consequently, the load was
changed so that the initial negative data that was observed due to the
gripping of the specimen was nullifed.
The rate of sample displacement was 0.1 0.01 in/min in the case of metals
whereas it was 0.01 0.001 in/min. The elastic modulus, yield point, and
ultimate stress were determined from the stress-strain plot.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The force-chart displacement table (Appendix A-E) is converted into
stress and strain tables to plot stress-strain curves for all the specimen.
Figure 1-5 clearly indicates two regions of linear behavior in the low strain
region of the stress-strain graph. This behavior suggests that the sample was
very compliant at low stress levels, and very stiff at high stress levels.
Unfortunately, there is no structural or chemical reason why steel should
exhibit an increasing modulus with increasing stress. Therefore, a more
probable explanation is realignment and rotation of the test fxture in the low
stress (low force) region. Remember, that the text fxture and the sample are
under the same applied force. Under these experimental conditions, the
most compliant member will dominate the stress-strain behavior. While the
fxture appears very compliant during realignment and rotation, the fxture
appears very stiff. The regression line while calculating the modulus of
elasticity had a non-zero value. This non-zero intercept suggests that the
sample must be compressed in order to obtain zero strain. It should be
noted, that this non-zero intercept resulted from the shift in strain values due
to realignment and rotation of the fxture, and not due to permanent
deformation or violation of Hooke's Law. The region of fxture realignment
and rotation creates some difficulties in determining the yield point by the
0.2% offset method. In the initial linear region, the majority of the
deformation occurs in the fxture and not in the sample. At the same time,
some small amount of deformation must occur in the sample since the force
in the sample is greater than zero. The linear region used to estimate the
elastic modulus of the sample, Figure 4, must be extrapolated to zero stress
to determine the onset of deformation in the sample.
Stiffest material was 1018 steel because the ultimate stress for 1018
steel was the highest. Likewise, 1018 steel was the strongest material as
well. Tefon was the most ductile since the elongation % was the highest.

For future experiments, it would be important to make sure that the negative
force applied while tightening the gripping of the machine is nullifed before
the force is applied and the resolution of the machine is kept in mind while
doing that. Also, it would be particularly important to make sure that there is
no slipping of the materials and the material is perfectly aligned
vertically.The following table shows the measurements of the different
materials used during the specimen.
Material
1018 Steel
110 Copper
360 Brass
6061 Aluminum
Tefon

Length (in.)
0.9655
0.9870
0.9780
0.9730
0.9880

Width (in.)
0.1960
0.1935
0.1935
0.1990
0.1975

Thickness (in.)
0.1230
0.1235
0.1240
0.1290
0.1240

Table 1: Dimensions of the specimen used

1018 Steel

Figure 1: Stressstrain curve showing typical yield behavior for 1018

Steel . Stress () is shown as a function of strain ()
Material

Property of Material
Modulas of Elasticity
1018 Steel
(ksi)
Ultimate Stress (ksi)
Ultimate Stain (in/in)

Experimental
Result
794.2694118
135.0258
0.17

Literature Result

%Different

29700

-97%

63.8
0.0021

112%
7814%

Yield Stress (ksi)

Yield Strain (in/in)
% Elongation

49.938
0.104
17%

53.7
0.0018
15%

Table 2: Experimental results compared to literature results for

1018 Steel

-7%
5652%
-100%

110 Copper

Figure 2: Stressstrain curve showing typical yield behavior for 110

Copper . Stress () is shown as a function of strain ()

Material
110
Copper

Property of Material
Modulas of Elasticity
(ksi)
Ultimate Stress (ksi)
Ultimate Stain (in/in)
Yield Stress (in/in)
Yield Strain (in/in)
% Elongation

Experimental
Result
367.7008547
43.021
0.117
15.63
0.62
26%

Literature
Result

%Differen
t

17000

-98%

31.9
0.0019
10
0.0006
50%

35%
6135%
56%
105300%
-48%

Table 3: Experimental results compared to literature results for 110

Copper

360 Brass

Figure 1: Stressstrain curve showing typical yield behavior for 360 Brass .
Stress () is shown as a function of strain ()

Material

Property of Material
Modulas of Elasticity
360 Brass
(ksi)
Ultimate Stress (ksi)
Ultimate Stain (in/in)
Yield Stress (in/in)
Yield Strain (in/in)
% Elongation

Experimental
Result
295.237069
68.495
0.232
56.075
0.112
28%

Literature
Result

%Differe
nt

14000

-98%

61.6
0.0044
52.2
0.0037
23%

11%
5173%
7%
2904%
23%

Table 4: Experimental results compared to literature results for 360

Brass

6061 Aluminum

Figure 1: Stressstrain curve showing typical yield behavior for 6061

Aluminum . Stress () is shown as a function of strain ()
Material
6061
Aluminum

Property of Material
Modulus of Elasticity
(ksi)
Ultimate Stress (ksi)
Ultimate Stain (in/in)
Yield Stress (in/in)
Yield Strain (in/in)
% Elongation

Experimental
Result
222
41.76
0.188
38.907
0.108
18.80%

Literature
Result

%Differe
nt

10000

978

45
0.0045
40
0.004
12%

72
-40778
27
-26000
-567

Table 5: Experimental results compared to literature results for

6061 Aluminum

Teflon

Figure 1: Stressstrain curve showing typical yield behavior for Teflon .

Stress () is shown as a function of strain ()
Material
Tefon

Property of Material
Modulas of Elasticity
(ksi)
Ultimate Stress (ksi)
Ultimate Stain (in/in)
Yield Stress (in/in)
Yield Strain (in/in)
% Elongation

Experimental
Result
1.273
3.689
2.899
1.895
0.289
290%

Literature
Result

%Different

122

-99%

3.675
0.0301
2.336
0.025
360%

0%
9524%
-19%
1056%
-19%

Table 6: Experimental results compared to literature results for

Teflon

CONCLUSIONS

The elastic modulus, yield point, and ultimate strength of 1018 steel, 110
Copper, 360 Brass, 6061 Aluminum and Tefon were determined in uniaxial
tension. The "dogbone" specimen geometry was used so that the shape
facilitate gripping the sample and failure in the central region. The elastic modulus of the
specimens was determined through the stress-strain graph and was in the
error range of 97% for all the samples. The ultimate stress was also found to
be in the error range of 0%-50%. Even though the errors were large, it can be
observed that the stress-strain relationships for the materials in the
experiments were observed efficiently and the elastic and non-elastic region
was analyzed as predicted.APPENDIX A: 1018STEEL
Channel Count: 2
Sample Count: 1411
Start Time: 1/22/2015 3:34:01 PM
Sampling Interval: 0.1
Sample
Date/Time
123
34:13.7
124
34:13.8
125
34:13.9
126
34:14.0
127
34:14.1
128
34:14.2
129
34:14.3
130
34:14.4
131
34:14.5
132
34:14.6
133
34:14.7
134
34:14.8
135
34:14.9
136
34:15.0
137
34:15.1
138
34:15.2
139
34:15.3
140
34:15.4
141
34:15.5
142
34:15.6
143
34:15.7
144
34:15.8
145
34:15.9
146
34:16.0
147
34:16.1
148
34:16.2
149
34:16.3

CH0 (in)
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002

CH1 (lbs)
12.21
12.21
12.21
12.21
12.21
12.21
12.21
17.094
12.21
17.094
12.21
12.21
17.094
12.21
17.094
17.094
17.094
17.094
17.094
17.094
17.094
12.21
12.21
17.094
17.094
17.094
17.094

150
151
152
153
154
155

34:16.4
34:16.5
34:16.6
34:16.7
34:16.8
34:16.9

0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002

17.094
12.21
12.21
17.094
17.094
17.094

APPENDIX B: 110 Copper

Channel Count: 2
Sample Count: 1661
Start Time: 1/22/2015 3:39:47 PM
Sampling Interval: 0.1
Sample
Date/Time
92
39:56.5
93
39:56.6
94
39:56.7
95
39:56.8
96
39:56.9
97
39:57.0
98
39:57.1
99
39:57.2
100
39:57.3
101
39:57.4
102
39:57.5
103
39:57.6
104
39:57.7
105
39:57.8
106
39:57.9
107
39:58.0
108
39:58.1
109
39:58.2
110
39:58.3
111
39:58.4
112
39:58.5
113
39:58.6

CH0 (in)
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.002
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.002
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007

CH1 (lbs)
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
26.862
26.862
7.326
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
26.862
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978

114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

39:58.7
39:58.8
39:58.9
39:59.0
39:59.1
39:59.2
39:59.3
39:59.4
39:59.5
39:59.6
39:59.7
39:59.8

0.007
0.007
0.007
0.002
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.002
0.007
0.007

21.978
21.978
21.978
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862

APPENDIX C: 360 Brass

Channel Count: 2
Sample Count: 1802
Start Time: 1/22/2015 3:46:03 PM
Sampling Interval: 0.1
Sample
Date/Time
128
46:16.7
129
46:16.8
130
46:16.9
131
46:17.0
132
46:17.1
133
46:17.2
134
46:17.3
135
46:17.4
136
46:17.5
137
46:17.6
138
46:17.7
139
46:17.8
140
46:17.9
141
46:18.0
142
46:18.1
143
46:18.2
144
46:18.3
145
46:18.4
146
46:18.5
147
46:18.6
148
46:18.7
149
46:18.8
150
46:18.9
151
46:19.0
152
46:19.1
153
46:19.2
154
46:19.3
155
46:19.4
156
46:19.5
157
46:19.6
158
46:19.7
159
46:19.8
160
46:19.9
161
46:20.0

CH0 (in)
0.002
0.002
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.007
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012

CH1 (lbs)
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
26.862
21.978
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862
31.746
31.746
31.746
31.746

APPENDIX D: 6061 Aluminum

Channel Count: 2
Sample Count: 1204
Start Time: 1/22/2015 3:51:15 PM
Sampling Interval: 0.1
Sample
Date/Time
60
51:21.3
61
51:21.4
62
51:21.5
63
51:21.6
64
51:21.7
65
51:21.8
66
51:21.9
67
51:22.0
68
51:22.1
69
51:22.2
70
51:22.3
71
51:22.4
72
51:22.5
73
51:22.6
74
51:22.7
75
51:22.8
76
51:22.9
77
51:23.0
78
51:23.1
79
51:23.2
80
51:23.3
81
51:23.4
82
51:23.5
83
51:23.6
84
51:23.7
85
51:23.8
86
51:23.9

CH0 (in)
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002

CH1 (lbs)
7.326
7.326
7.326
7.326
12.21
7.326
12.21
7.326
12.21
12.21
12.21
12.21
12.21
17.094
12.21
17.094
17.094
17.094
17.094
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978
21.978

87
88
89
90

51:24.0
51:24.1
51:24.2
51:24.3

0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.002

26.862
21.978
26.862
26.862

APPENDIX E: Tefon
Channel Count: 2
Sample Count: 1757
Start Time: 1/22/2015 4:00:48 PM
Sampling Interval: 0.1
Sample
Date/Time

CH0 (in)

CH1 (lbs)

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

00:51.2
00:51.3
00:51.4
00:51.5
00:51.6
00:51.7
00:51.8
00:51.9
00:52.0
00:52.1
00:52.2
00:52.3
00:52.4
00:52.5
00:52.6
00:52.7
00:52.8
00:52.9
00:53.0
00:53.1
00:53.2
00:53.3
00:53.4
00:53.5
00:53.6
00:53.7
00:53.8
00:53.9
00:54.0
00:54.1
00:54.2

0.002
0.002
0.002
0.007
0.007
0.002
0.007
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.037
0.032
0.032
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.046

2.442
2.442
7.326
12.21
12.21
12.21
12.21
17.094
17.094
17.094
21.978
21.978
21.978
26.862
21.978
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862
26.862
31.746
31.746
26.862
31.746
31.746
31.746
31.746
31.746
31.746
36.63
31.746

References:
1) Hardness., Om Brinell, and Converted From Bri. AISI 1018 Steel, Cold
Drawn (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
URL:http://ametme.mnsu.edu/userfilesshared/DATA_ACQUISITION/mts/MaterialData/
MaterialData_6809-1018ColdDrawn.pdf

2) Copper CDA 110 Material Property Data Sheet." Elgin Fastener Group.
N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2015.
URL: http://elginfasteners.com/resources/raw-material-technical-data-specifications/copper-cda110-material-property-data-sheet/

3) Guide to Buying Brass Online | Online Metals Guide to Selecting Metals

for Your Project." Guide to Buying Brass Online | Online Metals Guide to
Selecting Metals for Your Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2015.
URL: http://www.onlinemetals.com/productguides/brassguide.cfm
4) "ASM Material Data Sheet." ASM Material Data Sheet. N.p., n.d. Web.
28 Jan. 2015.
URL: http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=MA6061t6
5) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Plastic Tubing. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1972. Web
URL: http://www.bearingworks.com/content_files/pdf/retainers/PTFE%20datasheet.pdf

PRELAB EXERCISES (this page must be complete before starting the experiment and
must be turned in with your lab report)
1) Read Lab 1.
2) Why are dogbone shapes used for uniaxial tension tests?

Ans: This is because dogbone shapes facilitate gripping the sample and failure in the central
region.
3) Complete the table below.
a. Find the Youngs modulus (ksi), ultimate tensile stress (ksi), and percent
elongation of each material listed in the Specimen Preparation section above.
Give a reference for all of your values (web addresses are fine).
b. Indicate whether you expect the material to be ductile or brittle. Give
definitions below for ductile and brittle material.
Ductile = Material that experiences plastic deformation that has been
sustained at fracture is termed ductile.
Brittle = Material that experiences very little or no plastic deformation
upon fracture is termed brittle.
c. Determine the ultimate tensile force (lbs) of each material assuming that the
dogbone specimen is 1/4 inch wide and 1/8 inch thick. What is the minimum
capacity load cell that we will need for our experiments?
A= 1/32 inch2

Material

Youngs
modulus
(ksi)
1018 Steel 29700

Ductile
Ultimate %
Reference
or
stress
Elongation
Brittle
(ksi)
63.8
15%
http://ametDuctile
me.mnsu.edu/userfilessha

Ultimate
force
(lbs)
1993.75

red/DATA_ACQUISITIO
N/mts/MaterialData/Mate
rialData_68091018ColdDrawn.pdf

110
Copper

17000

360 Brass 14000

31.9

61.6

50%

http://elginfasteners.com/reso
urces/raw-material-technicaldata-specifications/coppercda-110-material-propertydata-sheet/
Ductile

23%

http://www.onlinemetals.
com/productguides/brass
guide.cfm
Ductile 1925

12%

http://asm.matweb.com/s
earch/SpecificMaterial.as
p?bassnum=MA6061t6 Ductile 1406.25

996.9

6061
Aluminum 10000

45

Teflon

http://www.bearingworks.
com/content_files/pdf/ret
ainers/PTFE
Ductile
1.45 6.24 50 - 650 % %20datasheet.pdf

58 - 261

45.3-195