Working With SAS System

Date and Time Functions

Andrew H. Karp
Sierra Information Services, Inc.
19229 Sonoma Highway PMB 264
Sonoma, California 95476
[email protected]
www.SierraInformation.com
1

Thanks!
Thanks for attending WUSS 12 and this
presentation
Please hold questions until the end of
the presentation
Paper in the Conference Proceedings
Copy of these slides as PDF at
www.SierraInformation.com

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Working with
SAS System Date and Time Functions
Many applications require that operations be
performed on data collected in the time
domain, such as:
determining the frequency with which a
phenomenon of interest occurs in time

How many babies were born each day in January 2004?

determining the time interval which has elapsed

between two phenomena
How many days elapsed between birth and discharge?

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Working with
SAS System Date and Time Functions
operating conditionally on observations in a SAS

data set based on values of date and/or time

variables
create a SAS data set containing records for births in
January 2004 from a larger data set containing birth
records for all of 2004

aggregation of observations from one time

frequency to another
from daily records, create a SAS data set containing
monthly number of births

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Working with
SAS System Date and Time Functions

interpolation of higher frequency observations

from data collected at a lower frequency

Estimate weekly number of births from a
data set containing monthly counts
Performed by PROC EXPAND, in the
SAS/ETS module

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SAS System Tools for Working With

Data Collected in the Time Domain
Functions
create SAS date, time or datetime variables
from either raw data or from variables in an
existing SAS data set
determine the interval between two periods
declare a SAS date or time variable as a
constant
extract parts from a SAS date variable, such
as the month, day, or year

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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

SAS System Tools for Working With

Data Collected in the Time Domain
Formats
modify the external representation of the
values of SAS date, time or datetime variables
over 30 formats are available in Version 8, and users
can create customized formats using PROC FORMAT

Informats
convert raw data into SAS date, time or
datetime variables

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SAS System Tools for Working With

Data Collected in the Time Domain
Procedures
BASE
PLOT
TIMEPLOT
Econometrics and Time Series (ETS) Module
FORECAST
ARIMA
AUTOREG
EXPAND
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Key Concept
A SAS date, time or date time variable is a
special case of the numeric variable
Date variable:
number of days from January 1, 1960
Time variable:
number of seconds from midnight
A time variable is independent of a date variable
Datetime variable:
number of seconds from midnight 1/1/1960
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How The SAS System Stores the

Values of Date Variables
0 (zero)
January 1, 1960

Negative Integers

July 4, 1776 = -67019

Positive Integers
July 4, 1976 =
July 4, 2003 =
Oct 14, 2004 =

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6029
15890
16358

10

SAS System Date Variables:

Using an INFORMAT
Example: A raw data file contains a date variable in MMDDYY
representation. A SAS date variable needs to be created in a
data step which creates a SAS System data set

Raw Data
10/14/2004

SAS Date Value

16358
INFORMAT

DATA MYDATA;
INFILE more SAS statements ;
INPUT @1 DATE MMDDYY10. ;

more SAS statements

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11

SAS System Date Variables:

Using the MDY Function
Example: A data set contains separate variables
for month, day and year. Create a SAS date variable
using these values
Raw Data
MONTH
10

DAY
14

YEAR
2004

MDY
Function

SAS Data Set

DATE
16358

DATE = MDY(MONTH,DAY,YEAR);
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12

SAS System Date Variables

Extracting the parts of a SAS System date
variable using the:
MONTH
DAY
YEAR
QTR
WEEKDAY
functions
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13

Extracting the parts of a SAS Date, Time

or Datetime Variable
Date: 16358

(October 24, 2004)

SAS Programming
Statements:

Results:

A = MONTH(TODAY);
B = DAY(TODAY);
C = YEAR(TODAY);
D = QTR(TODAY);
E = WEEKDAY(TODAY);

10
14
2004
4
5

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14

The WEEKDAY Function

Returns a numeric value for the day of
the week.

1=Sunday
2=Monday
3=Tuesday
4=Wednesday
5=Thursday
6=Friday
7=Saturday

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15

Extracting the parts of a SAS Date, Time

or Datetime Variable
Extracting the parts from a SAS System time
variable using the
HOUR
MINUTE
SECOND
functions
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16

Extracting the parts of a SAS Date, Time

or Datetime Variable
Time: 1:30 pm

(1300 hours, 0 seconds)

48600

SAS Programming
Statements

Results

A = HOUR(TIME);
B = MINUTE(TIME);
C = SECOND(TIME);

13
30
00

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17

SAS System Datetime Variables

A SAS System Datetime Variable contains

information on both the date and time
the number of seconds before/after
January 1, 1960
Extracting the DATE and/or TIME parts of a SAS
datetime variable
DATEPART function
TIMEPART function
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18

SAS System Datetime Variables

Thursday, Oct. 21, 2004 at 1300 hrs

1413379800
SAS Date value

DATEPART
Function

SAS Time value

TIMEPART
Function

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19

SAS System Datetime Variables

Tues., Sept 21, 2004 at 0930 hrs

1413379800
SAS Programming Statement:

Result:

DATE = DATEPART(TODAY);

16358

TIME = TIMEPART(TODAY);

48600

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20

SAS System Date Constants

Declaring a SAS Date, Time or Datetime Constant
X = 14OCT2004D;
Y = 13:30:00T;
Z = 14OCT2004:13:30:00DT;

16358
46800
1413379800

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21

SAS Programming Language

Functions
There are several functions that return the
values of dates and/or times from the
system clock
TODAY(), DATE() Returns current date
from system clock as a SAS date value
DATETIME()
Returns the current date
& time from system clock as a SAS
datetime value
TIME() Returns the current time from system
clock as a SAS time value
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22

SAS System Date Constants

Question: How old am I, as of today?

SAS Programming
Statements:

Constant

DAYS= TODAY() - 18DEC1956D;

Result:
17467

As of 1330 hrs on Oct. 14, 2004

SECONDS =
DATETIME() - 18DEC1956:09:00:00DT;

1509165000
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23

External Representations of SAS

System Date, Time
and Datetime Variables
Formats alter the external representation of
SAS date, time or datetime variables.Over 30
such formats are available in the BASE SAS
product
Examples: October 24, 2004 = 16335
SAS Statement:
Result:
FORMAT TODAY MMDDYY8. ;
09/21/04
FORMAT TODAY YYMMDD8. ;
04/09/21
FORMAT TODAY DATE7.
;
21SEP04
FORMAT TODAY WEEKDATE29. ;
Tuesday, September 21, 2004
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24

External Representations of SAS System

Date, Time
and Datetime Variables
Format
Applied

Formatted_Value

No Format

16358

MMDDYY8. Format

10/14/04

MMDDYY10. Format

10/14/2004

DDMMYY10. Format

14/10/2004

DATE. Format

14OCT04

DATE7. Format

14OCT04

YYQ. Format

2004Q4

YEAR. Format

2004

WORDDATE. Format

October 14, 2004

WEEKDATE. Format

Thursday, October 14, 2004

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25

Calculating Time Intervals

Accomplished by one of two methods

arithmetic operation on SAS date, time or
datetime variables, or between a variable and a
constant
YEARS = (date2-date1)/365.25;
MONTHS = (date2-date1)/30.4;
use of the INTCK function

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26

INTCK Function
Determines the number of interval boundaries
which have been crossed between two SAS date,
time or date time variables
INTCK(interval , from , to)
interval = character constant or variable name enclosed in
single quotes representing the time period of interest
from = SAS date, time or datetime variable identifying the start
of a time interval
to = SAS date, time or datetime variable identifying the end of
a time interval
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Arithmetic Operation
vs. INTCK Function
Example: a child is born (and therefore admitted to
the hospital) on December 28, 2003 and
discharged on January 2, 2004. The child is
therefore five days old at discharge.
AGE = 02JAN2004D - 28DEC2003D;
yields 5, which is the desired result
BUT, using the INTCK function
AGE =INTCK(YEAR,28DEC2003D,02JAN2004D);
yields 1 as the result. Why?
How old is this child?
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The INTCK Function vs. Direct Operation on

SAS Date Variables
Child is born on December 28, 2003 and is
discharged on January 2, 2004 How old is the baby?
Interval Boundary:
Month
Year
QTR

December 28, 2003

January 2, 2004

January 1, 2004
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29

Enhancements to the INTCK

Function in Release 6.07
The INTCK Function counts the number
of fixed time intervals. Several new
intervals were added in Release 6.07 of
SAS System software.

WEEKDAY
TENDAY
SEMIMONTH
SEMIYEAR

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30

Using the WEEKDAY Argument to

the INTCK Function
Example One:
How many weekdays have elapsed between
January 1, 2004 and October 14, 2004?
weekdays =
intck('weekday','01jan2004'd,today());
Result: 205 weekdays have elapsed

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31

Using the WEEKDAY Argument to

the INTCK Function
Example Two:
How many days have elapsed between Jan 1,
2004 and October 14, 2004, excluding
Sundays?
except_sun =
intck('weekday1w','01jan2004'd,today());
Result: 246
WEEKDAY1W as the alignment argument instructs SAS to
consider Sunday (weekday value 1) as the only day in the
weekday period. WEEKDAY17W is the same as specifying the
WEEKDAY argument.
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32

The INTNX Function

Creates a SAS date, time or datetime value that is
a given number of time intervals from a starting
value
INTNX(interval,from,to)
Example: on what date should a postcard be sent to the
parents of a newborn asking them to schedule a threemonth well-baby exam, three months after the childs
birthday (BDATE)?

MAILDATE = INTNX(month,BDATE,3)
the result is a SAS date variable representing the first day of
the month which is three months past the childs birthday
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The INTNX Function:

Enhancements in Release 6.11
By default, the INTNX Function will return a SAS
date value representing the beginning date of the
interval supplied in the first argument.
Starting in Release 6.11, the INTNX Function contains
options which allow you to specify the alignment of the
interval.
The alignment arguments are:

END
MIDDLE
BEGINNING

Aligns date to the end

Aligns date to the midpoint
Default alignment

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Why are the New Alignment

Operators So Useful?
Suppose we want to create a SAS date
variable representing the last day of the
month in which a transaction occurred.
Since there are some months with 30
days, others with 31 days and one
month with either 28 or 29 days, a data
step approach is tedious and time
consuming.

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35

Determining the Last Day of the

Month via the Data Step
112 data _null_;
113
trans_date = '15oct2002'd;
114
115
if month(trans_date) in (9,4,6,11) then
116
trans_month = mdy( month(trans_date),30,year(trans_date) );
117
118
else if month(trans_date) = 2 then
119
trans_month = mdy( month(trans_date),28,year(trans_date) );
120
121 else trans_month =
mdy( month(trans_date),31,year(trans_date) );
122
123
format trans_month mmddyy10.;
124
125
put 'TRANSACTION MONTH:' trans_month;
126
127
run;

TRANSACTION
MONTH:10/31/2002
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Using the New Alignment Intervals

in the INTNX Function
Example: Create a SAS date value
representing the last day of the month in
which a transaction occurred
We want to then count the total number of
transactions that occurred in that month
Two approaches:
Using the INTNX Function and subtraction
Using the INTNX Function and the END alignment
argument

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Using the New Alignment Intervals

in the INTNX Function
98
99

Data _null_;
transaction_date = '21oct1999'd;

100 last_day_of_month_1 = intnx('month',transaction_date,1)-1;

101 last_day_of_month_2 = intnx('month',transaction_date,0,'end');
102
103
104

format transaction_date last_Day_of_month_1

last_day_of_month_2 mmddyy10.;
put transaction_date last_day_of_month_1 last_day_of_month_2;
run;

10/21/1999 10/31/1999 10/31/1999

NOTE: DATA statement used:
real time
0.04 seconds

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38

Using PROC EXPAND with

SAS Date Variables
Very useful procedure for working with
data collected in the time domain
In the SAS/ETS module

Substantial enhancements in Releases 6.06

and 6.12 of SAS/ETS software

creates SAS data sets

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39

Using PROC EXPAND with

Data Forming a Time Series
Replaces missing values in a time series
applies a cubic spline function is apply to obtain the
continuous time approximation of the missing values to be
replaced

Aggregates data from a higher to a lower

sampling frequency (e.g., daily to monthly)
By default, missing value replacement is carried out on
observations before aggregation

Interpolates data from a lower to a higher

sampling frequency (e.g., monthly to daily)
By default, missing value replacement is carried out on
observations before interpolation
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40

Using PROC EXPAND with

Data Forming a Time Series
Transformation operators
Can be applied to a series before it is operated upon
by PROC EXPAND, or to the series AFTER it has been
processed by the procedure
Often eliminates the need for intensive data step
manipulation of time series
Backward, Centered and Cumulative Moving
Averages, sums
moving sum
maximum, minimum
median, range
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41

Using PROC EXPAND with

Data Forming a Time Series
Benefits to using PROC EXPAND
Clean up your series before applying
other procedures to it
Avoid data step manipulation of a series
prior to aggregation or interpolation
Eliminate tedious data step coding for
complex inter-observation handling of time
series values

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42

Two Problems
How can we
Round the values interpolated by PROC
EXPAND?
Solution: TRANSFORMOUT Option

Change the weekly series start day from

Sunday to Monday?
Solution: Use SAS Date Alignment Operators

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43

Solutions
proc expand data=sasclass.carmiss
observed = total out=weekly
from = month
to = week.2;
id date;
convert cars = weekly/transformout=(ceil);
run;

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44

Effect of applying the Week.2

alignment operator. Week
Starting on Monday

Solutions

PROC EXPAND
Interpolation from Monthly to Weekly
Default Missing Value Replacement
Weekly Series Starts on Monday
CEIL Transformation Operator Used to Round Results
Obs
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288

Mon, 7
Mon, 14
Mon, 21
Mon, 28
Mon, 4
Mon, 11
Mon, 18
Mon, 25
Mon, 2
Mon, 9
Mon, 16
Mon, 23
Mon, 30

Oct
Oct
Oct
Oct
Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec

DATE
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002

weekly
8721
8582
8623
8821
9134
9517
9927
10320
10651
10878
10957
10843
10509

Effect of Using the CEIL

[ceiling] operator in the
TRANSFORMOUT Option

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45

Another Example of SAS Date

Alignment Operators
SAS Date Alignment Operators are
Documented in the SAS/ETS Software
Manual
Example: Align a monthly series to a fiscal
year starting in June

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46

Another Example of SAS Date

Alignment Operators
ods date number;
ods listing close;
ods rtf file = 'c:\reporting classes 2003\expand.rtf'
style = analysis bodytitle;
* calendar vs. fiscal year aggregation;

proc expand data=sasclass.carmiss

from = month to = year out = cal_year;
id date;
convert cars = cal_year/transformout=(ceil);
run;

proc print data=cal_year;

format cal_year comma12.;
title1 'PROC EXPAND';
title2 'Aggregation from Month to Calendar Year';
title3 'Default Missing Value Replacement';
title4 'CEIL Transformation Operator Used to Round Results';
run;

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47

Another Example of SAS Date

Alignment Operators
PROC EXPAND
Aggregation from Month to Calendar Year
Default Missing Value Replacement
CEIL Transformation Operator Used to Round Results

Obs DATE
1998
1

cal_year
48,676

1999

53,400

2000

58,600

2001

56,919

2002

59,097

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48

Another Example of SAS Date

Alignment Operators
proc expand data=sasclass.carmiss

from = month to = year.6

out = fiscal_year;

id date;
convert cars = fiscal_year/transformout=(ceil);
run;

proc print data=fiscal_year label split = '/';

label fiscal_year = 'Fiscal/Year/Starting in June';
format fiscal_year comma12.;
title1 'PROC EXPAND';
title2 'Aggregation from Month to Fiscal Year Starting in June';
title3 'Default Missing Value Replacement';
title4 'CEIL Transformation Operator Used to Round Results';
run;
ods rtf close;
ods listing;

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49

Another Example of SAS Date

Alignment Operators
PROC EXPAND
Aggregation from Month to Fiscal Year Starting in June
Default Missing Value Replacement
CEIL Transformation Operator Used to Round Results
Obs

DATE

Fiscal Year
Starting in June

JUN1997

55,833

JUN1998

35,619

JUN1999

39,144

JUN2000

38,333

JUN2001

42,941

JUN2002

38,515

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50

Understanding the YEARCUTOFF

SAS System Option
Specifies the first year of the 100-year span
that is used to determine the century of a
two-digit year
Valid values are from 1582 to 19990
Not supported in Version 5 or Release 6.03/6.04

Default value is 1900 in Version 6

In Version 8 and SAS 9 the shipped default
value is 1920

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51

Understanding the YEARCUTOFF

SAS System Option
If you change the YEARCUTOFF System
Option Value to 1900, all two digit year
values are assumed to have occurred in the
1900s
What happens if you change the
YEARCUTOFF value to 1950?
Two digit year values from 00 to 49 will be treated as if
they occurred from 2000 to 2049
Two digit year values from 50 to 99 will be treated as if
they occurred from 1950 to 1999
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52

Version 8 Enhancements
DATDIF and YRDIF Functions
Returns the number of days (DATDIF) or
years (YRDIF) between two dates.
Similar to the INTCK Function
But, behavior is different
More options

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53

Version 8 Enhancements
DATDIF(start_date,end_date,basis)
YRDIF(start_date,end_date,basis)
Start_date: period start date
End_date:
period end date (not included in the
calculations)
BASIS

Result

Act/Act

Uses actual number of days

Actual

Same as Act/Act

30/360

Assumes 30 day months and 360 day years

Act/360 (YRDIF
Only)

Years=actual # of days/360 day year

Act/365 (YRDIF Only)

Years=actual # of days/365 day year

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54

Version 8 Enhancements
data years;
start = '18dec1956'd;
stop

= '31oct2001'd;

intyears = intck('year',start,stop);
approxyears = (stop-start)/365.25;
difyears_act = yrdif(start,stop,'actual');
difyears_360 = yrdif(start,stop,'act/360');
difyears_365 = yrdif(start,stop,'act/365');
* put it in the sas log;
put start = stop= ;
put intyears= approxyears= ;
put difyears_act = difyears_360 = difyears_365 = ;

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run;

55

Version 8 Enhancements
The YEARDIF Function
start=-1109
stop=15628
intyears=46
approxyears=45.823408624
difyears_act=45.824552736
difyears_360=46.491666667
difyears_365=45.854794521
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56

Version 8 Enhancements
The separator character can now be
specified with the
DDMMYY
MMDDYY
YYMMDD Formats

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57

Version 8 Enhancements
data x;
nov5 = '05nov2001'd;
put " " nov5 mmddyy10.;
put "B " nov5 mmddyyb10.;
put "C " nov5 mmddyyc10.;
put "P " nov5 mmddyyp10.;
run;
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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

58

Version 8 Enhancements
969

nov5 = '05nov2001'd;

970

put " " nov5 mmddyy10.;

971

put "B " nov5 mmddyyb10.;

972

put "C " nov5 mmddyyc10.;

973

put "P " nov5 mmddyyp10.;

974

run;

11/05/2001
B 11 05 2001
C 11:05:2001
P 11.05.2001
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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

59

Version 8 Enhancements
New Date Formats in Release 8.2
DTWKDATX
Displays the Weekday, Month, Day and Year of a
Datetime Variable

DTDATE
Displays the Day, Month and Year of a Datetime
Variable

Eliminate the need to use the DATEPART

function in the Data Step to extract the
date part from a SAS datetime variable.
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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

60

Version 8 Enhancements
data _null_;
datetime1 = '15sep2003:08:00:00'dt;
datetime2 = datetime1;
format
datetime1 dtwkdatx.
datetime2 dtdate.;
put datetime1= datetime2=;
run;
datetime1=Friday, 21 November 2003
datetime2=21NOV03
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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

61

Version 8 Enhancements
The %SYSFUNC (system function)
capability was added in V6 and can be
used to execute SAS Functions within
the SAS Macro Facility
Example: Format todays date in the TITLE
Use the %SYSFUNC facility and the
DATE() SAS Programming Language
Function
Apply the WORDDATE. Format

SAS is a registered trademark of SAS Institute in the USA and other countries indicates USA registration. This
document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

62

Version 8 Enhancements
options nocenter ls=80;
proc print data=mwsug.cardtrans(obs=10);
title1 'MWSUG 2003 Conference: Minneapolis';

title2 "Report Prepared on %SYSFUNC(date(),worddate.)";

title3 "Report Run Time: %SYSFUNC(time(),time.)";

run;

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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

63

Version 8 Enhancements
MWSUG 2003 Conference: Minneapolis
Report Prepared on September 15, 2003
Report Run Time:
6:50:39
trans_ card_
Obs type type
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

22:53 Sunday, September 14, 2003

cardnumber

charge_
amount

transaction_
datetime

9630-0420-1039-0391
9630-0420-1039-0391
9630-0420-1039-0391
9630-0420-1039-0391
9630-0420-1039-0391
9630-0420-1039-0391
9630-0420-1039-0391
9630-0420-1039-0391
9630-0420-1039-0391
9630-0420-1039-0391

452.34
955.20
413.37
795.78
898.87
361.14
93.42
386.35
409.61
190.32

08APR99:23:59:59
24MAY99:23:59:59
03AUG99:23:59:59
12AUG99:23:59:59
07SEP99:23:59:59
11SEP99:23:59:59
14OCT99:23:59:59
28DEC99:23:59:59
05JAN00:23:59:59
11JAN00:23:59:59

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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

year LOB01
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
2000
2000

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

64

New in SAS 9.1

DTRESET SAS System Option
Useful with long SAS jobs. Re-sets the date
and time information displayed in the
SASLOG.
Smallest increment is minutes
Reset occurs when page is being written

Default is NODTRESET
SASLOG displays date/time of session initialzation

ANYDATE, ANYTIME Informats

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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

65

New in SAS 9.1

ANYDTDTEw
Reads and extract date values from messy
raw data.
DATE, DATETIME, DDMMYY, JULIAN,
MMDDYY, MONYY, TIME, YYMMDD, YYQ
informat values

ANYDTDTw
ANYDTMEw

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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

66

New in SAS 9.1

data messy;
input date anydtdte21.;
date2 = date;
datalines;
14JAN2004
14JAN2004 12:24:32.8
14012004
2004014
01142004
20040114
04Q1
;
run;
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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

67

New in SAS 9.1

Working with SAS Date and Time Functions
The ANYDTDTE Informat, New in SAS 9.1
Obs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

date
16084
16084
16084
16084
16084
16084
16071

date2
January 14,
January 14,
January 14,
January 14,
January 14,
January 14,
January 1,

2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

68

New in SAS 9.1

The WEEK Function
Returns the week number from a SAS date
Default: First Sunday of the week is WEEK 1
For dates prior to the first Sunday, the value
returned by the WEEK Function is 0 (zero)

Optional Descriptors
Change the basis for determining the first week of
the year
See the SAS 9.1 Documentation for the WEEK
Function

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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

69

Thanks for Attending !

Questions ?
Comments ?
Copies of this presentation:
www.SierraInformation.com

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document copyright 2004 by Sierra Information Services. All rights reserved.

70