GWII 9 Multiphase Flow
GWII 9 Multiphase Flow
Mehrphasenstrmungen
Multiphase Flow
Fritz Stauffer,
Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zrich
FS 2011
Capillary zone
unsaturated zone
Piezometer
Capillary
zone
Groundwater table
Saturated zone
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Two-phase flow
At the same time:
Interconnected water phase
Interconnected air phase
w: n
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n: Porosity [-]
Groundwater II Multiphase flow
pw
v w = K w (Sw ) z +
w g
pa
v a = K a ( Sa ) z +
a g
Condition:
[-]
Sw+ Sa=15
vw =
k w (Sw )
va =
k a ( Sa )
[ pw wg ]
[ pa a g ]
k: Permeability [L2]
-1 L-1flow
Groundwater
Multiphase
: Dynamic viscosity
[MII T
]
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( n Sw w )
( w v w ) =
t
( n Sa a )
( a v a ) =
t
t: Time [T]
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pw
S w
K w ( S w ) z +
= n
w g
t
pa
S a
K a ( S a ) z +
= n
a g
t
S w + Sa =1
pw
S w
K w ( S w ) z +
= n
w g
t
Richards equation:
pw
S w
pw
K w ( S w ( pw ) ) z +
=
n
p
(
)
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Groundwater II Multiphase
flow
9
g
p
t
w
w
pc = pa - pw
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10
pc = pa - pw = wa
1 1
+
R1 R2
R1
R2
R1
11
pc/(wg)
w
r
FS: Wetting
angle
2011
12
13
90
Water
retention
curve
80
70
60
Sand packing
Different curves for
drainage und
imbibition
Hysteresis effect!
hcpc (cm)
50
40
Drainage
30
20
Imbibition
10
0
0
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0.5
Sw
14
S w S w, r
1 S w, r
S w,e = 1;
pb
= ; pc pb
pc
0 pc pb
pc
pb
0
Sw,r
Sw
15
S w ,e =
S w S w,r
1 S w,r
=
;
n
1 + pc
g
w
pc
pc 0
, n und m : Parameters
Usually: m=1-1/n
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0
Groundwater II Multiphase flow
Sw,r
Sw
16
17
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
1. Drainage
2. Drainage
Imbibition
0.4
hc (m)
hc (m)
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
Incl. primary
wetting0.1curves
0.1
0
0
0.5
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1
Groundwater II Multiphase flow
0.5
S
1
18
Hydraulic conductivity
Approach of Brooks und Corey (1966):
=3+2/
K w ( S w ) = K w, sat S w,e ;
K w ( S w ) = K w, sat S
1/ 2
w,e
1 (1 S
1/ m m
w,e
; m=1-1/n
19
Hydraulic conductivity
Sand packing
1
Kr=K(Sw)/Ksat
0.8
1. Drainage
2. Drainage
Imbibition
0.6
Kr
Relative
hydraulic
conductivity
0.4
0.2
0
0
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0.2
0.4
0.6
Sw
0.8
1
20
Numerical solution
Differential equation
for unsaturated flow:
Parameters:
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pw
pw
S
( pw )
( K w ( pw ) z +
=n
w g
pw
t
K w ( S w ( pc ) ) ;
S w ( pc ) ;
pc = pa pw ;
S w
K w ( S w ( pc ) )
(
p
)
w
Groundwater II Multiphase flow
pw
pa = 0
21
Numerical solution
Initial condition
Boundary conditions
System of linear equations
Solve linear equation system
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22
Numerical solution
10
Example Infiltration:
t'=1
9
t'=10
hb = pb/wg
z'
t'=20
t'=30
t'=50
t'=40
z
z '=
hb
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t K sat
t '=
n hb
n: Porosity
0
0.0
0.5
S
23
1.0
Numerical solution
Infiltration into
layered sand packing:
Inf.-rate = 0.082 mm/s
Ksat,fine = 0.23 mm/s
Ksat,coarse = 0.73 mm/s
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24 1986
Stauffer and Dracos,
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25
Multiphase flow
Existence of several non-mixing fluid phases
Ex.: Water air mineral oil
Solid in contact with two fluids:
Fluid 1
Fluid 2
s,1
1,2
s,2
fest
Mechanical equilibrium, if: 1,2 cos = s,1 - s,2 Youngs law
1,2:
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s,1:
26
Multiphase flow
No equilibrium, if:
27
Wetting hierarchy
If several fluid phases are present
One phase is wetting, one phase is non-wetting, the
remaining phases are ambivalent, wetting-non-wetting
Ex.: For mineral solid (e.g., quartz sand) water is wetting, air
is non-wetting, oil is wetting if water is absent and oil is nonwetting if air is absent.
Organic
surface
Mineral
surface
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a)
b)
28
c)
Multiphase flow
A fluid phase gets immobile, if the
saturation is smaller than the residual
saturation
The residual saturation of mineral oil
may be very small, if water and air are
present in the pore.
Flux equations and mass balance equations are similar to
equations for two phase flow.
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Multiphase flow
Relation between capillary pressure and fluid content is
analogue to two-phase flow.
2 1,2
pc =
cos a1,2, s
r
pc=pa -pw
pc=po -pw
a
pc=pa-po
o
a
w
0
pbwa
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Sw
pbwo
o
0
pboa
So
30
po
Air (a)
P2
Oil (o)
pw
ho
pb
hw
P1
Water (w)
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0 Sr
1
Groundwater II Multiphase flow
31
z
H1
R0
t (z)=
Capillary fringe
Groundwater
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n So1
K o ( So1 )
hcwa
z
z1 ( hs ,max / 2 + w hcoa ) ln
+ 1
h
s ,max / 2 + w hcoa
Groundwater II Multiphase flow
32
H1
Sro1
immobile
So1
mobile
R0
Capillar fringe
hcwa
Groundwater
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Sro1
H1
H
So1
H=
Vo
Sro1
H
1
So1 Sro1
n ( So1 Sro1 ) R02
hcwa
Capillary fringe
Groundwater
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H1
Sro1
HD
So1
zmax
So3
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H o d hcoa o + hcwa w
zmax =
So 3
w o + o
So1 S ro1
hcwa
35
Sro1
So2
zmax
SSo2
o1
So2
whcoa
dhcoa
Sro3
R0
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maxflow
Groundwater II Multiphase
36
zmax
whcoa
R0
Rmax
L(y)
Additional:
Influence of water
table fluctuations
2
2 ( So 2 S ro 2 ) Rmax
y2
L( y ) =
S ro 2
fr R0 < y Rmax
y
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Rmax
Groundwater II Multiphase flow
37
E.g., chlorinated
hydrocarbon CHC
z
Water (w)
pb
P1
hw
hn
CKW
(n)
CHC (n)
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Sr
pn
z=0
pw
1
Groundwater
II Multiphase flow
38
Chlorinated hydrocarbon
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