Brine Fluids Planning

Chapter 2
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Introduction
Safety and the Environment
The Planning Process
Fluid Categories
Fluid Density
Crystallization Temperature
Temperature and Pressure Effects
Estimating Required Fluid Volume
Fluid Compatibility
Temperature and Pressure Effects

When a brine is put into service, the downhole temperature profile will cause the brine to
expand, lowering the average density of the fluid column. Pressure has the opposite effect and
causes an increase in density. Adjustments will need to be made to the fluid density to
compensate for the combination of bottomhole pressure and bottomhole temperature.
For fluids with densities less than approximately 12.0 lb/gal, thermal expansion will typically be
in the range of 0.26 lb/gal to 0.38 lb/gal per 100F (lb/gal/100F) increase in temperature. From
12.0 lb/gal to 19.0 lb/gal, the expansion ranges from 0.33 lb/gal to 0.53 lb/gal per 100F
increase. Typically, the density correction is made for the average temperature of the fluid
column. Pressure effects are much smaller and range from 0.019 lb/gal per thousand psi to
0.024 lb/gal per thousand psi. Table 2 shows some representative values for thermal expansion
(A) and hydrostatic compression (B) based on data reported in literature (Bridges, 2000).
TABLE 2. Density Corrections for Temperature and Pressure

Selected
Densities
Temperature
Expansion
(A)
Hydrostatic
Compression
(B)
lb/gal1
lb/gal/100F1
lb/gal/1000 psi1
NaCl
9.0
0.314
0.0189
NaCl
9.5
0.386
0.0188
NaBr
12.0
0.336
0.0190
Fluid Type
CaCl2
9.5
0.285
0.0188
CaCl2
10.0
0.289
0.0187
CaCl2
10.5
0.273
0.0186
CaCl2
11.0
0.264
0.0187
CaCl2/CaBr2
12.0
0.325
0.0190
CaCl2/CaBr2
12.5
0.330
0.0193
CaCl2/CaBr2
13.5
0.343
0.0201
CaCl2/CaBr2
14.5
0.362
0.0212
CaCl2/Zn-CaBr2
15.5
0.387
0.0226
CaCl2/Zn-CaBr2
16.5
0.416
0.0244
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Chapter 2
Page 2 of 4
CaCl2/Zn-CaBr2
17.5
0.453
0.0264
CaCl2/Zn-CaBr2
18.0
0.475
0.0276
CaCl2/Zn-CaBr2
18.5
0.501
0.0288
CaCl2/Zn-CaBr2
19.0
0.528
0.0301
Values in Table 2 above are adapted from data in Bridges (2000), Completion and
Workover Fluids, SPE Monograph 19.
The fluid density corrected for temperature and pressure (dc) is calculated using Equation 5 with
input values from Equation 3 and Equation 4 and values for A and B from Table 2.
Temperature Correction
EQUATION 3.
Pressure Correction
EQUATION 4.
The results of Equation 3 and Equation 4 are used in Equation 5 to obtain the corrected density
(dc).
Corrected Density
EQUATION 5.
Chapter 2
Page 3 of 4
The actual corrected density (dc) of the fluid mixed and delivered to location will be slightly
greater than determined, based solely on TVD and BHP in Equation 2.
CBF Temperature and Pressure Profile Software (TP-Pro)

A TETRA fluids specialist is equipped to make a more accurate analysis of the temperature,
pressure, and density profile for the entire fluid column. Using TETRAs TP-Pro program, fluids
specialists can analyze the temperature and pressure conditions along the entire length of the
flow path to ensure that an accurate and reliable prediction of corrected density is made for your
particular application.
TETRAs TP-Pro program calculates the thermal expansion and pressure compressibility behavior
of clear brine fluids in a wellbore. The program can be used to model onshore and offshore wells.
Solid free brines are especially susceptible to thermal expansion and pressure compressibility,
which can significantly alter the effective density of the brine in a downhole application. Because
of this susceptibility, a TP-Pro simulation is recommended for every solid free brine application to
determine the required surface density of the brine for the necessary effective density.
TABLE 3. TP-Pro Example of Input Variables
TP-Pro Input Variables

Surface Temperature
70F
Mudline Temperature
39F
Rig Floor Elevation
82 feet
Water Depth
3,440 feet
Water Depth + Elevation
3,522 feet
Bottomhole Temperaure (BHT)
275F
True Vertical Depth of Zone of Interest (TVD)
17,880 feet
Bottomhole Pressure (BHP)
13,200 psi
Overbalance
250 psi
Required Effective Density
14.47 lb/gal
Selected Surface Density
14.60 lb/gal
Pressurized Crystallization Temperature (PCT)
0F
Fluid Composition (One, Two, or Three Salt)
One Salt
Actual Overbalance
305 psi
Effective Density at 17,880 feet (TVD)
14.53 lb/gal
TABLE 4. TP-Pro Example of Output Variables

Vertical Depth Actual Density
Effective Density
Temperature
Feet
lb/gal
lb/gal
psi
14.60
14.60
70
Chapter 2
Page 4 of 4
41
14.60
14.60
31
70
82
14.60
14.60
62
70
Water Surface
770
14.63
14.62
585
64
1,458
14.67
14.63
1,109
58
2,146
14.70
14.65
1,635
51
2,834
14.73
14.66
2,161
45
3,522
14.76
14.68
2,689
39
Mudline
4,240
14.74
14.69
3,239
51
4,958
14.71
14.70
3,789
63
5,676
14.68
14.70
4,337
74
6,394
14.65
14.69
4,885
86
7,112
14.63
14.69
5,431
98
7,829
14.60
14.68
5,977
110
8,547
14.57
14.67
6,521
122
9,265
14.54
14.66
7,065
133
9,983
14.52
14.65
7,607
145
10,701
14.49
14.64
8,148
157
11,419
14.46
14.63
8,689
169
12,137
14.43
14.62
9,228
181
12,855
14.40
14.61
9,766
192
13,573
14.38
14.60
10,304
204
14,291
14.35
14.59
10,840
216
15,008
14.32
14.57
11,375
228
15,726
14.29
14.56
11,909
240
16,444
14.27
14.55
12,442
251
17,162
14.24
14.54
12,974
263
17,880
14.21
14.53
13,505
275
The results of a TP-Pro simulation are based on best available information and assume
equilibrium and static well conditions.
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Chapter 2

View Table of Contents

Temperature and Pressure Effects

TABLE 2. Density Corrections for Temperature and Pressure

CBF Temperature and Pressure Profile Software (TP-Pro)

TABLE 3. TP-Pro Example of Input Variables

TP-Pro Input Variables

Rig Floor Elevation

Water Depth + Elevation

Bottomhole Temperaure (BHT)

True Vertical Depth of Zone of Interest (TVD)

Bottomhole Pressure (BHP)

Required Effective Density

Selected Surface Density

Pressurized Crystallization Temperature (PCT)

Fluid Composition (One, Two, or Three Salt)

Effective Density at 17,880 feet (TVD)

TABLE 4. TP-Pro Example of Output Variables

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