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Stolz Cesaro

The document introduces the Stolz-Cesaro theorem and uses it to prove limits of 9 different sequences. The Stolz-Cesaro theorem provides a tool to obtain limits of sequences by looking at the limit of the difference between successive terms divided by the difference between successive indices. Each application example provides the sequence, uses the Stolz-Cesaro theorem to prove the desired limit exists, and calculates the limit.

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Nguyễn Duy Quang
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673 views4 pages

Stolz Cesaro

The document introduces the Stolz-Cesaro theorem and uses it to prove limits of 9 different sequences. The Stolz-Cesaro theorem provides a tool to obtain limits of sequences by looking at the limit of the difference between successive terms divided by the difference between successive indices. Each application example provides the sequence, uses the Stolz-Cesaro theorem to prove the desired limit exists, and calculates the limit.

Uploaded by

Nguyễn Duy Quang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

The purpose of this note is to show how

obtain limit or equivalent of sequence with Theorem Stolz-Cesaro


by Moubinool OMARJEE

Let me remind the main tool in this note


___________________________________________________________
Theorem of Stolz-Cesaro: a n n0 , b n n0 sequences of reals numbers.
Assume b n n0 is strictly increasing , unbounded and the following
limit exist
lim a n+1 a n = L
n+ b n+1 b n
Then the
lim a n also exist and its equal to L
bn

n+

____________________________________________________________
APPLICATION 1 : x n n1 sequence of real number with x n > 0 for any n 1
lim x n = +
n+ n
Then
n

lim 1
n+
n

k=1

1 =0
xn

Proof: With S.C (Stolz-Cesaro)


n

lim 1
n+
n

k=1

1 = lim
n+
xn

1
x n+1

= n+
lim

n+1 n

n+1 + n
n+1
= n+
lim 2
=0
x n+1
x n+1

APPLICATION 2 : x n n1 sequence of real number given by


xn =

n
k. k!
k=1

n + 1! 1

Find the limit of x n n1


Proof: With S.C
lim x
n+ n

= n+
lim

n + 1n + 1!
n + 1n + 1!
= n+
lim
=1
n + 2! n + 1!
n + 1n + 1!

APPLICATION 3 :x n n1 sequence of real number with x 1 = 1


x n+1 = x 1 + x 2 +. . . +x n
Find
lim x n
n+ n
Proof: All the term of x n n1 are strictly positive x 2n+1 = x 2n + x n
x n n1 is strictly increasing, if it was bounded then
lim x
n+ n

exist = L

L2 = L2 + L
This gives the limit L = 0 contradiction since all x n 1. So

lim x
n+ n

= +

x 2n+1
= 1 + x1n 1
x 2n
lim x n+1 = 1
n+ x n
With S.C theorem
x n = lim x n+1 x n = lim x 2n+1 x 2n
lim
n+ n
n+ n + 1 n
n+ x n+1 + x n
= n+
lim x x n+ x = n+
lim x n+11
= 1 = 1
n+1
n
1+1
2
+
1
xn
APPLICATION 4 :Find
lim

n+

lnn! n lnn
n

Proof: With S.C.


lnn! n lnn
lnn + 1 n + 1 lnn + 1 + n lnn
lim
= n+
lim
n
n+
n + 1 n
= n+
lim n lnn + 1 + n lnn = n+
lim

ln1 +

1
n

1
n

= 1

APPLICATION 5: Find
n
Ene n
k=1
1

lim

n2

n+

Proof: With S.C


n
Eke k
k=1
1

lim

n+

n2

Ene n
n
= n+
lim 2
= n+
lim
= 1
2
2n + 1
n n 1 2

APPLICATION 6: x n n1 sequence of real number with


n

lim x
x2 = 1
n+ n k
k=1

Prove that
lim 3 3n x n = 1

n+

Proof: S n = k=1 x 2k , x n S n tend to 1. The sequence S n is strictly increasing


n
if S n converge to L , then x n L1 > 0 and we will have S n = k=1 x 2k +
contradiction. We have
n

lim S n = + and n+
lim x n = 0

n+

We also have x n S n1 1 when n + and


S 3n S 3n1 = x 2n S 2n + S n S n1 + S 2n1 3 when n +
With S.C.
S 3 S 3n1
S3
lim n
=3
lim nn = n+
n n 1

n+

We deduce that

3n
1
Sn

3n x n =

3n
x S 1
Sn n n

APPLICATION 7: x n n1 sequence of reals numbers with 0 < x 1 < 1 and


x n+1 = x n x 2n for any n 1. Prove that
lim nx n = 1

n+

Proof: The sequence x n n1 is decreasing and bounded


lim x
n+ n

= L exist

L = L L2
So L = 0
Consider y n =

1
xn

with S.C.
y
y yn
x n+1
lim n = n+
lim n+1
= n+
lim x nx nx n+1
n+ n
n + 1 n
x 2n
1
= n+
lim
= n+
lim
=1
1 xn
x n x n x 2n

APPLICATION 8: x n n1 sequence of reals numbers with x 1 = 1


x n+1 =

x 2n +2
n+1

for any n 1. Find


n
xk
k=1
lim
1
n+ n
k=1 k

Proof: By induction 0 < x n 2 for any n 2


2
0 < x n+1 2 + 2 0 when n +
n+1

With S.C.
n
xk
k=1
x n = lim n x 2n1 + 2 = 2
lim
=
lim
1
n
n+ n
n+ 1
n+
n
k=1 k

APPLICATION 9: x n n1 sequence of reals numbers such that


lim x n+1n x n = L > 0
n+
Prove that
lim

n+

n+1

x n+1
xn
n n!
n + 1!

= eL
2

Proof: Since x n+1 x n nL the equivalence of partial sum for divergence


n1
n1
gives k=1 x k+1 x k L k=1 k this gives xnn nL
2
With S.C.
x n+1
nx n
n+1 n+1!
n!
x n+1
lim
xn
= n+
lim
n+
n n!
n + 1 n
n+1 n + 1!
= n+
lim

x n = eL
2
n n n!

Since

1
n!

e
n

e lnn+ln2
2
n2

+O

1
n3

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