IS 15284 (Part 2): 2004
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Indian Standard
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FOR GROUND
IMPROVEMENT GUIDELINES
PART 2 PRECONSOLIDATION
USING VERTICAL
DRAINS
ICS 93.020
0 BIS 2004
BUREAU
MANAK
August 2004
OF
IN DIAN
STANDARDS
BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Price Group
Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 43
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Part 2) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the
Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division
Council.
Whenever soft cohesive soil strata underlying a structure are unable to meet the basic requirements of safe
bearing capacity and tolerable settlement, ground improvement is adopted to make it suitable for supporting
the proposed structure. Both the design requirements that is shear stmgth and settlement under loading, can
be fulfilled by consolidating the soil by applying a preload, if necessary, before the construction of the
foundation. This consolidation of soil is normally accelerated with the use of vertical drains.
This standard or ground improvement has been published in two parts. The other part in this series is:
Part 1 Stone columns
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2:1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised). The number of significant places retained in
the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
II
..-
IS 15284 (Part 2): 2004
Indian Standard
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FOR GROUND
IMPROVEMENT GUIDELINES
PART 2 PRECONSOLIDATION
USING VERTICAL
33 Sensitivity of Clay The ratio of unconfined
compressive strength of clay at its natural state to the
remoulded condition.
1 SCOPE
This standard (Part 2) covers the guidelines for design
and construction of vertical drains used for improving
the ground such that the consolidation under preload
is accelerated resulting in improvement of ground to
carry envisaged loads.
3.6 Smear Zone The disturbed area radially
outside the perimeter of a hole, caused due to driving
or boring process.
2 REFERENCE
4 NECESSARY INFORMATION
The standard given below contains provisions which,
through reference in this text, constitute provision of
this standard. At the time of publication the edition
indicated was valid, All standards are subject to
revision and parties to agreements based on this
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility
of applying the most recent edition of the standard
indicated below:
4.1 For the satisfactory design and installation of
vertical drains with or without preloading, the
following information is necessary.
4.1.1 Site investigation data as laid down in IS 1892
and/or any other relevant Indian Standard. Sections of
trial boring, supplemented where appropriate by
penetration test and other in-situ tests including soil
parameters obtained from laboratory tests sufficiently
up to the firm stratum to obtain data/inforrnation below
the soft soil requiring improvement. The nature of soil
should be indicated on the basis of appropriate tests
for index properties, shear strengths compressibility
and in-situ permeability. Ground water level and its
conditions (such as artesian condition) should also be
incorporated.
Title
IS No.
1892:1979
DRAINS
Code of practice for subsurface investigations for foundations (/irst
revision)
3 TERMINOLOGY
For the purpose of this standard the following
definitions shall apply;
4.1.2 The general layout of the structure showing the
proposed foundation system.
3.1 Displacement/Non-displacement
Type of
Installation Process If the soil is laterally pushed
or shifted while making the hole (for example, driving
tube/casings) it is displacement type of boring. In
other case when the soil is taken out during boring to
make the hole it is non-displacement
type of
installation process.
4.1.3 Loading pattern and intensity as determined
from structural analysis.
5 TYPE OF DRAINS
5.1 Sand Drains
3.2 Ground Improvement To improve the load
bearing capacity and settlement potential of the loose
or soft soil lying close to the surface or at depths by
some possible and practicable methods.
These may be installed by any of the following
methods:
a) Driven or vibratory closed-end mandrel;
b) Jetting with wate~ and
c) Continuous flight auger.
3.3 Mandrel The tube (casing) used for installing
vertical drains.
The first method is dkplacement type and the other
two are non-displacement type; Comparison of
different methods is given in Table 1.
3.4 Preeonsolidation Compressor (consolidation)
of soft to very soft clay under an imposed load to
improve the load carrying capacity.
IS 15284 (Part 2): 2004
Table 1 Comparison of Different Sand Drain Installation Techniques
(Clause 5.1)
SI
Technique
No.
(1)
(2)
i) Driven or vibratory
closed end mandrel
ii) Continuous
auger
flight
iii) Jetted
Range
Limitations
Remark
(5)
(3)
(4)
Diameter 15 to 60 cm Spacing
2 to 8 m times diameter,
maximum length 30 m
Shear strength of subsoil is
reduced temporarily. A highly
disturbed smear zone is formed
Diameter 30 to 50 cm, Spacing
2 to 8 m, maximum length 35 m
Disturbance and smearing of the
surroundingclay is intermediate
between full displacement and
jetted sand drains
Diameter 20 to 30 cm
Installation technique is quite
complex and requires close
supervision
5.2 Prefabricated Drains
6.2 The depth of vertical drains for a given soil profile
are so determined that the drains extend through the
most significant compressible strata that account for
the major consolidation settlement during preloading.
The prefabricated drains can be of two types;
a)
b)
Sand wicks, and
Band shaped drains.
6.3 In general, preloadhtg is done by an applied
pressure, which is nearly equal to the foundation
loading. However, depending on the soil strength and
the magnitude of required load, preloading may be
done in stages allowing at least 90 percent
consolidation under each stage of loading.
5.2.1 Sand wicks are made by filling preformed pipes
of HDPE or other woven permeable fabric, including
natural fabric with sand and stitching along the sides
and the ends. The material to be used for vertical
drains should be well graded coarse to medium sand
or any other suitably graded material with
permeability in the range of 10-3 to 10-1 crnk. The
prepared sand wick shall be saturated by keeping it
in a water vat. After driving the mandrel to the
specified depth the flexible sand wick is inserted in the
tube and the tube is withdrawn.
6.4 At each stage of preload the degree
consolidation achieved by radial and vertical dr?
is determined. Improvement of shear strenp
evaluated and considered to determine the
of the next stage of preload. The stabilir
of loading is examined by finding tlv
against possible slip or bearing r
factor of safety of 1.25 is consid
preload stage.
5.2.2 A mandrel is often pushed into the soil along
with the prefabricated drain with the help of a
hydraulic power and pulley system. Anchor plates are
generally used for installation of band-shaped drains.
The strip drain is made with a central core having
typical groves, studs or channels for water transport.
During installation, the anchor plate ensures that the
bottom of the band-shaped drain is taken up to desired
depth.
6.5 As per theory of thre
u = 1 (1u,)
where
U=dey
d
u,
6 DESIGN
6.1 The design of vertical drain for preloading
consists of the following:
a)
b)
Should not be used where
clay sensitivity is more than
4t06
,.
u,
UZand Ur.
for vertical am.
Determination of the depth and spacing for a
given drain size based on the soil properties
and stratification. Normally the drains are arranged in equilateral triangular or square grids,
and
Determination of the rate of loading, stages
and pause period of preload without causing
plastic flow or any detrimental effect on the
ground based on the soil properties, stratification and topography of adjoining ground.
6.5.1 The time fact.
r vertical flow:
TV+
where
C, = coefficient of consolidation for vertical
flow,
t
= time elapsed since application of a preload,
and
L
7
IS 15284 (Part 2): 2004
H
= thickness of consolidating layer depending
on one way or two way drainage (this
depends on presence of drainage layer if
any at bottom of treated soil since drainage
blanket is essential at ground level).
For given value of C,, t and R, T, can be calculated.
Now U, = 1 e-A
where
A
For given value of C,, t and H, T, can be computed,
and corresponding Uz can be obtained (see Fig. 1 and
Table 2).
8 T,
Fn
where
F.
6.5.2 The time factor for radial flow:
t12
= loge
n21
T,==
(2R)2
where
C, = coefficient of consolidation for radial flow,
and
2R = well spacing, (see Fig. 2).
3n21
4n2
= ~, rw being the radius of drain
The relationship between U~ and Tv for different
values on n is given in the Table 3.
m
r
U=
U4*(0.Z.
u=u,
CASE 1
(a) CONSTANT
FIG.
(b) LINEAR
VARIATION
Zf+-z
~
H)
(H<z<W)
CASE 2
CASE 3
CASE 4
HALF SINE
CURVE
FULL SINE
CURVE
TRIANGULAR
INCREASE AND
DECREASE
1 FOUR CASESOF INITIAL EXCESSPORE PRESSUREDISTRIBUTIONWITH DOUBLE DRAINAGE
IS 15284 (Part 2) :2004
Table 2 Values of U. for Various Valuea of TV
(Clame 6.5.1)
S1 No.
U %(PercentageConsolidation)
A
T,
/
(1)
Case 1
case2
case 3
case4
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
0.85
(2)
i)
ii)
0.004
07.35
6.49
0.98
0.008
10.38
8.62
1.95
1.62
iii)
0.012
12.48
10.49
2.92
2.41
iv)
0.020
15.98
13.67
4.81
4.00
v)
vi)
0.028
18.89
16.38
6.67
5.60
0.036
21.41
18.76
8.50
7.20
vii)
0.048
24.64
21.%
11,17
9.50
viii)
0.060
27.64
24.81
13.76
11.98
ix)
0.072
30.28
27.43
16.28
14.36
x)
xi)
0.083
32.33
29.67
18.52
16.46
0.100
35.62
32.88
21.87
19.76
xii)
0.125
39.89
36.54
26.54
24.42
xiii)
0.150
43.70
41.12
30.93
28.86
xiv)
0.175
47.18
44.73
3507
33.06
xv)
0.200
50.41
48,09
38.95
37.04
xvi)
0.250
56.22
54.17
46.03
44.32
xvii)
0.300
61.32
59.50
52.30
50.32
xviii)
0.350
65.82
64.21
57.83
56.49
ixx)
0.40
69.73
68.36
62.73
61.54
xx)
0.50
76.40
76.28
70.88
69.94
xxi)
0.60
81.56
80.69
77.25
76.52
xxii)
0.70
85.59
84.91
82.22
81.65
xxiii)
0.80
88.74
88.21
86.11
85.66
xxiv)
0.90
91.19
90.79
89.15
88.80
xxv)
1.00
93.13
xxvi)
2.00
99.42
92.80
91.52
91.25
WELL SPACING = 2R
A
~
o
&
.-
R ~
000
(a)
SECTION OF DRAIN-WELL PAlTERN
(b)
PLAN OF DRAIN-WEU
w-D---l
PAITERN
(c)
FIG. 2 SCHEMATICDIAGRAM OF DRAIN-WELL INSTALLATION
SECTION
a-a
--!
IS 15284 (Part 2): 2004
Table 3 Solution of Radial-Flow Equation Equal Vertical-Strain Condition
(Clause 6.5.2)
S1 Degree
No.
of
cOlMOlidation,
Time Factor T for Value of Mr.
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
80
100
(lo)
(11)
(12)
(13)
u,
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
i)
0.006
0.010
0.013
0.014
0.016
0.017
0.019
0.020
0.021
0.023
0.025
ii)
10
0.012
0.021
0.026
0.030
0.032
0.035
0.039
0.042
0.044
0.048
0.051
iii)
15
0.019
0.032
0.040
0.046
0.050
0.054
0s)60
0.064
0.068
0.074
0.079
iv)
20
0.026
0.044
0.055
0.063
0.069
0.074
0.082
0.088
0.092
0.101
0.107
V)
25
0.034
0.057
0.071
0.081
0.089
0.096
0.106
0.114
0.120
0.131
0.139
vi)
30
0.042
0.070
0.088
0.101
0.110
0.118
0.131
0.141
0.149
0.162
0.172
vii)
35
0.050
0.085
0.106
0.121
0.133
0.143
0.158
0.170
0.180
0.1%
0.208
viii)
40
0.101
0.125
0.144
0.158
0.170
0.188
0.202
0.214
0.232
0.246
ix)
45
0.070
0.118
0.147
0.169
0.185
0.198
0.220
0.236
0.250
0.291
0.288
x)
50
0.081
0.137
0.170
0.195
0.214
0.230
0.255
0.274
0.290
0.315
0.334
xi)
55
0.094
0.157
0.197
0.225
0.247
0.265
0.294
0.316
0.334
0.363
0.385
xii)
60
0.107
0.180
0.226
0.258
0.283
0.304
0.337
0.362
0.383
0.416
0.441
xiii)
65
0.123
0.207
0.259
0.2%
0.325
0.348
0.386
0.415
0.439
0.477
0.506
xiv)
70
0.137
0.231
0.289
0.330
0.362
0.389
0.431
0.463
0.490
0.532
0.564
xv)
75
0.162
0.273
0.342
0.391
0.429
0.460
0.510
0.548
0.579
0.629
0.668
xvi)
80
0.188
0.317
0.397
0.453
0.498
0.534
0.592
0.636
0.673
0.730
0.775
xvii)
85
0.222
0.373
0.467
0.534
0.587
0.629
0.697
0.750
0.793
0.861
0.914
xviii)
90
0.270
0.455
0.567
0.649
0.712
0.764
0.847
0.911
0.%3
1.048
1.110
ixx)
95
0.351
0.590
0.738
0.844
0.926
0.994
1.102
1.185
1.253
1.360
1.444
xx)
99
0.539
0.907
1.135
1.298
1.423
1.528
1.693
1.821
1.925
2.091
2.219
6.6 The degree of consolidation, U can be calculated
using UZand Ur. Generally, where vertical drains are
provided, Uz is small and U maybe considered same
as Ur.
can be considered while checking the safety against
failure under the next stage of pmload.
7 SPECIAL REQUIR)lMENT
7.1 The treatment area, that is, vertical drains and
preloaded area should be sufficiently extended beyond
the outer edge of loaded area/foundation area
depending on the size of the loaded area.
If the U percent so obtained for a time f for the
assumed spacing is not sufficient /suitable then the
spacing is adjusted to get the most suitable U percent
with respect to t. Experiences with preloading in the
field suggest that 90 percent consolidation can be
achieved in about 4 to 12 weeks with normal sand wick
spacing of 1.0-2.0 m.
7.2 At top, the vertical drains are to be connected to
a permeable layer to allow the pore water to flow out
to the atmosphere. For this purpose a sand blanket of
minimum thickness 400 mm is to be provided at
ground level and sufficient length of prefabricated
drain (at least 150 mm) shall be embedded in the
sand-blanket.
6.7 In case of soft soil and specially where the final
load is high, preloading is done in stages. At each load
stage similar calculation as given in 6.4 above is done
to check, if the desired percentage consolidation is
complete or not.
7,3 Depending on the installation process there will
be a disturbed zone (smear zone) extending to some
distance away from the boredhiven holes. The extent
of smear zone will depend upon the sensitivity of soil
and method of installation of drains. This aspect is to
6.8 Depending on the percentage consolidation at
each stage, the shear strength of the soil will be
improved proportionally. The gain in shear strength
i,
IS 15284 (Part 2): 2004
be considered in design and effective radius of the
drains should be considered as a fraction of actual hole
size.
7.4 The C~ value is generally different from G
because of anisotropy and the nature of soil deposition.
It is preferable to conduct laboratory consolidation test
on samples cut in horizontal direction to get direct
measurement of Cr otherwise, Cc may be estimated
from a realistic evaluation of the ratio of horizontal to
vertical permeability.
In varved clay in-situ
permeability tests may be done.
8 CONTROL OF PRELOADING IN FIELD
Suitable instrumentation to meame the settlement of
the ground and the dissipation of pore water pressure
under each stage of loading shmdd be done to ensure
that settlement is essentially over under a preload. The
pause period for consolidation under subsequent
loading stages may be suitably controlled based on
these observations. An instrumentation scheme for
measuring the settlement and pore water pressure may
be worked out.
..+
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Amendments Issued Since Publication
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Date of Issue
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