A PRIMER ON FLORIDA FORECLOSURE LAW, INCLUDING FLORIDA'S SHOW

CAUSE FORECLOSURE STATUTE, A CHECKLIST OF THE STEPS INVOLVED IN A

FLORIDA MORTGAGE FORECLOSURE & A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF DEEDS IN
LIEU OF FORECLOSURE IN FLORIDA
by
Joseph E. Foster, Esquire
November 16, 2010
Akerman Senterfitt
P.O. Box 231,
Orlando, Florida 32802-0231
407-423-4000
[email protected]
Unlike approximately 35 other states, Florida does not have any form of non-judicial
mortgage foreclosure. All mortgage foreclosures in Florida must be filed and prosecuted as civil
law suits, usually in Florida's Circuit Courts, which are the state trial courts with general
jurisdiction in disputes where the amount in controversy exceeds $15,000.00. In general, a
mortgage foreclosure suit is treated no differently than any other type of civil suit, and is subject
to the same rules governing discovery, including depositions, motion practice, affirmative
defenses, counterclaims, trial, and rights of appeal as any other civil action. A hotly contested
mortgage foreclosure in Florida can conceivably take more than a year to resolve, not including
any subsequent appeal.
The plaintiff in a Florida mortgage foreclosure is the owner and holder of the mortgage
and the underlying promissory note or other debt obligation secured by the mortgage. The
defendants to the foreclosure suit must include the owner(s) of the property, and usually also
include the borrower(s), if different from the owner(s), any guarantors, all junior lienholders, and
those tenants whose leasehold or possessory interests arose after the mortgage and whose
leasehold or possessory interests the plaintiff wishes to eliminate.

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The identities of the parties-defendant to the suit are usually determined by a title search,
typically called a foreclosure title commitment, obtained from a title insurance agency. The
commitment identifies all of the parties to be named as defendants in the foreclosure suit. If the
identified defendants are named and served, and the foreclosure is prosecuted to judgment in
accordance with Florida law, the title insurance company providing the commitment will then
issue a title policy to the plaintiff if the plaintiff is the winning bidder at the foreclosure sale. (As
is discussed later, the plaintiff is almost always the high bidder in a commercial foreclosure in
Florida.)
The determination of the priorities of the various ownership, lien and leasehold or
possessory interests is somewhat complicated, and beyond the scope of this short primer.
However, in general, with a few exceptions, the following rules apply:
(1)

An open possessory interest, such as a tenant interest, arising prior to the recording of a

mortgage, regardless of whether the interest is recorded, primes the mortgage. (An interest
"primes" a mortgage under Florida law when the priority of the mortgage is deemed inferior and
subject to the interest.)
(2)

Recorded interests, whether possessory or not, take priority based on their respective

recording dates. Thus, a mortgage's priority vis--vis other liens is generally determined not by
the date of the mortgage, but by the date of recording of the mortgage in the public records of the
county in which the mortgaged property is physically located.
(3)

Except as to possessory interests, and those pre-existing interests as to which the

mortgagee has actual knowledge, recorded interests generally take priority over unrecorded
interests.

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Once the suit is filed, it is prosecuted to judgment in the normal fashion of any other
Florida law suit. That is, the judgment is obtained either after a trial, or after a hearing on a
motion for summary or default judgment. The one exception to this, which is discussed in more
detail ahead, is that Section 702.10, Florida Statutes (2010) provides a somewhat streamlined
mortgage foreclosure procedure employing orders to show cause. This procedure, if successful,
results in a final judgment of foreclosure being entered much more rapidly than is customary in a
typical Florida civil suit.
Once the suit is prosecuted to conclusion, either by trial, motion for default or summary
judgment, or through the use of the show cause procedure under Section 702.10, the final
judgment of foreclosure is entered.
The foreclosure judgment does several things.

A typical foreclosure judgment: (a)

determines plaintiff's entitlement to be paid on the underlying indebtedness, (b) determines the
amount of that indebtedness, including principal, interest, costs, attorneys' fees, prepayment
penalties, late fees, premiums, taxes, etc., (c) forecloses the interests of the owner(s),
borrower(s), all junior lienholders, and those tenants who have been properly named as
defendants, (d) sets the foreclosure sale date, (e) directs the Clerk of the Court on the distribution
of any excess sale proceeds, (f) may provide the Clerk with specific sale conduct instructions not
already provided by Florida's judicial sale statute, Section 45.031, Florida Statutes (2010), (g)
may set a redemption deadline, and (h) reserves jurisdiction to award appropriate future relief,
such as writs of possession and deficiency judgments.
In cases involving foreclosures of mortgages encumbering multiple parcels, the
foreclosure judgment may also provide for whether all of the parcels should be sold as one

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combined parcel, or whether the parcels should be sold separately. Florida law allows for either
scenario depending on the equitable factors present in a particular case. 1
Although it is filtered through the process of a full-fledged law suit, the actual foreclosure
procedure itself is relatively simple in Florida. The following table shows the fundamental steps
in a Florida mortgage foreclosure.
STEPS IN A FLORIDA MORTGAGE
FORECLOSURE
Foreclosure Complaint filed. Plaintiff is owner
and holder of mortgage. Defendants MUST
include owner of subject real property, and
should include all junior lienholders.
Typically, claims for money judgment against
all note makers and guarantors are included.
Tenants whose interests arose after the date of
the recording of the mortgage may be named as
defendants and foreclosed.
A final judgment of foreclosure is entered,
either after a show cause hearing under
702.10, FLA. STAT., or after a summary
judgment hearing, or after a trial. The final
judgment determines the amount owed to the
plaintiff on the debt secured by the mortgage,
and schedules a foreclosure sale for the
mortgaged property. The foreclosure sale is
usually scheduled for roughly 30 days after the
date of entry of the judgment.
The final judgment of foreclosure usually
provides that the foreclosure sale will be
conducted pursuant to 45.031, FLA. STAT.
That statute requires that the foreclosure sale
be advertised once a week for two consecutive
weeks in a newspaper or periodical of general
circulation in the county in which the property
is located, with the last publication occurring at
least 5 days before the scheduled sale.

COMMENTS
Form 1.944 of the Florida Rules of Civil
Procedure contains a bare-bones form for the
foreclosure complaint.

The final judgment of foreclosure determines

the amount owed to the plaintiff on the
indebtedness secured by the mortgage,
including principal, interest, late charges,
interest, attorneys' fees, costs and other
charges. The entire aggregate amount stated in
the judgment accrues post-judgment simple
interest at a rate determined by the Florida
Comptroller on January 1 of each year. The
rate for 2010 is 6%.
45.031 provides a mechanism for the
advertising and conduct of judicial sales of all
types, including foreclosure sales. While the
statute is not the only foreclosure sale
mechanism available in Florida, it is used
almost 100% of the time for mortgage
foreclosures because Florida's title insurance
industry recognizes the validity and
insurability of sales conducted pursuant to the
statute.
In addition, the statute is very
utilitarian in that it provides specific

The author was once involved in a judicial sale in which the final judgment provided that two sales, Sale A and
Sale B, be conducted serially. Sale A was a sale of multiple parcels as a single unit. Sale B was a sale of the same
parcels as separate units. The Sale which generated the largest total bid was deemed the operative sale, with the
other sale being declared automatically void.

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requirements for advertising the sales, a short

ten (10) day window after the foreclosure sale
for objections to the sale, and an automatic
confirmation of a sale if no timely objections
have been filed.
45.031 provides that the winning bidder must
deposit 5% of the winning bid immediately
upon closing of the bidding. Most Clerks
require by local administrative order that the
remaining 95% of the bid amount be paid in
cash or cashier's check later that same day,
usually at either 2:00 p.m. or 4:00 p.m.
depending on the county involved.

Pursuant to 45.031, most foreclosure sales are

conducted by the Clerk of the Court in the
county in which the property is located. Most
sales are held at 11:00 a.m. The plaintiff is
allowed to bid on credit up to the full amount
of the judgment, plus accrued post-judgment
interest. All other bidders must pay cash for
their bids if they are the winning bidder.
Anyone attending the sale is permitted to bid,
including the owner.
The Clerk of the Court collects a nonrefundable registry fee for receiving funds,
including sums paid to the Clerk by a
successful third party bidder at a foreclosure
sale. The registry fee is currently 3% of the
first $500 received, and 1.5% of every
additional $100.00 received. 28.24(10), FLA.
STAT. (2010).
All bidders, including the plaintiff, must pay a
Florida documentary stamp tax prior to
issuance of the Certificate of Title, which tax is
assessed at the rate of $0.70 per $100, or any
portion thereof, bid. Thus, on a bid of $100,
the tax is $0.70. On a bid of $101, the tax is
$1.40.
Miami-Dade County charges an
additional fee.

The requirement that a non-plaintiff bidder pay

the entire winning bid amount on the same day
as the sale, coupled with the requirement of the
registry fee and the documentary stamp tax,
results in most foreclosure sales of commercial
property in Florida ending with the plaintiff as
the high bidder with a token bid of $100.
Because Florida is a judicial foreclosure state,
there is absolutely no Durrett risk to a
foreclosing lender bidding $100, or even less,
at a foreclosure sale. Only when there are
competing third party bidders do most
plaintiffs bid more than $100.
The Certificate of Sale is usually issued by the
Clerk within an hour or so of the sale's
completion. But with the current glut of
foreclosures being experienced by many
Clerks' offices, there have been substantial
delays, weeks in some instances but more often
several days, in the issuance of the Certificates
of Sale.
Florida law does not provide a debtor with a
non-contractual right to cure a default.

45.031 provides that upon completion of the

foreclosure sale, the Clerk is to issue a
Certificate of Sale, identifying the winning
bidder at the sale.

45.0315, Florida's redemption statute,

provides that all rights of redemption are

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extinguished automatically upon issuance of

the Certificate of Sale pursuant to 45.031,
unless the court has specified another later
redemption deadline.

However, the debtor, any guarantor, any junior

lienholder, and any tenant, has an absolute
right to redeem the property by paying to the
plaintiff the full judgment amount, together
with interest, and thereby becoming subrogated
to the plaintiff's rights under the mortgage.
Sale objections are quite rare in Florida.
Objections to the size of the winning bid are
almost never successful, especially if the
plaintiff is present at the sale.
Typical
objections relate to fraud in the bidding,
collusion, or improper conduct of the sale itself
by the Clerk. The delays in some counties in
the issuance of Certificates of Sale results in
the deadline for objections being de facto
extended.
No title issues from the foreclosure sale until
and unless all timely objections have been
resolved. If an objection is granted, the
foreclosure sale is typically readvertised and
occurs again roughly 30 days later.
The Certificate of Title is the functional
equivalent of a quitclaim deed. Pursuant to
45.031, the foreclosure sale is automatically
confirmed upon the issuance of the Certificate
of Title. No further confirmation proceeding is
contemplated or necessary.
Title to the
property does not pass to the winning bidder
until issuance of the Certificate of Title.
The deficiency is determined by subtracting
from the full judgment amount, with accrued
interest, the greater of the following two
numbers: (a) the amount bid at the foreclosure
sale, or (b) the fair market value of the property
on the date of the foreclosure sale. The
determination of fair market value is made by
the court after consideration of all evidence
presented to it on that issue. Deficiency
hearings often include testimony from the
borrower and from various expert appraisers
and real estate brokers on the fair market value
of the property on the date of the foreclosure
sale. The winning bidder, as the new owner of
the property, is entitled to testify as to his / her
opinion as to the value of the property.

45.031 provides that anyone objecting to the

sale has ten (10) days from the filing of the
Certificate of Sale to do so.

In the event of an objection to the sale, 45.031

provides that the objection should be heard
promptly by the judge.
If no timely objection to the sale has been
made, and all bid amounts, registry fees, and
documentary stamp taxes have been paid, then
on or about the eleventh day after the
foreclosure sale the Clerk of Court issues a
Certificate of Title to the highest bidder at the
foreclosure sale.
A deficiency judgment is typically not sought
until after completion of the foreclosure sale
process.
The deficiency proceeding is
typically commenced by filing a motion for
deficiency judgment in the existing foreclosure
action, and scheduling it for hearing. The
deficiency hearing is typically evidentiary in
nature.

If a deficiency judgment is awarded, the court

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usually enters it shortly after the deficiency

hearing.
In 1993, in an effort to streamline the foreclosure process, Florida enacted Section
702.10, which created a statutory foreclosure procedure utilizing orders to show cause. The
author was actively involved in the drafting of Section 702.10(1), and testified before passage of
the legislation before the Governor's Mortgage Foreclosure Study Commission. The statute
authorizes two separate and distinct show cause proceedings.
(A.)

The Order to Show Cause Why Judgment Should Not be Entered.

The first show cause proceeding is the Order to Show Cause Why Judgment Should Not
Be Entered.
Section 702.10(1) provides a show cause mechanism which can be used in either
commercial or residential mortgage foreclosures. In its simplest form, the statute provides as
follows:
1.

A verified complaint for foreclosure is filed.

The Florida Supreme Court has promulgated Form 1.944 of the Florida Rules of Civil
Procedure for use as a Complaint in a foreclosure action. Form 1.996 has been promulgated for
use as a Final Judgment in a foreclosure action.
2.

Upon the filing of the verified complaint, the court will issue an order to show

cause why a foreclosure judgment should not be entered.

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3.

In general, the show cause order schedules a hearing at which the defendant

mortgagor 2 is required to appear before the court and show cause why a final judgment of
foreclosure should not be entered on that date.
4.

If the mortgagor fails to appear at the hearing, or does appear at the hearing but

fails to show cause, then a final judgment of foreclosure shall be entered forthwith at that show
cause hearing.
5.

The statute provides that the order to show cause must be served on the mortgagor

at least twenty (20) days before the show cause hearing. This provision results in the show cause
hearing usually being scheduled at least 30 to 45 days after the entry of the order to show cause
in order to allow sufficient time to effect service of process on all of the defendants prior to the
show cause hearing.
6.

The statute further provides that the raising of "defenses by motion" will

constitute a showing of good cause, but that in such an event, the show cause hearing will be
used to hear the motion to dismiss. It is not absolutely clear under the statute if any gardenvariety motion to dismiss is sufficient to prevent the entry of final judgment, or if the motion
actually has to raise valid defenses. However, the Florida 4th DCA's decision in Muss v. Lennar
2

The statute talks in terms of "mortgagor", not referencing junior lienholders and other defendants, leading some to
believe that the statute has application only in that rare case with no defendants other than the mortgagor. However,
the author has routinely used the show cause procedure in a variety of foreclosures with multiple defendants in a
variety of jurisdictions around the state. Those few judges who have questioned the applicability of the statute to
multiple-defendant foreclosures have seemed persuaded by the argument that due process is being fully served by
giving all defendants notice of the show cause hearing and an opportunity to be heard. The author has never
encountered a problem with insuring title obtained through a show cause foreclosure, regardless of the number of
defendants involved in the action.
Further, the statute was enacted as a direct result of, and in compliance with, the findings of the Final Report of The
Foreclosure Study Commission dated January 1992. The Commission was created by the Florida Legislature, had
thirteen members from a variety of professions, met eight times at various places in Florida, took testimony from a
variety of persons throughout Florida, including the author, and was created expressly to review the foreclosure
system, identify problems therein, and recommend alternatives to the then-existing foreclosure system to make it
operate more efficiently. It is hard to believe that the legislation, including Section 702.10(1), directly resulting
from, and based on the findings of, that endeavor was intended to apply only to those rare foreclosures where there
are no defendants other than the borrower.

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Fla. Partners I, L.P., 673 So. 2d 84 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) suggests that a garden-variety motion
to dismiss will suffice to prevent entry of a final judgment of foreclosure at the show cause
hearing.
7.

The statute also provides that the filing of a verified or sworn answer will

constitute a showing of good cause. In Muss v. Lennar Fla. Partners I, L.P., 673 So. 2d 84 (Fla.
4th DCA 1996), the Court held that a defendants verified answer, which was sworn to be true
to the best of his knowledge and belief would not prevent the entry of a final judgment under
Section 702.10(1). This case points out the importance of making sure that the verification
portions of the Answer, as well as those of the Complaint, not be made upon information and
belief or upon knowledge and belief. This same case interpreted the portion of Section 702.10(1)
concerning the filing of defenses by motion to refer only to motions attacking matters appearing
on the face of the Complaint, as opposed to the types of affirmative defenses which could
presumably be raised by an Answer.
8.

The statute also provides that the defendant may attempt to show good cause by

filing an affidavit, by appearing in person, or by appearing through counsel. In any of these

latter three events though, the showing of good cause is not automatic, and a hearing, usually
evidentiary, must be conducted.
9.

The show cause statute also contains an attorneys fee provision which allows, in the

event of a default by the defendant, a recovery of attorneys fees of not more than 3% of
the principal balance of the mortgage note owing as of the time of the filing of the suit,

Note here that the 2010 amendment to Rule 1.110(b) of the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure provides that when
filing an action to foreclose a mortgage on residential property, the complaint must be verified. However, the Rule
goes on to provide that, "When verification of a document is required, the document filed shall include an oath,
affirmation, or the following statement: 'Under penalty of perjury, I declare that I have read the foregoing, and the
facts alleged therein are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.'" This rule amendment could be
read to modify the holding in Muss v. Lennar, at least insofar as residential mortgage foreclosures are concerned.

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without the necessity of filing supporting affidavits or having an attorneys fee hearing.
Thus, on a $2,000,000.00 principal note balance for example, an attorney's fee of up to
$60,000.00 would be allowed without the necessity of supporting affidavits or a hearing. That
amount is deemed reasonable per the statute.
This provision dovetails with Section 702.065(2), Florida Statutes (2010), which provides
that in a mortgage foreclosure proceeding, when a default judgment has been entered against the
mortgagor and the note or mortgage provides for the award of reasonable attorney's fees, it is not
necessary for the court to hold a hearing or adjudge the requested attorney's fees to be reasonable
if the fees do not exceed 3 percent of the principal amount owed at the time of filing the
complaint, even if the note or mortgage does not specify the percentage of the original amount
that would be paid as liquidated damages. Such fees constitute liquidated damages in any
proceeding to enforce the note or mortgage.

(B.) The Order to Show Cause Why Payment Should Not

Be Made.

Section 702.10(2) provides an entirely separate show cause mechanism which applies
only in non-residential foreclosures.

Although the statute does not define the term non-

residential, the legislative history of the statute makes it reasonably clear that the legislature
intended that this second show cause procedure not apply to homestead property, or to singlefamily residences actually occupied by the mortgagor.

However, this second show cause

mechanism might be used in connection with multi-family residential units which are held by
mortgagors as investment properties.

Section 702.10(2) provides that upon the filing of a

verified complaint, and upon appropriate motion, the Court will issue, ex parte, an order to show
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10

cause why payment should not be made. Said order to show cause must be served upon the
mortgagor in the same fashion and within the same time frame as provided for service of orders
to show cause under Section 702.10(1). At the show cause hearing, if the Court finds that there
is a reasonable probability that plaintiff will prevail in the foreclosure action, it will enter a
payment order. A payment order is a prejudgment order requiring the mortgagor to make
payments to the plaintiff on a regular basis during the pendency of the foreclosure action, which
sums are to be equal to the regular pre-default mortgage payments, or to vacate the premises
should the payments not be timely made. The statute also provides that the Court can impose
alternate sanctions in the event vacation of the premises would not be an affective enforcement
mechanism. Section 702.10(2) is sometimes referred to as the pay to play statute. The
purpose of the statute is to require a defendant who intends to delay a foreclosure by contesting it
to pay for the privilege of doing so. The amount to be paid is arbitrarily pegged by the statute to
the pre-default mortgage payments in the particular case.
The Florida Supreme Court, in Caple v. Tuttles Design-Build, Inc., 753 So. 2d 49 (Fla.
2000), reversed the Third Districts decision in Tuttles Design-Build, Inc. v. Caple, 712 So. 2d
1213 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998), in which the Third District had held unconstitutional Section
702.10(2), Florida Statutes (1998). The Third District had found that this provision in essence
imposed a mandatory injunction on the mortgagor, in violation of Rule 1.610 of the Florida
Rules of Civil Procedure, which requires that no temporary injunction be entered unless a bond
in an appropriate amount is given by the movant. The Third District found that the lack of a
bond requirement made the statute unconstitutional because it failed to afford due process
protection to the defendant, and because it infringed upon the procedural rules governing
injunctions promulgated in the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure. However, the Florida Supreme

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11

Court disagreed, finding that the statute created substantive rights, that any procedural provisions
were directly related to the definition of the substantive rights, and that the statute adequately
provided for due process through its notice and hearing provisions, and its provision allowing the
mortgagor to post a bond to stay the payment order.
When the pay to play statute is coupled with the assignment of rents statute, Section
697.07, Florida Statutes (2010), the results can be devastating on the mortgagor. If the plaintiff
can successfully argue to the trial court that it has a perfected rent assignment, then the
mortgagor can be put in the position of having to make payments under the "pay to play statute,"
but being unable to use rents generated from the property to make those payments since the
mortgagee has a lien on those rents already.
In general, the use of the show cause procedures under Section 702.10 brings many
foreclosures to an early conclusion, either through entry of a final judgment of foreclosure, or
through the filing of an early bankruptcy by the borrower.
In most cases, the use of the show cause foreclosure procedures significantly shortens the
time to complete a Florida foreclosure, with many show cause foreclosures resulting in the
issuance of title within 90 to 120 days after the filing of the suit. This timeframe is often
markedly shorter that that extant in a regular foreclosure suit.

The following timeline

comparison is helpful in understanding why the show cause foreclosure procedures are usually
faster than the usual civil foreclosure suit counterpart.
SHOW CAUSE FORECLOSURE TIMELINE COMPARISON
SHOW CAUSE
FORECLOSURE IN
FLORIDA UNDER
702.10
Filing suit papers
Obtaining Orders to Show

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TIME / # OF
DAYS FROM
FILING SUIT

REGULAR JUDICIAL
FORECLOSURE IN
FLORIDA

TIME / # OF
DAYS FROM
FILING SUIT

-01-2

Filing suit papers

-0-

12

Cause
Service of Process
Deadline for defendants to
respond to suit papers 20
days after service of
process. Motion to
dismiss or Answer are
most common responses.
Show cause hearing,
automatically including
hearing on any motions to
dismiss filed in response
to suit.
Final Judgment entered
if plaintiff prevails at
show cause hearing.
Final Judgment
schedules foreclosure
sale.
Foreclosure sale held
after prevailing at show
cause hearing. Rights of
redemption extinguished
unless another deadline
specified by court order.
Certificate of Title issued
on 11th day after
foreclosure sale if no
objections to sale filed.
Sale is automatically
confirmed by operation
of Section 45.031,
Florida's judicial sale
statute, if no objections
filed within ten (10) days
after foreclosure sale.
Answer filed by
Defendants if final
judgment not granted and
motion to dismiss denied
at show cause hearing.
Case now at issue and
ready to be set for trial.
Discovery begins in
earnest.
Hearing on motion for

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5-10
25-30

Service of Process
5-10
Deadline for defendants to 25-30
respond to suit papers 20
days after service of
process. Motion to
dismiss or answer are most
common responses.
Hearing on any motion to
45-60
dismiss filed is usually set
20-30 days after motion
filed.

30-45

30-50

80-110

90-120

40-65

Answer filed by
Defendants if motion to
dismiss denied. Case now
at issue and ready to be set
for trial. Discovery
begins in earnest.

55-80

Approximately 90

Hearing on motion for

Approximately

13

summary judgment.
(Florida Rules provide for
at least 20 days notice of
hearing for summary
judgment.)
Final summary judgment
entered if plaintiff prevails
at summary judgment
hearing.

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Approximately 90

14

summary judgment.
(Florida Rules provide for
at least 20 days notice of
hearing for summary
judgment.)
Final summary judgment
entered if plaintiff prevails
at summary judgment
hearing.

105

Approximately
105

Foreclosure sale held if

summary judgment
granted. Rights of
redemption terminated
unless another deadline
specified by court order.
Sale is automatically
confirmed by operation of
Section 45.031, Florida's
judicial sale statute, if no
objections filed within ten
(10) days after foreclosure
sale.
Certificate of Title issued.
Discovery if summary
judgment not granted.
Trial set.
Final judgment after trial.
Foreclosure sale held
pursuant to final judgment
after trial. Rights of
redemption terminated
unless another deadline
specified by court order.
Sale is automatically
confirmed by operation of
Section 45.031, Florida's
judicial sale statute, if no
objections filed within ten
(10) days after foreclosure
sale.
Certificate of Title issued
Filing of notice of appeal.
Resolution of any appeal

Approximately
120

Foreclosure sale held if

summary judgment
granted. Rights of
redemption terminated
unless another deadline
specified by court order.
Sale is automatically
confirmed by operation of
Section 45.031, Florida's
judicial sale statute, if no
objections filed within ten
(10) days after foreclosure
sale.
Certificate of Title issued.

Approximately
131
120-240

Discovery if summary
judgment not granted.
Trial set.
Final judgment after trial.
Foreclosure sale held
pursuant to final judgment
after trial. Rights of
redemption terminated
unless another deadline
specified by court order.
Sale is automatically
confirmed by operation of
Section 45.031, Florida's
judicial sale statute, if no
objections filed within ten
(10) days after foreclosure
sale.
Certificate of Title issued.
Filing of notice of appeal.
Resolution of any appeal.

300+
305+
335+

346+
376+
1 year from filing
notice of appeal.

Approximately
135

Approximately
146
135-255
315+
320+
350+

361+
391+
1 year from
filing notice of
appeal.

The author has exclusively used the show cause foreclosure procedures since their
enactment in 1993. Surprisingly few show cause hearings with actual argument or presentation

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15

of evidence occur. Instead, the most common outcome is an early bankruptcy filing by the
debtor(s), a negotiated settlement, or the entry of a final judgment of foreclosure with either no
appearance or a token appearance by defendants and / or their counsel. By far the most common
outcome is the entry of a final judgment of foreclosure.
Assuming the show cause foreclosure process does not result in the early entry of a final
judgment, the general steps to be considered in prosecuting a foreclosure suit include the
following. This is NOT an all-inclusive list, and the reader is strongly encouraged to review
all applicable case law, statutory provisions, and applicable rules before relying at all on
this list:

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16

1.

Complaint
a.

Alleges execution and delivery of note and mortgage (copies to

be attached to complaint).

b.

Alleges present ownership of note and mortgage in plaintiff.

c.

Parties must be properly named/corporate searches on all

parties.

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i.

Defendant(s) must include present fee simple owner(s) of

the real property, with legal and equitable title; all junior
lienors; and as to any known defendants without known
addresses/residences or unknown defendants, any
unknown claimants under them. Join the unknown parties
under a known party by using the language at Sec. 49.021,
F.S., as well as the language under Sec. 49.08(1), F.S.

ii.

Plaintiff or defendant must include any collateral assignee.

iii.

Defendant/owner named as being the party in possession

and join other parties in possession.

iv.

A mortgage signed by a single person can be foreclosed

against such person alone without joinder of a subsequent
spouse.

v.

A mortgage signed by a married person alone owning the

real property alone or with a spouse must be foreclosed
with joinder of the spouse and allegations of nonhomestead and/or spousal consent made. See Pitts v.
Pastore, 561 So. 2d 297 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989).

17

vi.

Interest of the State of Florida (Sec. 69.041, F.S.) and the

federal government (28 U.S.C. 2410[b]) must be listed
specifically. As to other interests, it is sufficient to state
that such interests are subordinate and inferior to the
mortgage being foreclosed.

vii. Corporations
1.

If dissolved prior to July 1, 1990, name the last Board of

Directors as Trustees of the dissolved corporation.

2.

If dissolved on or after July 1, 1990, name the dissolved

corporation directly and serve as if corporation is still
active.

viii. Partnerships

d.

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1.

A limited partnership may be joined in its own name.

Serve any general partner.

2.

Join the partnership in its own name if title is in the

partnership name. Serve any general partner.

All parties including subordinate interests must be joined. The

following is a nonexclusive list of subordinate interests which
may be encountered;
i.

Mortgage

ii.

Judgments

1.

A judgment must be certified prior to the recordation of

the lis pendens to constitute a lien on real property.

2.

If judgment is against one spouse, may assume

mortgagors/owners are married unless a divorce decree
appears before the filing of the lis pendens.

18

{O1131652;1}

3.

Effective October 1, 1993, affixing of creditors address to

the judgment is a prerequisite to perfecting the lien on real
property. Sec. 55.10, F.S.

iii.

Federal Tax Liens

1.

A federal tax lien against one spouse does not attach to

entireties property. But see United States v. Craft, 535
U.S. 274, 122 S. Ct. 1414, 152 L.Ed.2d 437 (2002),
holding that a husband's interest in entireties property was
"property" or "property rights" which could be reached by
a federal tax lien against him alone, even though there was
no joint tax lien against the wife. The Supreme Court
purports to limit the holding the federal tax liens alone.
However, the analysis used by the Court in support of its
decision could equally well be used by a judgment creditor
of one spouse seeking to reach entireties property. In
Hatchett v. United States, 330 F.3d 875 (6th Cir. 2003), the
Sixth Circuit applied United States v. Craft retroactively
and subjected entireties property to a federal tax lien
against the husband.

2.

A federal tax lien attaches to homestead property.

iv.

Other United States liens.

1.

If acquired by the United States after the filing of the lis

pendens and before the certificate of sale, they may not be
eliminated by a previously filed lis pendens.

2.

Civil judgments in favor of the U.S. and against the

purchaser/borrower have priority over a purchase money
mortgage.

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v.

Construction Liens under Ch. 713, F.S. On actions

commenced on and after January 1, 1981, a lienor must be
made a party to the foreclosure suit if its lien is filed
pursuant to a notice of commencement recorded within
one year or other period as specified on the notice of
commencement prior to the lis pendens.

vi.

Condominium liens. After April 1, 1992, condominium

assessments are wiped out as to first mortgage of record in
excess of six months or 1% of the loan, whichever is less.
The exemption does not carry to subsequent 3rd party
purchasers. See Sec. 718.116(1)(a), F.S., effective April 1,
1992. As of 2010, the 6 months was extended to 1 year.
Homeowners Association liens. Pursuant to Section
720.3085, Florida Statutes (2010), a first mortgagee's
liability for such liens is limited to the lesser of one year of
regular or special assessments, or 1% of the mortgage
debt, but the Homeowner's Association must be joined as a
party-defendant.

vii. Code Enforcement Board liens under Ch. 162, F.S. Such
liens may relate back to before the recording of the lis
pendens.
viii. Others: There may be other special statutory liens which
may be encountered by the title examiner.
e.

Must contain a good legal description.

f.

Must allege default.

g.

Contains statement of amount remaining due.

h.

Effective October 1, 1993, a motion to show cause why a final

judgment should not be filed expedites proceedings. See Sec.
702.10, F.S.

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20

2.

3.

Lis Pendens, Sec. 48.23(1)(a), F.S.

a.

Prior to August 4, 1967, liens and other interests arising prior to

the filing of the lis pendens but recorded after its filing were not
eliminated.

b.

Prior to October 1, 1985, interests other than liens were not

eliminated if arising prior to, but filed after, the recording of the
lis pendens.

c.

After October 1, 1985, all unrecorded interests and liens other

than interest of persons in possession or easements in use are
eliminated unless the holder of the interest intervenes 20 days
from commencement of suit.

If personal property to be foreclosed,

1.

conduct UCC search and update before foreclosure sale;

2.

intangible tax search.

4.

Liquidate attorneys fees?

5.

Prepare Motion for Order to Show Cause, Order to Show Cause,

Proposed Final Judgment and Notice of Sale.

6.

Civil Cover Sheet

7.

Filing and service fee check requests.

8.

Coordinate execution of verified complaint; coordinate attendance at

ex-parte hearing to obtain entry of Order to Show Cause.

9.
Determine military status of individual plaintiffs. Check:
https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/scra/owa/scra.home.
10. Process under Ch. 48, F.S.
a.

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Summons

21

b.

Return of service. NOTE: If service was required on the United

States or the State of Florida, an affidavit of compliance should
be in the court file with attached return receipt or other evidence
of compliance with 28 U.S.C., Sec. 2410(b) or Sec. 48.121, F.S.

c.

Return day
i.

Usually 20 days, Rule 1.140(a), F.R.C.P.

ii.

United States has 60 days to answer, 28 U.S.C., Sec.

2410(b).

iii.

State of Florida has 40 days to answer, Sec. 48.121, F.S.

d.

Out of state mortgagors, other than foreign mortgagors, with

known residence must be personally served under Sec. 48.194,
F.S. The Fund relies on Sec. 48.194, F.S., effective October 1,
1993, which permits service by registered mail.

e.

As to out of state junior lienors service is by publication. The

Fund relies on Sec. 48.194, F.S., effective October 1, 1993,
which permits service by registered mail and Sec. 48.193, F.S.,
which makes the holding of a mortgage sufficient minimum
contacts for purposes of jurisdiction over the lienors.

f.

Corporate search(es) to obtain registered agent information.

11. Process under Ch. 49, F.S.

a.

Affidavit of diligent search under Secs. 49.041, .051 and .061,

F.S. NOTE: If unknown residence, require procedure for
unknown parties under Sec. 49.071, F.S.

b.

Notice of action under Sec. 49.08. F.S.

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i.

If unknown parties/residence, follow statutory wording.

ii.

Parties must be properly named.

iii.

Must have proper legal description.

22

c.

Proof of publication showing publication once a week for two

weeks under Sec. 49.10, F.S., must be filed, effective October 1,
1993.

d.

Date of mailing to known residence is to be noted on the court

docket, Sec. 49.12, F.S.

e.

Return day is not less than 30 days after first publication,

effective October 1, 1993.

12. There are unknown parties or unknown residences of known parties,

then must appoint a guardian ad litem (for incompetents), an
administrator ad litem (for decedents) and an attorney ad litem (for
those in military services). These appointees can be one person.
13. Order title update to reflect lis pendens filing.
14. Review answers, affirmative defenses, counterclaims. (Diary
response dates)
15. If successful at Order to Show Cause Hearing:
1.

coordinate publication of Notice of Sale;

2.

diary foreclosure sale date.

16. If not successful at Order to Show Cause:

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1.

prepare Motion for Summary Judgment;

2.

Affidavit in Support (include affidavit of defendants);

3.

Affidavit of Costs;

4.

Affidavit of Attorneys Time;

5.

Affidavits of Attorneys Fees (if not liquidated);

6.

Schedule hearing at least 25 days from filing motion.

7.

Notice for Trial.

23

17. Default all non-responsive parties.

18. If defaults entered:
1.

Prepare Motion for Default Final Judgment in Foreclosure;

2.

Non-Military Affidavits;

3.

Affidavit of Amounts Due;

4.

Affidavit of Attorneys Time;

5.

Affidavit of Attorneys Fees (if not liquidated);

6.

If no hearing necessary (no fees required or liquidated

fees), send letter to judge requesting entry of final
judgment with original note and mortgage, proposed Final
Judgment and Notice of Sale. Be sure to send certified
mail.

19. If case settles, check real property taxes and notify client of any tax
information.
20. Final judgment
a.

Parties properly named.

b.

Contains proper legal description.

c.

Orders the property sold no later than 35 days after the date of
the judgment, unless the plaintiff or the plaintiffs attorney
consents to later date. Sec. 45.031, F.S.

d.

Finds plaintiffs lien superior to other interests named.

e.

Finds that on filing Certificate of Title, defendant and all

persons claiming under or against defendant are foreclosed.

f.

Writ of Possession shall issue if defendants fail to remove

possessions.

g.

Clause regarding payment of registry fees.

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24

h.

Social security number of debtor(s).

i.

Judgment creditors address.

21. Judicial sales procedure under Sec. 45.031, F.S.

a.

Notice of sale published once a week for two consecutive weeks

and second publication must be at least five days before sale.

b.

Bidding instructions from client.

c.

Prepare certificate of sale, certificate of no disbursements and

certificate of title.

d.

Attend sale.

e.

Documentary stamp payment.

NOTE: The certificate under (c) must be in substantially the form set forth in Sec.
45.031, F.S.

22. Redemption
a.

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Periods
i.

45.0315 provides that a mortgagor or the holder of any

subordinate interest may redeem a property from
foreclosure by paying the amount specified in the
judgment, order or decree of foreclosure or tendering the
performance due under the security agreement, plus the
reasonable expenses of foreclosure, at any time before the
later of the filing of a Certificate of Sale by the clerk of the
court or the time specified in the judgment, order or
decree.

ii.

The United States under a tax lien has 120 days from the
certificate of title to redeem. 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2410(c).

iii.

The United States under any other lien has one year from
the certificate of title to redeem. 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2410(c).

25

b.

On redemption, title reverts to status before institution of

foreclosure.

23. Must await the end of the appeal period - 30 days from date of final
judgment before foreclosure is final.
DEEDS IN LIEU OF FORECLOSURE IN FLORIDA
Deeds in lieu of foreclosure are available and often utilized in Florida. The deed transfers
fee simple title to the property from the grantor to the grantee. Here are several things to keep in
mind when considering the usage of a deed in lieu of foreclosure.
Merger of the mortgage into the deed
A deed in lieu of foreclosure may merge with the mortgage if that was the intent of the
parties. Fay v. Lougee, 113 Fla. 784, 153 So. 91 (1934); Lawton v. McIlvaine, 113 Fla. 743, 152
So. 179 (1934); Jackson v. Relf, 26 Fla. 465, 8 So. 184 (1890); Gourly v. Wollam, 348 So. 2d
1218 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977); Friedman v. Pohnl, 143 So. 2d 690 (Fla. 3d DCA 1962). In
Sanderson v. Hudlett, 832 So. 2d 845 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003), the court held that a covenant not to
sue on a mortgage, given in connection with a transfer of real property, without a specific
discharge of the mortgage, would NOT merge with the mortgage, and that the effect of the
covenant was only to benefit the specified beneficiaries thereof, and not to release the mortgage.
If the deed in lieu expresses the intent of the parties that the merger not occur, then it
does not occur; and the mortgage remains in existence even after the deed in lieu has been
delivered, accepted, and recorded.
If a deed in lieu has been given, and has not merged with the mortgage, the mortgage
survives the delivery and acceptance of the deed in lieu.

Under such circumstances, the

mortgagee can still foreclose out any junior interests in the subject real property.

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26

Florida's documentary stamp tax

The tax implications of accepting a deed in lieu of foreclosure need to be considered.
Generally, the Florida Department of Revenue takes the position that the documentary stamp tax
(the "doc stamps") on a deed in lieu of foreclosure are calculated based upon the amount of
promissory note indebtedness being forgiven in exchange for the deed. The documentary stamp
tax is currently assessed at the rate of $0.70 per $100.00, or any part thereof, of consideration. 4
(Thus, the doc stamps on a $100 transaction are $0.70. The doc stamps on a $101 transaction are
$1.40.)
Most Florida foreclosures end with the plaintiff being the successful bidder with a bid of
$100, and doc stamps of $0.70. By contrast, the consideration for a deed in lieu of foreclosure,
and the concomitant doc stamp liability, is considerably higher. For example, in foreclosing a
mortgage on a piece of property worth $10 million, the likely doc stamps at the foreclosure sale
would be $0.70, while the doc stamps on a deed in lieu would be $70,000.00.
In addition, the grantor of the property can face substantial federal income tax liability in
connection with the transfer of the property. If the fair market value of the property being
transferred is less than the debt, and the debt is forgiven in connection with the transfer, the
grantor realizes both disposition proceeds and discharge income in connection with the transfer.
Disposition proceeds are calculated as the difference between the fair market value of the
property on the date of the transfer and the grantors basis in the property. Discharge income is
calculated as the difference between the debt being forgiven and the fair market value of the

There is an extra fee assessed in Miami-Dade County.

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27

property. Both disposition proceeds and discharge income are taxable to the grantor as ordinary
income. 5
Thus, in the situation where a grantor conveys a piece of property which has a fair market
value substantially in excess of its basis, and is released from liability in an amount far greater
than the fair market of the property, huge tax liability to the grantor can result.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:

1) Logistically speaking, what happens to any surplus dollars from the sale: The chances of
there being excess proceeds, or even any bidders other than plaintiff, is
almost nil. (More on that below.) If there are excess proceeds, the Clerk
of Court holds them pending a court-ordered disbursement of them. In
general, they go first to any junior lienholders, and then to the owner. They
would NEVER go to plaintiff because in order for excess proceeds to exist,
someone would by definition have to bid more than the full judgment
amount plus 6% interest from the date of the judgment. Plaintiff is entitled to
receive any proceeds up to the full amount of its judgment plus interest. (The
interest rate changes from year to year in Florida, and is currently set at 6%
for calendar year 2010.)
2) Logistically speaking, who will actually conduct the sale: Most foreclosure sales in
Florida are conducted pursuant to Section 45.031, Florida's judicial sale
statute. Under that statute, which is almost universally used, the Clerk of
Court for the County in which the real property is located conducts the sale as
a public auction at the County Courthouse. A Court, if asked, has the
discretion to authorize the use of some alternative method of sale. Most
plaintiffs use the procedure under Section 45.031 because it contains an
automatic confirmation provision, and because Florida's title companies are
familiar and comfortable with it. I have utilized other sale procedures in the
past and can talk about them is you wish.
3)

How do we collect money from third parties in the event a third party purchases the

Under the Section 45.031 judicial sale procedure, the winning bidder
must deposit 5% of the winning bid with the Clerk immediately upon the close
property:

Recent amendments to the federal tax laws have afforded relief from these provisions to residential homeowners
conveying deeds in lieu of foreclosure to lenders.

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28

of the bidding. (The foreclosure sales in most Florida counties are held at
11:00 a.m.) The remainder of the winning bid must be paid by a deadline
specified and determined by each local Clerk's office. The deadline in most
counties is the afternoon of the sale at various times between 2:00 p.m. and
5:00 p.m. The Final Judgment can provide for a different payment deadline,
but almost never does. The Clerk collects the money and holds it in escrow
while the objection period under Section 45.031 runs. The Clerk charges a
registry fee on the funds held. Once that objection deadline has run, the Clerk
disburses the money pursuant to the provisions of the Final Judgment. The
Final Judgment usually expressly provides that the Clerk shall disburse any
sale proceeds first to reimburse plaintiff's costs, then for Florida documentary
stamp taxes, then for plaintiff's attorneys' fees, and finally for the total sum
due plaintiff under the final judgment, together with post-judgment interest. If
there is any money still remaining, the Clerk disburses it pursuant to Court
order.
If someone doesn't pay the 5% deposit upon the close of the bidding, the
Clerk usually simply reopens the bidding and does the sale all over again. If
the winning bidder doesn't pay the remaining 95% by the afternoon deadline,
the 5% deposit if forfeited to the plaintiff and the Clerk readvertises and resells
the property unless the Final Judgment has some other instructions.
We usually prevail on the Judge to include in the Final Judgment specific
language directing the Clerk as to what happens if there is a bid payment
default. For example, we often include language which directs the Clerk that if
the winning bidder doesn't pay by the Clerk's deadline, the property goes
automatically to the next highest bidder paying their full bid amount by the
close of business on the day of the sale.
4)

What if plaintiff purchases the property? Does plaintiff actually have to pay money into the court?

Bid is debt amount/bid is surplus/bid is deficit: Florida is a judicial foreclosure state. The
rules are markedly different from those in a non-judicial state. The plaintiff is
entitled to bid on credit up to the full judgment amount, plus post-judgment
interest to the date of the foreclosure sale. (The foreclosure sale is usually
scheduled about 30 days after the date of the judgment.) As long as plaintiff's
bid does not exceed the full judgment amount plus the post-judgment
interest to the date of the sale, plaintiff does not have to pay money into the
Court. However, if plaintiff were to bid more than the full judgment amount
with interest, it would be subject to the same "5% and the rest by 5:00 p.m."
rule that everyone else is.
Because everyone other than plaintiff will have to pay real money for their
bid amount (5% at the close of the bidding and the rest by the afternoon
deadline), it is extremely likely that plaintiff will be the only bidder at the sale,

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29

and that plaintiff's winning bid will be $100. Plaintiff's bid will likely be $100
because, in Florida, the amount of the bid generally has nothing to do with
the right to collect a deficiency and the amount of that deficiency, and
because the State imposes a documentary stamp tax of $0.70 per $100 or
any portion thereof, bid. 6 (So the doc stamps on a bid of $100 are $0.70 and
the doc stamps on a bid of $101 are $1.40.) Thus, since there is usually no
one with the liquidity to bid on property and pay cash by the Clerk's deadline,
and because the plaintiff bidding on credit under the judgment doesn't want to
incur excessive doc stamp liability, most large commercial foreclosures in
Florida end with the plaintiff as the winning bidder with a bid of $100.
I mentioned above that in Florida, the amount of the bid generally has
nothing to do with the right to collect a deficiency and the amount of that
deficiency. That's because in Florida, the deficiency amount is generally
determined by taking the full judgment amount as of the date of the
foreclosure sale, with accrued post-judgment interest to the date of
the foreclosure sale, and subtracting from that number the greater of (a) the
fair market value of the real property on the date of the foreclosure sale, or (b)
the bid amount. Thus, only if the plaintiff bids more than the fair market value
of the property does the bid amount become relevant for deficiency
purposes. Thus, if a plaintiff bids the full judgment amount, even if that
amount is greater than the fair market value of the property, the plaintiff's right
to a deficiency is extinguished entirely. If the plaintiff bids $100, the deficiency
is calculated by subtracting the fair market value on the date of the foreclosure
sale from the full judgment amount with interest on that same date.
The deficiency amount, whatever it is, accrues interest at the post-judgment
interest rate, currently 6% simple in calendar year 2010. The determination of
the fair market value on the date of the foreclosure sale is an evidentiary
matter, and is determined by the court at a deficiency hearing. The court
typically considers appraisals and other expert witness testimony, and
testimony of the former owner of the property. See further discussion of "fair
market value" in paragraph 6 below.
5)

In FL, is the foreclosure "all or nothing"? In other words, if our security interest is 5 lots and a third

Unless the court

provides otherwise, all of the real property is sold as one unit. If asked, the
court has the discretion to structure the foreclosure sale differently. For
example, we have in the past prevailed on individual judges to order
piecemeal sales, to allow the sales to be conducted by professional
auctioneers, to allow successful bidders more time to pay their winning bids,
etc.
party only desires to purchase 3 lots, can we foreclose them separately?:

There is an extra fee in Miami-Dade County.

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30

6)

In FL, if the bulk sale appraisal is less than the per-lot appraisal, which appraisal is the deficiency

This question has more

meaning in a non-judicial foreclosure state. In Florida, the key determination
for deficiency purposes is that of "fair market value." Fair market value is
NOT a statutorily defined term. The court has great discretion in determining
the amount. One case has held that for purposes of determining the right to a
deficiency judgment, the "fair market value" of the property may be deemed to
be that sum which, considering all circumstances, would be arrived at by fair
negotiations between owner willing to sell and purchaser willing to buy, neither
being under any pressure. Flagship Bank of Orlando v. Bryan, 384 So. 2d
1323 (Fla. 5th DCA 1980). This is usually the sort of analysis the court
engages in to determine fair market value.
based on? Which amount would the court be inclined to accept?:

7) How do we determine how much to bid at the foreclosure sale?: For the reasons stated
above, I suspect that in Florida, we'll want to start with a bid of $100 and go up
in small increments thereafter, with our maximum bid being the lesser of (a)
what we believe to be the fair market value of the property, and (b) the full
judgment amount plus post-judgment interest to the date of the foreclosure
sale.
I have addressed this to
8) What are the logistics of a Florida foreclosure sale?
some extent already above. Unless the court orders an alternative sale
procedure, which it absolutely won't unless we request it to do so, the sale will
be conducted at the County Courthouse by the Clerk of the Court. The sale is
advertised in a local newspaper once a week for two consecutive weeks, with
the last advertisement coming at least five (5) days before the scheduled
sale. The sale is usually held at 11:00 a.m. and is a public auction at which
anyone may bid. The winning bidder must deposit 5% of the bid at the close
of the bidding, and pay the rest by the Clerk's afternoon deadline. (If the
plaintiff is the winning bidder, there is no actual money payment to the Clerk
unless the amount bid exceeds the full judgment amount with accrued postjudgment interest.) Shortly after the conclusion of the sale, sometimes as
soon as that very morning, or early that afternoon, the Clerk issues a
Certificate of Sale, which reflects the identity of the successful bidder at the
sale. Per Section 45.0315, the issuance of the Certificate of Sale eliminates
all rights of redemption, unless the Court has specified a different redemption
deadline. The Clerk issues the Certificate of Title, which is effectively the
deed to the property, on or about the 11th day after the sale if there are no
objections to the sale pending. If any objections are filed in the ten (10) days
after the filing of the Certificate of Sale, the Court hears them promptly and the

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31

Certificate of Title does not issue until they are disposed of. If an objection is
granted, the sale is readvertised and reheld. If an objection is denied, the
Clerk issues the Certificate of Title on or about the 11th day after the sale, or
immediately upon the denial of the objection, whichever is later. Objections to
sales are very rare, and even more rarely granted.
9)

Should we provide you with bid sheets, which reflect the minimum and maximum bids on the

We customarily ask the client for bidding instructions for the sale.
We usually want to know the minimum bid, which is usually $100, the
maximum, which is usually the lesser of (a) the client's estimate of the fair
market value and (b) the full judgment amount with accrued post-judgment
interest to the sale date, and the bid increments. We usually want to bid in
relatively small increments because the higher the bid, the higher the
doc stamp tax.
property?:

If you have any question or comments, please do not hesitate to call me.

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32