SENSORS
3.3 SENSORS
3.3.1 TEMPERATURE SENSOR (LM35):
Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensor:
In this project, in order to monitor the temperature continuously
and compare this with the set temperature preprogrammed in the
microcontroller, initially this temperature value has to be read and fed
to the microcontroller. This temperature value has to be sensed. Thus a
sensor has to be used and the sensor used in this project is LM35. It
converts temperature value into electrical signals.
LM35 series sensors are precision integrated-circuit temperature
sensors whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius
temperature. The LM35 requires no external calibration since it is
internally calibrated. . The LM35 does not require any external
calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room
temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150C temperature range.
The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise
inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry
especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus
and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very
low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air.
Features:
1. Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade)
2. Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor
3. 0.5C accuracy guaranteed (at +25C)
4. Rated for full 55 to +150C range
5. Suitable for remote applications
6. Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
7. Operates from 4 to 30 volts
8. Less than 60 A current drain
9. Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air
10. Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load
Fig 3.3.1: Temperature Sensors
The characteristic of this LM35 sensor is:
For each degree of centigrade temperature it outputs 10milli
volts.
Role of LM35:
In this project, the temperature is to be monitored continuously
and if the temperature exceeds the set value preprogrammed in the
microcontroller, a buzzer indication is provided in the circuit to alert
the people in the industry to stop the process immediately. Thus the
temperature sensor LM35 has to read the temperature continuously
and the microcontroller has to compare this temperature value with
the set temperature preprogrammed in it. When this temperature
exceeds the set value, the microcontroller sends an indication to the
buzzer which gives a loud noise.
THERMISTER:
The thermister is, as the name implies, a temperature sensitive resistor, that is its
terminal resistance is related to its body temperature. It is a not a junction device and is
constructed of a germanium, silicon or a mixture of cobalt, nickel, strontium or manganese. The
compound employed determines whether the device is a positive or negative co- efficient.
Symbol of thermister :
Thermister are normally having the negative temperature co-efficient.
When ever the temp increases resistance value decreases and vice versa
In particular that at room temperature (20degree centigrade) the resistance of the
thermister is approximately 5 k ohms. Where as at 100 degree centigrade the resistance
decreases to 100 ohms.
The temperature span of 80 degree centigrade. Therefore results in a 50 : 1 change in
resistance
The change in resistance in typically 3 % to 5% per degree change in temperature.
4. SENSORS
4.1. IR SENSOR/INFRA RED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
IR TRANSMITTER :
Fig 4.5.1 IR TX
TSAL6200 is a high efficiency infrared emitting diode in GaAlAs on GaAs
technology, molded in clear, bluegrey tinted plastic packages. In comparison with
the standard GaAs on GaAs technology these emitters achieve more than 100 %
radiant power improvement at a similar wavelength. The forward voltages at low
current and at high pulse current roughly correspond to the low values of the
standard technology. Therefore these emitters are ideally suitable as high
performance replacements of standard emitters.
Features:
Extra high radiant power and radiant intensity
High reliability
Low forward voltage
Suitable for high pulse current operation
Standard T-1 ( 5 mm) package
Angle of half intensity = 17
Peak wavelength p = 940 nm
Good spectral matching to Si photo detectors
4.2 IR RECEIVER :
The PHOTO DIODE/TSOP17 Series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote
control systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame; the epoxy package is
designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a
microprocessor. PHOTO DIODE/TSOP17XX is the standard IR remote control receiver series,
supporting all major transmission codes.
Features:
Photo detector and preamplifier in one package
Internal filter for PCM frequency
Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance
TTL and CMOS compatibility
Output active low
Low power consumption
High immunity against ambient light
Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps)
Suitable burst length .10 cycles/burst.
Application Circuit:
Fig 4.2 Application circuit of RF TX & RX.
As shown in fig 5.6.2, the circuit of the TSOP17 is designed in that way that unexpected output
pulses due to noise or disturbance signals are avoided. A band pass filter, an integrator stage and
an automatic gain control are used to suppress such disturbances. The distinguishing mark
between data signal and disturbance signal are carrier frequency, burst length and duty cycle. The
data signal should fulfill the following condition:
Carrier frequency should be close to center frequency of the band pass (e.g. 38 kHz).
Burst length should be 10 cycles/burst or longer.
After each burst which is between 10 cycles and 70 cycles a gap time of at least 14 cycles is
necessary.
For each burst which is longer than 1.8ms a corresponding gap time is necessary at some
time in the data stream. This gap time should have at least same length as the burst.
Up to 1400 short bursts per second can be received continuously.
When a disturbance signal is applied to the TSOP17. It can still receive the data signal. However
the sensitivity is reduced to that level that no unexpected pulses will occur.
