1. How did the Christian kingdoms begin?

A. Christian resistance.
The Muslim conquered almost the whole Iberian Peninsula except for Cantabria and
the Pyrennes. Some Visigoths took refute there. This is the origin of Christian kingdoms
(between 8 th. and 9th. century)
- Asturias and Len , originated in Cantabria
- Navarre and Aragonese and Catalan counties, originated in Pyrenees.
Christians advanced from these kingdoms for the Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
Christian kingdoms and Al-Andalus coexisted in Iberian Peninsula for 800 years.

B. Asturias and Len.

- In 718, the Visigoths chose Pelayo as their king. He defeated the Muslims at the
Battle of Covadonga (722)
- The capital was Oviedo and in 800, the territory was expanded from Galicia to Alava.
- The greatest expansion coincided with the reign of Alfonso III in the 9 th century with
the cities such Burgos, Zamora and Coimbra.
- In the 10th century the capital was moved to Len and the region became the kingdom
of Leon.

2. How did Castile evolve?

A. Castile.
Muslim attacked Leon and Castile provided defense against Muslims attacks form the
valley of the River Ebro. It was divided into counties under Count Fernan Gonzalez
(10th century).
At the end of 10th century Len decline and it increased the power of the counts of
Castile and the kingdom of Navarre. Castile became an independent kingdom.
B. The Pyrenean region.
It belonged to the Carolingian Empire. When the Carolingian Empire is dissolved, three
regions appear: Navarre, Aragn and the Catalan Counties.

- Navarre. From the 10th century, the Jimena dynasty rule in Navarre. Sancho III the
Great (11th century) became the most powerful Christian king and his kingdom
included Aragon, Castile and part of Len.
- Aragn. It achieved independence with the family of Aznar Galindo after the death of
Sancho III.
- The Catalan Counties. Wilfred the Hairy united the Catalan Counties in the 9th
century. They have good relations with the caliphs of Crdoba. Catalonia consolidated
its independence in the 10th century.

3. Art of the Christian kingdoms.

A. Asturian art. (8th 9th centuries)

- Small stone churches in or near Oviedo such as San Miguel de Lillo, San Julian de
los Prados and the best known: Santa Mara del Naranco.
- Asturian Art also included some fine gold and silverwork, such as the Cross of the
Angels.
B. Mozarabic art. (10th century)
- It was done by Mozarabs out of the Al-Andalus.
- The interiors of the churches are similar to Muslim art: use of horseshoe arches and
capitals. The best example: San Miguel de la Escalada.
- The Beatus: a religious manuscript with beautiful illustrations. The famous example:
The Beatus of Libana.
C. Mudejar art. (12th century)
- Mudejar: Muslims who remained in the Christian kingdoms after the Reconquest.
- Buildings were characterized by the use of bricks and ceramics tiles.
- Mudejar and Mozarabic art is only found in Spain. Best examples in Len, Toledo and
Teruel.

4. How did the Christian kingdoms advance?

A. The Duero Valley.

The reconquest involved the occupation of territory from one river to another. During
the 9th century and 10th century the Christian kingdoms advanced to the River Duero
Valley.
Groups of peasants colonized the land and formed small villages: process of
repopulation.

B. The Tajo and Ebro Valley.

- 1031. Taifas were weak and Christian kingdoms expanded towards the south. Taifas
paid parias or amount of gold to the Christian kingdoms to avoid attacks.
- 11th 12th centuries:
Portugal and Castile extended beyond the River Tajo.
Aragon conquered Zaragoza y Teruel .
Catalonia extended as far as Tortosa
- Conquered territory was divided into areas dominated by a city or town. The kings
gave them privileges called fueros to encourage emigration. Part of the land was
underpopulated and it was given to military orders.

C. Guadalquivir Valley, Levante and the Balearic Islands.

The defeated of the almohads in the battle of Navas de Tolosa (1212) opened up AlAndalus to the Christian armies. Christian kingdoms expanded and almost finished with
the Muslims territories.
- Portugal conquered the Algarve.
- Castile took over Andalusia and Murcia.
- Crown of Aragon expanded into Valencia and the Balearic Islands

D. Three cultures: Christians, Islamic and Jewish.

- After the conquest there were three cultures. They usually lived separately, they didn`t
intermarry, and they had their own costumes.
- Christians: They were the dominant group,

- Mudejars: They were Muslims in Christian territory. Their situation started to

deteriorate in the 13th century. Many of them moved to Granada
- Jews: They had tense relations with the others groups from the 14 th century.
Sometimes they were persecuted.

5. How did the crown of Castile evolve?

A. The crown of Castile.

It became the most powerful kingdom.
- In 1085 Alfonso VI conquered Toledo and the Tajo Valley
- Christian kingdoms won the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). After that, they
conquered almost all of Andalusia
- In the 12th century (1139) Portugal became an independent kingdom
- In 1230 Fernando III united Len and Castile, founding the Crown of Castile.

B. Government.
- Castile was a unified state: the same institutions and the same laws for the whole
community.
- The king had great power. He made laws, declare war and pass judgement.
- The Castilian Cortes could not legislate. They approved or rejected new taxes.

C. Economy and society.

- Economic activities were agriculture and stockbreeding.
- Merino sheep: high quality wool was exported or used in the textile industry
- Mestas. Assemblies of sheep breeders. They created the Honorable Council of the
Mesta: very powerful association with privileges such as the right for sheep and cattle
to graze on peasants land.

D. Architecture
Romanesque style. Examples such as the churches of San Martin de Fromista and
part of the cathedral in Santiago de Compostela

Gothic style.
century)

Examples such as the cathedrals of Len, Burgos and Toledo (13 th

Transcript

1. The Christian Kingdoms Unit 6 - 2 ESO

2. 1- How did the Christian kingdomsbegin?Christian resistanceThe muslims

conquered almost the entire Iberian Peninsula.

3. The remaining visigoths in the northern area founded the Christian kingdoms
between the 8th and 9th centuries.These kingdoms would lead the Reconquest,
that means the fights to recover territories under muslim rule.

4. The first kingdoms formed were: .The kingdom of Asturias and Len,
originated in the Cantabrian mountains. .The kingdom of Navarre and the
Aragonese and Catalan counties, originated in the Pyrenees.

5. During eight centuries christians and muslims coexisted in the Iberian

Peninsula (from 711 to 1492).

6. Asturias and LenKINGDOM OF ASTURIASPelayo was chosen as the king

of Asturias in 718.He won the Battle of Covadonga (722) to the muslims,
stopping its expansion.

7. Kingdom of AsturiasThe court (or capital) was established in Oviedo.During

the 9th century Asturian kings expanded their territory.Their greatest expansion
coincided with the reign of Alfonso III (866-910).In the 10th century the court
was moved to the city of Len, and the kingdom changed its name to Kingdom
of Len.

8. Kingdom of LonFrom 910 the Kingdom ofAsturias became known asthe

Kingdom of Len, becauseof the change of its capital.The capital was moved
due toits expansion towards RiverDuero.It will last until 1230.

9. ActivitiesHomework: Exercise 1 on page 57.

10. 2- How did Castile evolve?

11. CASTILE COUNTIES The Kingdom of Len declined after the 10th
century, and Castile counties increased their power.Castile territory was in
frontier with the muslims, so they had a lot of castles to defend the Christian
territory from attacks.Castile counties became united under the count Fernn
Gonzlez (930-970).From 951 he governed Castile independently from Len.

12. Kingdom of CastileIn 1035 Castile became an independent Kingdom, in the

hands of King Fernando I.

13. The Pyrenean regionOrigin -> It was the Spanish March in the Carolingian
Empire.In the 9th century the Carolingian Empire finished, and three different
regions emerged: .Navarre .Aragn .Catalan counties

14. Kingdom of Navarre The count igo Arista formed the Kingdom of
Pamplona, after renamed Kingdom of Navarre with its expansion towards the
south. From the 10th century, the Jimena dynasty ruled in Navarre and extended
their influence. Sancho III the Great (1000-1035) became a powerful king in the
peninsula. He added to his kingdom the Aragonese counties, Castile and part of
Len. But after his death, his

15. Sancho IIIs legacyAfter his death, the kingdom was divided between his
sons: .His first-born son Garca Snchez III inherited Navarre. .Fernando I
received Castile county. .Ramiro I got Aragn. .Gonzalo received thecounties of
Sobrarbe andRibagorza.

16. The Aragonese countiesOrigin - They were part of the Carolingian Empire
until:820 - The count Aznar Galindo achieved independence for Aragn.922 Aragn came under the rule of the Kingdom of Navarre.1035 - After the death of
Sancho III, Aragn achieved its independence again.

17. The Catalan countiesOrigin -> in the Carolingian Empire the Catalonian
territory was divided into different counties.Wilfred the Hairy united the Catalan
counties in 874. He ruled them independently fromthe Carolingian Empire.It had
stability due to good relationswith the Caliphate.From the 10th century it
obtained itsindependence.

18. ActivitiesExercise 1 on page 58.

19. 3- What was the art of the Christiankingdoms like?-During the Reconquest
period, Art developed in the Christian kingdoms, as it did in Al-Andalus.-We can
distinguish different art styles in the different regions.-The most important styles
were: .Asturian Art .Mozarabic Art .Mudejar Art-Afterwards Romanesque and
Gothic Art began.

20. Asturian Art-Main examples near Oviedo.-Santa Mara del Naranco.

21. San Miguel de Lillo

22. San Julin delos Prados

23. Cross of the Angels

24. Victory Cross

25. Mozarabic ArtSan Miguel de Escalada (Len)

26. San Miguel de Escalada

27. San Cebrin de Mazote (Valladolid)

28. Beatus ofLibana

29. MudejarArtTeruel Cathedral

30. San Tirso (Sahagn)

31. San Lorenzo (Sahagn)

32. Santa Mara Church, Illescas (Toledo)

33. ActivitiesExercise 1 on page 59

34. 4 - How did the Christian kingdoms advance?

35. -The expansion of the Christian Kingdoms .The Duero Valley - during the 9
and 10th centuries the Reconquest arrived to the River Duero. Colonizations of
the land was the system of Repopulation. .The Tajo and Ebro valleys - during the
11-12th centuries the Reconquest continued in an easier way because the Taifas
(1031) were weaker than the Christian kingdoms. This was a period of big
expansion. The Repopulation was made creating cities or towns (capital) and
small villages depending on them. Kings give fueros to towns. After the 11th
century much of the land was underpopulated so kings gave big feudal estates to
nobles, the Church or military orders.

36. .The Guadalquivir Valley, Levante and the Balearicislands - the defeat of the
almohads in Las Navas deTolosa battle in 1212 was the beginning of the end
formuslims. Christian kingdoms expanded and almost finishedwith the muslims
territories.

37. Three cultures Three main cultures (and religions) coexisted in the Christian
kingdoms after the Reconquest: .The Christians, who were the more
numerous. .The Mudejars, who were muslims in christian territory. .The Jews,
with tense relations in this period.

38. ActivitiesExercises 1 and 2 on page 61.

39. 5 - How did the Crown of Castile evolve?THE CROWN OF CASTILECastile became the most powerful christian kingdom.-Alfonso VI conquered
Toledo in 1085.-In 1212 the Christian kingdoms won the battle of Las Navas de
Tolosa, and the Almohads almost disappeared.-In 1139 (12th century) Portugal
became an independent kingdom.-In 1230 Fernando III united Len andCastile
founding the Crown of Castile.

40. The Crown of CastileGOVERNMENTThe Crown of Castile was a state in

the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the definitive union of
the crowns of the kingdoms of Castile and Len upon the accession of the then

King Ferdinand III of Castile to the vacant Leonese throne.The Kingdom of

Len and the Kingdom of Castile kept different Parliaments, different flags,
different coin and different laws until the Modern Era.The Castilian king had
great power, and Castilian Cortes could not legislate, their function was to
regulate new taxes.

41. The Crown of CastileECONOMYThe economy was based on agriculture

and stockbreeding. In stockbreeding merino sheep stood out.Wool of high
quality was exported, and it was used to textile industry as well.Sheep breeders
were important and had privileges, recognized through the creation of the
Honourable Council of the Mesta in 1273.Craftsmanship and trade developedas
well thanks to the importance of themerino wool.

42. HomeworkActivity 1 on page 62.

43. 6 - How did the Crown of Aragn evolve? The Crown of Aragnoriginated
in 1137, when theKingdom of Aragn and theCounty of Barcelona merged
bydynastic union by the marriageof Ramn Berenguer IV ofBarcelona and
Petronilla ofAragn; their titles werecombined in the person of theirson, Alfonso
II of Aragn, whoascended to the throne in 1162. This union respected
theexisting institutions andparliaments of both territories.

44. The Crown of Aragn Alfonso II conquered the region of the Ebro valley. In
the 13th century, James I the Conquerorexpanded their territories to the
mediterranean coastand the Balearic Islands. After him, at the beginning of the
14th century,Peter IV the Ceremonious and his successorscontinued the
expansion towards the Mediterraneanarea, arriving to Sicily, Sardinia and
Naples.

45. The Crown of AragnGOVERNMENT AND ECONOMY The Crown of

Aragn kept the institutions and individual customs of every kingdom forming
part of the Crown. The king of Aragn had to agree with the Cortes of each
kingdom to introduce any change. In economy the main activities were
agriculture and trade (Mediterranean trade, consulates)