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Lecture 6 Multipath Fading

Multipath fading occurs when multiple copies of a transmitted signal reach the receiver via different paths after reflecting off objects in the environment. This causes fluctuations in signal strength over time or frequency known as fading. The multipath channel can be modeled as a linear time-varying filter with a discrete number of propagation paths, each having an amplitude, phase, and delay. The power delay profile describes the average power of the channel as a function of delay and determines whether fading is flat or frequency-selective based on comparison to the symbol period.

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223 views37 pages

Lecture 6 Multipath Fading

Multipath fading occurs when multiple copies of a transmitted signal reach the receiver via different paths after reflecting off objects in the environment. This causes fluctuations in signal strength over time or frequency known as fading. The multipath channel can be modeled as a linear time-varying filter with a discrete number of propagation paths, each having an amplitude, phase, and delay. The power delay profile describes the average power of the channel as a function of delay and determines whether fading is flat or frequency-selective based on comparison to the symbol period.

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Wajeeha_Khan1
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MULTIPATH FADING

Various Features in a Wireless Channel


Path Loss
Multipath fading

Interference
Shadowing

Excess Delay
The propagation delay relative to that of the

shortest path

t=8ms

t=0

t=47ms

Strength Variation
As the vehicle moves, the strength of each path varies

because the surfaces are complex

The Channel is a Filter


The multipath channel can be represented as linear, time-

varying bandpass filter

Transmitted
Signal

Received
Signal

h(t , )

x(t)

y(t)

y (t ) =

x(t )h(t , )d

Measured Data from Darmstadt,


[Molisch, 01]
Germany

Baseband Impulse Response


More convenient to work with baseband signals

{
}
x(t ) = Re{ c(t )e }
y (t ) = Re{ r (t )e }

h(t , ) = Re hb (t , )e

j c t

j c t
j c t

1
r (t ) = c(t )hb (t , )d
2

The factor of
ensures that baseband
average power
equals passband
average power

Path Model
The channel is assumed to comprise N

discrete paths of propagation (rays)


Each path has an amplitude (t), a phase (t)
and a propagation delay

hb (t , )

N =5

0 (t ) e j ( t )
1 (t )e j1 (t ) (t )e j 2 (t )
2
0

t)
j 4 ( t )
3 (t )e j (
(
t
)
e
4
3

delay

Probing the Channel


The channel may be probed or sounded by
transmitting a pulse p(t) and recording the

response at the receiver


The response is the convolution of p(t) with the
channel impulse response
N 1

1
j i ( t )
r (t ) = i (t )e
p(t i )
2 i =0

Pulse Width >> max


Suppose a pulse much wider than the length

p(t)

of the impulse response is transmitted at time


t=0

g
hb (t , )

0 1 2 3 4

Tp

delay

Instantaneous Power
The magnitude squared of any sample in the interval t4 and
t0 + Tp will equal
2
2

r (t ) =
r(t)

2
4

N 1

j ( t )

(
t
)
e
i
i

i =0

hb (t , )

0 1 2 3 4

We say, the multipath is not resolved

delay

Time Variation of the Probe Response


If one or both of the terminals moves, the path phases

change because the path lengths change


The path amplitudes do not change much
These changes yield large changes in the magnitude
of the received waveform
|r(t)| in dBm

[not real data]

Narrowband Fading
This same type of fading happens to a digital waveform if

the symbol period is much larger than (>10 times) the


channel length
Such long symbol periods correspond to narrowband
signals

Average Power for Narrowband Signals


Assuming the channel is ergodic, the ensemble

average may be approximated by a time average:

= E r (t )

t+

T
2

T
t
2

j ( s )

(
s
)
e
ds
i
i

i =0

where the interval [t-T/2,t+T/2] corresponds to a local


area

Uncorrelated Scattering
Assume that the phases of different paths are

uncorrelated and that the energy of the pulse


is one
Then the time average simplifies to

= E r (t )
where

1

T
2
i

t+

}
T
2

2
i

i =0

i (s)ds
t

T
2

Pulse Width << max


Now consider a small pulse width

p(t)
g
t

Tp

hb (t , )

delay

Multipath Resolved
Pulses do not overlap

r (t , )
0 (t )e j ( t )
t)
j 2 ( t )
1 (t )e j1 (
2 (t )e
0

(t )
j 4 ( t )
3 (t )e j
(
t
)
e
4
3

Wideband Signal
The Fourier Transform of such a narrow pulse has a wide

spectrum

P(f)

p(t)
g
Tp

F.T.

Power Delay Profile (PDP)


The PDP is a time-average of |r(t,)|2 over a

small interval (assuming the terminal is moving)

P( )

1
P( )
T
2 02

212

2 22

t+

T
2

r ( s, )
t

ds

T
2

2 32

2 42
t

W. Mohr, Modeling of wideband mobile radio channels based on propagation measurements,


in Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor, Mobile Radio Communications, vol. 2, pp. 397-401, 1995

Average Power for Wideband Signals


The average power is the integral of the PDP

PAVG = P( )d
0

N 1

= i2 =
i =0

Local Average Powers Are The Same


Narrowband and Wideband averaged powers are equal

Moments of the PDP


Channels are often described by their rms delay spread
To compute rms delay spread, normalize the PDP to

make it like a PDF for a random variable (unit area) and


then find its standard deviation
Must you use excess delay to compute rms delay spread?

Mean Delay
Must first compute the mean delay
+

P( )d
0
+

P( )d
0

For this to be mean excess delay, the origin of


the axis needs to be the time of the first
arriving path

Second Moment
Next need the second moment of this PDF

P( )d
0

P( )d
0

RMS Delay Spread


Recall that standard deviation is the square root of

variance and variance is the second moment minus the


first moment squared

Variance

rms delay spread

()
( )

Example Data

[Rappaport, 02]

How RMS Delay Spread Can Be Used


If <<symbol period, assume narrowband fading

effects
If >>symbol period, assume wideband fading effects
(will need an equalizer, CDMA or OFDM)

The Frequency Domain View


<<symbol period implies that the frequency response of

the channel,

H (t , f ) = h(t , ) exp( j 2f )d ,

doesnt vary much with frequency over the bandwidth of


the transmitted signal

Narrowband Case
The channel appears flat to the signal

H (t , f )

Transmitted
Signal Spectrum

900MHz

Flat Fading
When <<symbol period, we say the signal undergoes

flat fading
The channel frequency response is approximately flat
over the signal bandwidth

Wideband Case
>> symbol period implies that the frequency

response of the channel varies significantly with


frequency over the bandwidth of the transmitted
signal

H (t , f )

Transmitted
Signal Spectrum

900MHz

Frequency Selective Fading


When >> symbol period, we say the signal undergoes

frequency selective fading


The channel frequency response is strong for some
frequencies and not for others within the signal bandwidth

Complete Narrowband Statistical


Fading Model
= r (t ) = xy is the signal envelope. Recall E{ }= =
2

N 1
i =0

x represents the small-scale or multipath fading, and has either

the Rayleigh or Rician distribution with unit mean square value, i.e.
Therefore,

{ }

{ } { }
y represents the large-scale or shadow fading, and has a
lognormal distribution. Recall E{ y }= is local average
power
E x2 = 1

E 2 = E y2
2

Then z is N ( p
(d ), ) (the zs are the
(
)
points on the scatter plot)

Let

z = 10 log10 y.2

p (d )is the path loss, with the model


d
p (d ) = p(d o ) n10 log10
d o

2
i

Complete Wideband Statistical


Fading Model
N 1

Recall
Each path of the wideband model has
i =0 i .
independent small-scale fading: = x y

xi is the small-scale or multipath fading on each path, and has

either the Rayleigh or Rician distribution with mean square value

{ } { }

E xi2 = E i2 /

represents the large-scale or shadow fading, as before, and


has a lognormal distribution.

Let z

( )

= 10 log10 y 2

. Then
points on the scatter plot)

is

N p (d ), 2

p (d ) is the path loss, with the model

)(the zs are the

d
p (d ) = p(d o ) n10 log10
d o

Fade Margin
RX
Power

Decoding
Threshold

Extra power (i.e. a fade

margin) is required, to keep


above the decoding
threshold
Fade Margin

One channel with


multipath fading

Summary
The multipath channel model has a discrete number of

propagation paths
Each path has amplitude, phase and delay
The PDP is the local average of the magnitude squared of
the impulse response of the channel
Average power of the channel is the integral of the PDP
Average power is same for narrowband and wideband
channels
The fading is flat or frequency selective depending on
the comparison between rms delay spread and the
symbol period

References
[Rapp, 02] T.S. Rappaport, Wireless

Communications, Prentice Hall, 2002


[Molisch, 01] Andreas F. Molisch (ed), Wideband
Wireless Digital Communications, Prentice Hall
PTR, 2001.
W. Mohr, Modeling of wideband mobile radio
channels based on propagation measurements,
in Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor, Mobile
Radio Communications, vol. 2, pp. 397-401, 1995

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