This document describes an experiment to design and verify the operation of an integrator circuit and differentiator circuit using an op-amp. The circuit diagrams show integrators and differentiators with various capacitor values to produce different time constants. The procedure connects the circuits and applies a 1kHz input signal to observe the output waveforms. Calculations determine the theoretical time constants and rise times, which are then compared to practical values measured with an oscilloscope. Graphs of input and output voltage over time are made to analyze the behavior for different time constants. The results show that the integrator and differentiator circuits operate as expected based on a comparison of theoretical and practical values.
This document describes an experiment to design and verify the operation of an integrator circuit and differentiator circuit using an op-amp. The circuit diagrams show integrators and differentiators with various capacitor values to produce different time constants. The procedure connects the circuits and applies a 1kHz input signal to observe the output waveforms. Calculations determine the theoretical time constants and rise times, which are then compared to practical values measured with an oscilloscope. Graphs of input and output voltage over time are made to analyze the behavior for different time constants. The results show that the integrator and differentiator circuits operate as expected based on a comparison of theoretical and practical values.
Original Description:
Practical Implementation of integrator and differentiator
Original Title
9. Linear Wave Shaping-Integrator and Differentiator
This document describes an experiment to design and verify the operation of an integrator circuit and differentiator circuit using an op-amp. The circuit diagrams show integrators and differentiators with various capacitor values to produce different time constants. The procedure connects the circuits and applies a 1kHz input signal to observe the output waveforms. Calculations determine the theoretical time constants and rise times, which are then compared to practical values measured with an oscilloscope. Graphs of input and output voltage over time are made to analyze the behavior for different time constants. The results show that the integrator and differentiator circuits operate as expected based on a comparison of theoretical and practical values.
This document describes an experiment to design and verify the operation of an integrator circuit and differentiator circuit using an op-amp. The circuit diagrams show integrators and differentiators with various capacitor values to produce different time constants. The procedure connects the circuits and applies a 1kHz input signal to observe the output waveforms. Calculations determine the theoretical time constants and rise times, which are then compared to practical values measured with an oscilloscope. Graphs of input and output voltage over time are made to analyze the behavior for different time constants. The results show that the integrator and differentiator circuits operate as expected based on a comparison of theoretical and practical values.
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9.
LINEAR WAVE SHAPING-INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR
AIM: a. To Design and verify the working of Integrator circuit using op amp 741 IC b. Design and verify the working of a Differentiator using op amp 741 IC APPARATUS: IC Trainer Kit, IC 741, Resistors 1K (2), Capacitors 0.1F, Function Generator (1MHz) (FG), CRO (20MHz), CRO Probes and Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: The circuit diagram is given below for following values:(a) Integrator: R=10 K, C=2 F (large time constant), C=0.1 F (medium time constant), C=5 KpF (for small time constant) (b) Differentiator: R=10 K, C=2 F (large time constant), C=0.1 F (medium time constant), C=50 KpF (for small time constant)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure both for integrator and differentiator. 2. Apply input square wave signal of frequency 1KHz and 8 volt peak to peak amplitude. 3. Note the output waveform w.r.t. input waveform for small, medium and large time 4. 5. 6. 7.
constant. Calculate the theoretical rise time using the calculated values. Using CRO, compare values with tabulated results. Calculate percentage tilt for both the circuits. Plot curves for large time constant, medium time constant and small time constant for input and output voltage vs time both for integrator and differentiator for various values of input (eg sin wave).
CALCULATIONS: 1 For f = 2 RC (a) Integrator:f = 1KHz For T << RC, Choose R = 10Kohm and C=5KpF For T >> RC, Choose R = 10Kohm and C=2microF Find the value of time constant RC, rise time Tr =2.2 RC Percentage Tilt=T*100/2RC, T=1/f (b) Differentiator:f = 1KHz For T << RC, Choose R = 10Kohm and C=50KpF For T >> RC, Choose R = 10Kohm and C=2microF For medium constant, Choose R = 10Kohm and C=0.1microF Find the value of time constant RC, rise time Tr =2.2 RC Percentage Tilt=T*100/2RC, T=1/f
TABULAR COLUMN: Tabulate the values both for integrator and differentiator.
Rise Time:SNo.
Time Constant RC(ms)
Rise Time (ms)
Theoretica
Inference
Practical
l 1. 2. 3.
Large Medium Small
Percentage Tilt:SNo.
Time Constant RC(ms)
Percentage of Tilt Theoretical
1. 2. 3.
Large Medium Small
MODEL GRAPH:
Practical
Low Pass RC Circuit as Integrator
High Pass RC Circuit as Differentiator
RESULT:
(a) An Integrator has been designed and output waveform has been observed, whose Time constant has been verified with theoretical values. (b) A Differentiator has been designed and output Spikes waveform is observed, where practical and theoretical values have been verified.
PRECAUTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Make connections as per circuit diagram. Power supply should be switched off. Connections should be tight Handle CRO carefully Note the readings carefully.
PRE-LAB QUESTIONS:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
What are linear circuits? Give examples.
What is an integrator? What are its applications? What is differentiator? What are its applications? Why integrators are preferred over differentiators? What is time constant RC? What is the output shape of op-amp integrator with a square input?
