LECTURE 2
BASIC ELEMENTS OF JAVA
programming
process of planning and creating a program
computer program
a sequence of statements intended to accomplish a task
programming language
a set of rules, symbols, and special words used to construct programs
A Java Program
//********************************************************
// This is a simple Java program. It displays three lines
// of text, including the sum of two numbers.
//********************************************************
public class ASimpleJavaProgram
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("My first Java program.");
System.out.println("The sum of 2 and 3 = " + 5);
System.out.println("7 + 8 = " + (7 + 8));
}
}
Basics
syntax rules
tell you which statements (instructions) are legal, or accepted by the
programming language, and which are not
a violation of the syntax, or grammatical rules, of a natural language or a
programming language
semantic rules
determine the meaning of the instructions
a violation of the rules of meaning of a natural language or a
programming language
Basics
1.
2.
Comment
3.
Single-line:
//
Multiple-line:
/* and */
Special Symbols
considered a single symbol
Reserved Words (Keywords)
int,
float, double,
char, void, public,
static, throws, return
letters in a reserved word are
always lowercase
considered a single symbol
Basics
4.
Identifiers
names of things, such as variables, constants, and methods, that appear in programs
consists of letters, digits, the underscore character (_), and the dollar sign ($) and must
begin with a letter, underscore, or the dollar sign
can be made of only letters, digits, the underscore character (_), and the dollar sign ($); no
other symbols are permitted to form an identifier
Ex:
side Length
sideLength
angle!
angle
a+b
ab
2nd
nd
Note: Java is case sensitive
Data Types
set of values together with a set of operations on those values
Primitive Data Types
fundamental data types in
three categories
1.
integral
2.
floating-point
3.
boolean
Java
Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
Java has 5 arithmetic operators:
1.
addition
2.
subtraction
3.
multiplication
4.
division
5.
mod (modulus or remainder)
Unary operator
Ex:
an operator that has only one
2+1*3
2, 1, 3 - operands
+,*
- operators
operand.
Ex:
-7
Binary operator
an operator that has two operands.
Ex: 7+8
Order of Precedence
*, /, %
(higher)
+, -
(lower)
Ex:
Evaluate 3 * 7 - 6 + 2 * 5 / 4 + 6
Answer:
23
Expressions
integral expression
floating-point or decimal expression
mixed expression
Two rules apply when evaluating a mixed expression:
1.
When evaluating an operator in a mixed expression:
If the operator has the same types of operands (that is, both are
integers or both are
floating-point numbers), the operator is evaluated according to the type of the operand.
If the operator has both types of operands (that is, one is an
integer and the other is a
floating-point number), during calculation the integer is treated temporarily as a
floating-point number with the decimal part of zero, and then the operator is evaluated.
The result is a floating-point number.
2.
The entire expression is evaluated according to the precedence
rules.
Evaluate the following expressions.
a. 13 / 4
b. 2 + 12 / 4
c. 21 % 5
d. 3 - 5 % 7
e. 17.0 / 4
f. 8 - 5 * 2.0
g. 14 + 5 % 2 3
h. 15.0 + 3.0 / 2.0
Evaluate the following expressions.
a. 13 / 4
=3
b. 2 + 12 / 4
=5
c. 21 % 5
=1
d. 3 - 5 % 7
= -2
e. 17.0 / 4
= 4.25
f. 8 - 5 * 2.0
= -2.0
g. 14 + 5 % 2 3
= 12
h. 15.0 + 3.0 / 2.0
= 16.5
Type Conversion (Casting)
(dataTypeName)
expression
Class String
Strings
data values that contain more than one character
a sequence of zero or more characters
enclosed in double quotation marks (not in single quotation marks,
as are the char data types)
String and the operator +
the operator +
used to concatenate (or join) two strings as well as a string and a numeric value or a
character.
Ex:
"Sunny" + " Day" evaluates to Sunny Day
"Amount Due = $" + 576.35 evaluates to "Amount Due =
$576.35"
"The sum = " + 12 + 26 evaluates to "The sum = 1226"
"The sum = " + (12 + 26) evaluates to "The sum = 38"
Increment and Decrement
Ex:
x = 7;
y = ++x;
x = 7;
y = x++;
Packages, Classes, Methods
package
a collection of related classes
class
used to create Java programs,
either application or applet
used to group a set of related operations
used to allow users to create their own data
types
method
set of instructions designed to accomplish a specific task
Ex:
Importing
class Math
in java.lang package
abs, cos, exp, max,
import packageName.*;
atan, sqrt,
etc
class Scanner
in java.util package
next, nextInt, nextDouble,
useDelimiter
import
java.util.*;
import
java.util.Scanner;
Creating Java Application
syntax of a class to create a Java application program
