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Writing and Presenting Your

Thesis or Dissertation

S. Joseph Levine, Ph.D.

Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan USA
([email protected])
(Last Updated: 11/12/2014 04:39:57)

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Introduction
This guide has been created to assist my graduate students in thinking through the many aspects of crafting,
implementing and defending a thesis or dissertation. It is my attempt to share some of the many ideas that have
surfaced over the past few years that definitely make the task of finishing a graduate degree so much easier.
(This Guide is a companion to the Guide for Writing a Funding Proposal.)
Usually a guide of this nature focuses on the actual implementation of the research. This is not the focus of this
guide. Instead of examining such aspects as identifying appropriate sample size, field testing the instrument and
selecting appropriate statistical tests, this guide looks at many of the quasi-political aspects of the process. Such
topics as how to select a supportive committee, making a compelling presentation of your research outcomes
and strategies for actually getting the paper written are discussed.
Of course, many of the ideas that are presented can be used successfully by other graduate students studying
under the guidance of other advisers and from many different disciplines. However, the use of this guide carries
no guarantee - implied or otherwise. When in doubt check with your adviser. Probably the best advice to start
with is the idea of not trying to do your research entirely by yourself. Do it in conjunction with your adviser.
Seek out his/her input and assistance. Stay in touch with your adviser so that both of you know what's
happening. There's a much better chance of getting to the end of your project and with a smile on your face.
With this in mind, enjoy the guide. I hope it will help you finish your graduate degree in good shape. Good luck
and good researching!
In conjunction with the accompanying Facebook page I have been writing and posting Notes for my
"Fans" every week or two. These short Notes/Essays deal with a variety of topics often brought up by
readers working on their thesis or dissertation. Recently the Facebook page has been acting very
temperamental and I've not been very successful in having them posted. So, I have decided to also include
them here. Just click here to go to the Facebook Notes Archive. I think you will find a variety of ideas

that will be helpful to you as you work toward the completion of your thesis or dissertation.
(NOTE: Periodically I receive requests for information on how to prepare a "thesis statement" rather than
actually writing a thesis/dissertation. How To Write a Thesis Statement is an excellent website that clearly sets
forth what a "thesis statement" is and how to actually prepare one.)
Summary of Key Ideas in this Guide
The Thinking About It Stage
1. Be inclusive with your thinking.
2. Write down your ideas.
3. Don't be overly influenced by others-it's your research.
4. Try and set a realistic goal.
5. Set appropriate time lines.
6. Take a leave of absence when it will do the most good.
7. Try a preliminary study to help clarify your research.
Preparing The Proposal
8. Read other proposals.
9. Prepare a comprehensive review of the literature.
10. Photocopy relevant articles.
11. Proposal should be first 3 chapters of dissertation.
12. Focus your research.
13. Include a title on your proposal.
14. Organize around a set of questions.
15. Some considerations for designing your research:
a. Design your research so the subjects benefit.
b. Choose your methodology wisely.
c. Consider combining methodologies.
d. Carefully select location for your research.
e. Avoid conducting research in conjunction with another agency.
16. Use your advisory committee well.
a. Select faculty who will support you.
b. Your major professor is your ally.
c. Provide committee with well written proposal.
d. Plan the proposal meeting well.
Writing The Thesis Or Dissertation
17. Begin writing with sections you know the best.
18. Rewrite your proposal into dissertation sections.
19. Use real names/places in early drafts of dissertation.
20. Print each draft on a different color paper.
21. Use hand drawings of graphics/tables for early drafts.
22. Make your writing clear and unambiguous.
23. Review other dissertations before you begin to write.
24. Introduce tables in the text, present the table and then describe it.
25. Use similar or parallel wording whenever possible.
26. Let your Table of Contents help you improve your manuscript.
27. Write real conclusions and implications - don't restate your findings.
28. Make your Suggestions for Further Research meaningful.
29. Chapter One should be written last.
The Thesis/Dissertation Defense
30. Attend some defenses before it's your turn.
31. Discuss your research with others.
32. Don't circulate chapters to committee.

33. The defense should be team effort - you and adviser.

34. Don't be defensive at your defense.
35. Organize your defense as an educational presentation.
36. Consider tape recording your defense.
37. Prepare an article on the outcomes of your research.

THE "THINKING ABOUT IT" STAGE

The "thinking about it stage" is when you are finally faced with the reality of completing your degree. Usually
the early phases of a graduate program proceed in clear and very structured ways. The beginning phases of a
graduate program proceed in much the same manner as an undergraduate degree program. There are clear
requirements and expectations, and the graduate student moves along, step by step, getting ever closer to the
completion of the program. One day, however, the clear structure begins to diminish and now you're
approaching the thesis/dissertation stage. This is a new and different time. These next steps are more and more
defined by you and not your adviser, the program, or the department.
1. Be inclusive with your thinking.Don't try to eliminate ideas too quickly. Build on your ideas and see
how many different research projects you can identify. Give yourself the luxury of being expansive in your
thinking at this stage -- you won't be able to do this later on. Try and be creative.
2. Write down your ideas. This will allow you to revisit an idea later on. Or, you can modify and change
an idea. If you don't write your ideas they tend to be in a continual state of change and you will probably
have the feeling that you're not going anywhere. What a great feeling it is to be able to sit down and scan the
many ideas you have been thinking about, if they're written down.
3. Try not to be overly influenced at this time by what you feel others expect from you (your
colleagues, your profession, your academic department, etc.). You have a much better chance of selecting
a topic that will be really of interest to you if it is your topic. This will be one of the few opportunities you may
have in your professional life to focus in on a research topic that is really of your own choosing.
4. Don't begin your thinking by assuming that your research will draw international attention to
you!! Instead, be realistic in setting your goal. Make sure your expectations are tempered by:
... the realization that you are fulfilling an academic requirement,
... the fact that the process of conducting the research may be just as important (or more important) than
the outcomes of the research, and
... the idea that first and foremost the whole research project should be a learning experience for you.
If you can keep these ideas in mind while you're thinking through your research you stand an excellent chance
of having your research project turn out well.
5. Be realistic about the time that you're willing to commit to your research project. If it's a 10 year
project that you're thinking about admit it at the beginning and then decide whether or not you have 10
years to give to it. If the project you'd like to do is going to demand more time than you're willing to commit
then you have a problem.
I know it's still early in your thinking but it's never too early to create a draft of a timeline. Try using the 6
Stages (see the next item) and put a start and a finish time for each. Post your timeline in a conspicuous place
(above your computer monitor?) so that it continually reminds you how you're doing. Periodically update your
timeline with new dates as needed. (Thanks to a website visitor from Philadelphia for sharing this idea.)
6. If you're going to ask for a leave of absence from your job while you're working on your research this
isn't a good time to do it. Chances are you can do the "thinking about it" stage without a leave of absence.
Assuming that there are six major phases that you will have during your research project, probably the best
time to get the most from a leave of absence is during the fourth stage* - the writing stage. This is the time
when you really need to be thinking well. To be able to work at your writing in large blocks of time without
interruptions is something really important. A leave of absence from your job can allow this to happen. A leave
of absence from your job prior to this stage may not be a very efficient use of the valuable time away from your
work.

Stage 1 - Thinking About It

Stage 2 - Preparing the Proposal
Stage 3- Conducting the Research
Stage 4- Writing the Research Paper*
Stage 5- Sharing the Research Outcomes with Others
Stage 6- Revising the Research Paper
7. It can be most helpful at this early stage to try a very small preliminary research study to test out
some of your ideas to help you gain further confidence in what you'd like to do. The study can be as simple
as conducting half a dozen informal interviews with no attempt to document what is said. The key is that it will
give you a chance to get closer to your research and to test out whether or not you really are interested in the
topic. And, you can do it before you have committed yourself to doing something you may not like. Take your
time and try it first.

PREPARING THE PROPOSAL

Assuming you've done a good job of "thinking about" your research project, you're ready to actually prepare the
proposal. A word of caution - those students who tend to have a problem in coming up with a viable proposal
often are the ones that have tried to rush through the "thinking about it" part and move too quickly to trying to
write the proposal. Here's a final check. Do each of these statements describe you? If they do you're ready to
prepare your research proposal.
I am familiar with other research that has been conducted in areas related to my research project.
(___Yes, it's me)
( ___No, not me)
I have a clear understanding of the steps that I will use in conducting my research.
(___Yes, it's me)
( ___No, not me)
I feel that I have the ability to get through each of the steps necessary to complete my research project.
(___Yes, it's me)
( ___No, not me)
I know that I am motivated and have the drive to get through all of the steps in the research project.
(___Yes, it's me)
( ___No, not me)
Okay, you're ready to write your research proposal. Here are some ideas to help with the task:
8. Read through someone else's research proposal. Very often a real stumbling block is that we don't
have an image in our mind of what the finished research proposal should look like. How has the other
proposal been organized? What are the headings that have been used? Does the other proposal seem clear? Does
it seem to suggest that the writer knows the subject area? Can I model my proposal after one of the ones that
I've seen? If you can't readily find a proposal or two to look at, ask your adviser to see some. Chances are your
adviser has a file drawer filled with them.
9. Make sure your proposal has a comprehensive review of the literature included. Now this idea, at first
thought, may not seem to make sense. I have heard many students tell me that "This is only the proposal.
I'll do a complete literature search for the dissertation. I don't want to waste the time now." But, this is the time
to do it. The rationale behind the literature review consists of an argument with two lines of analysis: 1) this
research is needed, and 2) the methodology I have chosen is most appropriate for the question that is being
asked. Now, why would you want to wait? Now is the time to get informed and to learn from others who have
preceded you! If you wait until you are writing the dissertation it is too late. You've got to do it some time so

you might as well get on with it and do it now. Plus, you will probably want to add to the literature review when
you're writing the final dissertation. (Thanks to a website visitor from Mobile, Alabama who helped to clarify this point.)
10. With the ready availability of photocopy machines you should be able to bypass many of the hardships
that previous dissertation researchers had to deal with in developing their literature review. When you read
something that is important to your study, photocopy the relevant article or section. Keep your photocopies
organized according to categories and sections. And, most importantly, photocopy the bibliographic citation so
that you can easily reference the material in your bibliography. Then, when you decide to sit down and actually
write the literature review, bring out your photocopied sections, put them into logical and sequential order, and
then begin your writing.
11. What is a proposal anyway? A good proposal should consist of the first three chapters of the
dissertation. It should begin with a statement of the problem/background information (typically Chapter I
of the dissertation), then move on to a review of the literature (Chapter 2), and conclude with a defining of the
research methodology (Chapter 3). Of course, it should be written in a future tense since it is a proposal. To turn
a good proposal into the first three chapters of the dissertation consists of changing the tense from future tense
to past tense (from "This is what I would like to do" to "This is what I did") and making any changes based on
the way you actually carried out the research when compared to how you proposed to do it. Often the intentions
we state in our proposal turn out different in reality and we then have to make appropriate editorial changes to
move it from proposal to dissertation.
12. Focus your research very specifically. Don't try to have your research cover too broad an area. Now
you may think that this will distort what you want to do. This may be the case, but you will be able to do
the project if it is narrowly defined. Usually a broadly defined project is not do-able. By defining too broadly it
may sound better to you, but there is a great chance that it will be unmanageable as a research project. When
you complete your research project it is important that you have something specific and definitive to say. This
can be accommodated and enhanced by narrowly defining your project. Otherwise you may have only broadly
based things to say about large areas that really provide little guidance to others that may follow you. Often the
researcher finds that what he/she originally thought to be a good research project turns out to really be a group
of research projects. Do one project for your dissertation and save the other projects for later in your career.
Don't try to solve all of the problems in this one research project.
13. Include a title on your proposal. I'm amazed at how often the title is left for the end of the student's
writing and then somehow forgotten when the proposal is prepared for the committee. A good proposal has
a good title and it is the first thing to help the reader begin to understand the nature of your work. Use it wisely!
Work on your title early in the process and revisit it often. It's easy for a reader to identify those proposals
where the title has been focused upon by the student. Preparing a good title means:
...having the most important words appear toward the beginning of your title,
...limiting the use of ambiguous or confusing words,
..breaking your title up into a title and subtitle when you have too many words, and
...including key words that will help researchers in the future find your work.
14. It's important that your research proposal be organized around a set of questions that will guide
your research. When selecting these guiding questions try to write them so that they frame your research
and put it into perspective with other research. These questions must serve to establish the link between your
research and other research that has preceded you. Your research questions should clearly show the relationship
of your research to your field of study. Don't be carried away at this point and make your questions too narrow.
You must start with broad relational questions.
A good question:
Do adult learners in a rural adult education setting have characteristics that are similar to adult
learners in general ?
A poor question:
What are the characteristics of rural adult learners in an adult education program? (too narrow)
A poor question:

How can the XYZ Agency better serve rural adult learners? (not generalizable)
15. Now here are a few more ideas regarding the defining of your research project through your proposal.
a. Make sure that you will be benefitting those who are participating in the research. Don't only
see the subjects as sources of data for you to analyze. Make sure you treat them as participants in the
research. They have the right to understand what you are doing and you have a responsibility to share the
findings with them for their reaction. Your research should not only empower you with new
understandings but it should also empower those who are participating with you.
b. Choose your methodology wisely. Don't be too quick in running away from using a quantitative
methodology because you fear the use of statistics. A qualitative approach to research can yield new
and exciting understandings, but it should not be undertaken because of a fear of quantitative research. A
well designed quantitative research study can often be accomplished in very clear and direct ways. A
similar study of a qualitative nature usually requires considerably more time and a tremendous burden to
create new paths for analysis where previously no path had existed. Choose your methodology wisely!
c. Sometimes a combined methodology makes the most sense. You can combine a qualitative
preliminary study (to define your population more clearly, to develop your instrumentation more
specifically or to establish hypotheses for investigation) with a quantitative main study to yield a research
project that works well.
d. Deciding on where you will conduct the research is a major decision. If you are from another
area of the country or a different country there is often an expectation that you will return to your
"home" to conduct the research. This may yield more meaningful results, but it will also most likely
create a situation whereby you are expected to fulfill other obligations while you are home. For many
students the opportunity to conduct a research project away from home is an important one since they are
able to better control many of the intervening variables that they can not control at home. Think carefully
regarding your own situation before you make your decision.
e. What if you have the opportunity for conducting your research in conjunction with another
agency or project that is working in related areas. Should you do it? Sometimes this works well, but
most often the dissertation researcher gives up valuable freedom to conduct the research project in
conjunction with something else. Make sure the trade-offs are in your favor. It can be very disastrous
to have the other project suddenly get off schedule and to find your own research project temporarily
delayed. Or, you had tripled the size of your sample since the agency was willing to pay the cost of
postage. They paid for the postage for the pre-questionnaire. Now they are unable to assist with postage
for the post-questionnaire. What happens to your research? I usually find that the cost of conducting
dissertation research is not prohibitive and the trade-offs to work in conjunction with another agency are
not in favor of the researcher. Think twice before altering your project to accommodate someone else.
Enjoy the power and the freedom to make your own decisions (and mistakes!) -- this is the way we learn!
16. Selecting and preparing your advisory committee to respond to your proposal should not be taken
lightly. If you do your "homework" well your advisory committee can be most helpful to you. Try these
ideas:
a. If you are given the opportunity to select your dissertation committee do it wisely. Don't only
focus on content experts. Make sure you have selected faculty for your committee who are
supportive of you and are willing to assist you in successfully completing your research. You want a
committee that you can ask for help and know that they will provide it for you. Don't forget, you can
always access content experts who are not on your committee at any time during your research project.
b. Your major professor/adviser/chairperson is your ally. When you go to the committee for
reactions to your proposal make sure your major professor is fully supportive of you. Spend time
with him/her before the meeting so that your plans are clear and you know you have full support. The
proposal meeting should be seen as an opportunity for you and your major professor to seek the advice of
the committee. Don't ever go into the proposal meeting with the feeling that it is you against them!
c. Provide the committee members with a well-written proposal well in advance of the meeting.
Make sure they have ample time to read the proposal.
d. Plan the proposal meeting well. If graphic presentations are necessary to help the committee
with understandings make sure you prepare them so they look good. A well planned meeting will
help your committee understand that you are prepared to move forward with well planned research. Your

presentation style at the meeting should not belittle your committee members (make it sound like you
know they have read your proposal) but you should not assume too much (go through each of the details
with an assumption that maybe one of the members skipped over that section).

WRITING THE THESIS OR DISSERTATION

Now this is the part we've been waiting for. I must assume that you have come up with a good idea for research,
had your proposal approved, collected the data, conducted your analyses and now you're about to start writing
the dissertation. If you've done the first steps well this part shouldn't be too bad. In fact it might even be
enjoyable!
17. The major myth in writing a dissertation is that you start writing at Chapter One and then finish your
writing at Chapter Five. This is seldom the case. The most productive approach in writing the dissertation
is to begin writing those parts of the dissertation that you are most comfortable with. Then move about in
your writing by completing various sections as you think of them. At some point you will be able to spread out
in front of you all of the sections that you have written. You will be able to sequence them in the best order and
then see what is missing and should be added to the dissertation. This way seems to make sense and builds on
those aspects of your study that are of most interest to you at any particular time. Go with what interests you,
start your writing there, and then keep building!
(David Kraenzel - North Dakota State University - wrote in describing the "A to Z Method". Look at the first section of your paper.
When you are ready go ahead and write it. If you are not ready, move section-by-section through your paper until you find a section
where you have some input to make. Make your input and continue moving through the entire paper - from A to Z - writing and
adding to those sections for which you have some input. Each time you work on your paper follow the same A to Z process. This will
help you visualize the end product of your efforts from very early in your writing and each time you work on your paper you will be
building the entire paper - from A to Z. Thanks David!)

18. If you prepared a comprehensive proposal you will now be rewarded! Pull out the proposal and begin
by checking your proposed research methodology. Change the tense from future tense to past tense and
then make any additions or changes so that the methodology section truly reflects what you did. You have now
been able to change sections from the proposal to sections for the dissertation. Move on to the Statement of
the Problem and the Literature Review in the same manner.
19. I must assume you're using some form of word processing on a computer to write your dissertation. (if
you aren't, you've missed a major part of your doctoral preparation!) If your study has specific names of
people, institutions and places that must be changed to provide anonymity don't do it too soon. Go ahead and
write your dissertation using the real names. Then at the end of the writing stage you can easily have the
computer make all of the appropriate name substitutions. If you make these substitutions too early it can really
confuse your writing.
20. As you get involved in the actual writing of your dissertation you will find that conservation of paper
will begin to fade away as a concern. Just as soon as you print a draft of a chapter there will appear a
variety of needed changes and before you know it another draft will be printed. And, it seems almost impossible
to throw away any of the drafts! After awhile it will become extremely difficult to remember which draft of
your chapter you may be looking at. Print each draft of your dissertation on a different color paper. With
the different colors of paper it will be easy to see which is the latest draft and you can quickly see which draft a
committee member might be reading. (Thanks to Michelle O'Malley at University of Florida for sharing this idea.)
21. The one area where I would caution you about using a word processor is in the initial creation of
elaborate graphs or tables. I've seen too many students spend too many hours in trying to use their word
processor to create an elaborate graph that could have been done by hand in 15 minutes. So, the simple rule is to
use hand drawing for elaborate tables and graphs for the early draft of your dissertation. Make sure your
data are presented accurately so your advisor can clearly understand your graph/table, but don't waste the time
trying to make it look word processor perfect at this time. Once you and your advisor agree upon how the data
should be graphically represented it is time to prepare "perfect" looking graphs and tables.
22. Dissertation-style writing is not designed to be entertaining. Dissertation writing should be clear and
unambiguous. To do this well you should prepare a list of key words that are important to your research
and then your writing should use this set of key words throughout. There is nothing so frustrating to a reader as
a manuscript that keeps using alternate words to mean the same thing. If you've decided that a key phrase for
your research is "educational workshop", then do not try substituting other phrases like "in-service program",
"learning workshop", "educational institute", or "educational program." Always stay with the same phrase "educational workshop." It will be very clear to the reader exactly what you are referring to.

23. Review two or three well organized and presented dissertations. Examine their use of headings,
overall style, typeface and organization. Use them as a model for the preparation of your own dissertation.
In this way you will have an idea at the beginning of your writing what your finished dissertation will look like.
A most helpful perspective!
24. A simple rule - if you are presenting information in the form of a table or graph make sure you
introduce the table or graph in your text. And then, following the insertion of the table/graph, make sure
you discuss it. If there is nothing to discuss then you may want to question even inserting it.
25. Another simple rule - if you have a whole series of very similar tables try to use similar words in
describing each. Don't try and be creative and entertaining with your writing. If each introduction and
discussion of the similar tables uses very similar wording then the reader can easily spot the differences in each
table.
26. We are all familiar with how helpful the Table of Contents is to the reader. What we sometimes don't
realize is that it is also invaluable to the writer. Use the Table of Contents to help you improve your
manuscript. Use it to see if you've left something out, if you are presenting your sections in the most logical
order, or if you need to make your wording a bit more clear. Thanks to the miracle of computer technology, you
can easily copy/paste each of your headings from throughout your writing into the Table of Contents. Then sit
back and see if the Table of Contents is clear and will make good sense to the reader. You will be amazed at
how easy it will be to see areas that may need some more attention. Don't wait until the end to do your Table of
Contents. Do it early enough so you can benefit from the information it will provide to you.
27. If you are including a Conclusions/Implications section in your dissertation make sure you really
present conclusions and implications. Often the writer uses the conclusions/implications section to
merely restate the research findings. Don't waste my time. I've already read the findings and now, at the
Conclusion/Implication section, I want you to help me understand what it all means. This is a key section of the
dissertation and is sometimes best done after you've had a few days to step away from your research and allow
yourself to put your research into perspective. If you do this you will no doubt be able to draw a variety of
insights that help link your research to other areas. I usually think of conclusions/implications as the "So what"
statements. In other words, what are the key ideas that we can draw from your study to apply to my areas of
concern.
28. Potentially the silliest part of the dissertation is the Suggestions for Further Research section. This
section is usually written at the very end of your writing project and little energy is left to make it very
meaningful. The biggest problem with this section is that the suggestions are often ones that could have been
made prior to you conducting your research. Read and reread this section until you are sure that you have
made suggestions that emanate from your experiences in conducting the research and the findings that you
have evolved. Make sure that your suggestions for further research serve to link your project with other projects
in the future and provide a further opportunity for the reader to better understand what you have done.
29. Now it's time to write the last chapter. But what chapter is the last one? My perception is that the last
chapter should be the first chapter. I don't really mean this in the literal sense. Certainly you wrote
Chapter One at the beginning of this whole process. Now, at the end, it's time to "rewrite" Chapter One. After
you've had a chance to write your dissertation all the way to the end, the last thing you should do is turn back to
Chapter One. Reread Chapter One carefully with the insight you now have from having completed Chapter
Five. Does Chapter One clearly help the reader move in the direction of Chapter Five? Are important concepts
that will be necessary for understanding Chapter Five presented in Chapter One?

THE THESIS/DISSERTATION DEFENSE

What a terrible name - a dissertation defense. It seems to suggest some sort of war that you're trying to win.
And, of course, with four or five of them and only one of you it sounds like they may have won the war before
the first battle is held. I wish they had called it a dissertation seminar or professional symposium. I think the
name would have brought forward a much better picture of what should be expected at this meeting.
Regardless of what the meeting is called, try to remember that the purpose of the meeting is for you to show
everyone how well you have done in the conducting of your research study and the preparation of your
dissertation. In addition there should be a seminar atmosphere where the exchange of ideas is valued. You are
clearly the most knowledgeable person at this meeting when it comes to your subject. And, the members of your
committee are there to hear from you and to help you better understand the very research that you have invested
so much of yourself in for the past weeks. Their purpose is to help you finish your degree requirements. Of

course other agenda often creep in. If that happens, try to stay on course and redirect the meeting to your
agenda.
The following ideas should help you keep the meeting on your agenda.
30. The most obvious suggestion is the one seldom followed. Try to attend one or more defenses prior to
yours. Find out which other students are defending their research and sit in on their defense. In many
departments this is expected of all graduate students. If this is not the case for you, check with your adviser to
see that you can get an invitation to attend some defenses.
At the defense try and keep your focus on the interactions that occur. Does the student seem relaxed? What
strategies does the student use to keep relaxed? How does the student interact with the faculty? Does the student
seem to be able to answer questions well? What would make the situation appear better? What things should
you avoid? You can learn a lot from sitting in on such a meeting.
31. Find opportunities to discuss your research with your friends and colleagues. Listen carefully to
their questions. See if you are able to present your research in a clear and coherent manner. Are there
aspects of your research that are particularly confusing and need further explanation? Are there things that you
forgot to say? Could you change the order of the information presented and have it become more
understandable?
32. I hope you don't try circulating chapters of your dissertation to your committee members as you
are writing them. I find this practice to be most annoying and one that creates considerable problems for
the student. You must work closely with your dissertation director. He/she is the person you want to please.
Develop a strategy with the dissertation director regarding how and when your writing should be shared. Only
after your dissertation director approves of what you have done should you attempt to share it with the rest of
the committee. And by then it's time for the defense. If you prematurely share sections of your writing with
committee members you will probably find yourself in a situation where one committee member tells you to do
one thing and another member says to do something else. What should you do? The best answer is not to get
yourself into such a predicament. The committee meeting (the defense) allows the concerns of committee
members to surface in a dialogical atmosphere where opposing views can be discussed and resolved.
33. It's important that you have the feeling when entering your defense that you aren't doing it alone. As
was mentioned earlier, your major professor should be seen as an ally to you and "in your corner" at the
defense. Don't forget, if you embarrass yourself at the defense you will also be embarrassing your dissertation
director. So, give both of you a chance to guarantee there is no embarrassment. Meet together ahead of time and
discuss the strategy you should use at the defense. Identify any possible problems that may occur and discuss
ways that they should be dealt with. Try and make the defense more of a team effort.
34. Don't be defensive at your defense (this sounds confusing!). This is easy to say but sometimes hard
to fulfill. You've just spent a considerable amount of time on your research and there is a strong tendency
for YOU to want to defend everything you've done. However, the committee members bring a new perspective
and may have some very good thoughts to share. Probably the easiest way to deal with new input is to say
something like "Thank you so much for your idea. I will be giving it a lot of consideration." There, you've
managed to diffuse a potentially explosive situation and not backed yourself or the committee member into a
corner. Plus, you've not promised anything. Try and be politically astute at this time. Don't forget that your
ultimate goal is to successfully complete your degree.
35. Probably the most disorganized defense I've attended is the one where the dissertation director began
the meeting by saying, "You've all read the dissertation. What questions do you have for the student?"
What a mess. Questions started to be asked that bounced the student around from one part of the dissertation to
another. There was no semblance of order and the meeting almost lost control due to its lack of organization. At
that time I vowed to protect my students from falling into such a trap by helping them organize the defense as
an educational presentation.
Here's what we do:
I ask the student to prepare a 20-25 minute presentation that reviews the entire study. This is done
through the help of a series of 10-12 large pieces of paper, wall charts, that have been posted sequentially
around the walls of the room. Each piece of paper contains key words regarding each of the different
aspects of the study. Some pieces of paper contain information about the study setting, questions and
methodology. Other pieces of paper present findings and finally there are those pieces that present the
conclusions and implications. By preparing these wall charts ahead of time the student is able to relax

during the presentation and use the pieces of paper as if they were a road map toward the goal. No matter
how nervous you are you can always let the wall charts guide YOU through your presentation. Lettering
is done with a dark marking pen and extra notes are included in very small printing with a pencil (that no
one can really see). We've also tried it with overhead projected transparencies but it doesn't work as well.
With the transparencies they're gone from view after a few seconds. The wall charts stay up for everyone
to see and to help focus attention.
Following this structured presentation the committee begins to ask questions, but as can be expected the
questions follow along with the wall charts and the whole discussion proceeds in an orderly manner. If guests
are present at the defense, this form of presentation helps them also follow along and understand exactly what
was accomplished through the research.
36. Consider tape recording your defense. Using a small portable recorder, record your entire
presentation and also the questions and comments of the committee members. This helps in two ways.
First, the student has documentation to assist in making suggested changes and corrections in the dissertation.
The student can relax more and listen to what is being said by the committee members. The tape recorder is
taking notes! Second, the student has a permanent record of his/her presentation of the study. By keeping the
paper charts and the tape together, they can be most useful for reviewing the research in future years when a
request is made for a presentation. (Bring out the tape and the pieces of paper the night before your presentation
and you can listen to you make the presentation. What a good way to review.)
Well that about does it. By following the above suggestions and ideas I hope it will be possible for you to finish
your graduate degree program in a most timely and enjoyable manner. By looking ahead to the different aspects
of this final part of your graduate study it becomes clear that you can do a number of things to insure your
success. Good luck!
37. Oh, I almost forgot. There's one last thing. Get busy and prepare an article or paper that shares the
outcomes of your research. There will be no better time to do this than now. Directly after your defense
is when you know your study the best and you will be in the best position to put your thinking on paper. If you
put this writing task off it will probably never get done. Capitalize on all of the investment you have made in
your research and reap some additional benefit - start writing.

Thinking About Buying a Book?

I have spent time identifying a number of different books that are available to help in writing a
thesis/dissertation. The quality of the books, as can be expected, varies greatly. If you would like to see a
listing of the books I have identified and my reactions to them, please click here.

Connected on Facebook?
If you are already on Facebook here's a great way to connect with others who are working on their thesis
or dissertation. Just click here and you will be connected with the "Writing and Presenting Your Thesis
or Dissertation" Facebook Fan page. Become a fan of Writing and Presenting Your Thesis or Dissertation
and share your ideas, suggestions, frustrations - or just say hello to others.

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A Handful of Worthwhile Bookmarks If I only had time to visit a single website for help with my thesis I'd probably go directly to the Thesis
Handbook (http://www.tele.sunyit.edu/ThesisHandbook.html) maintained by the Telecommunications
Program at SUNY Institute of Technology. Especially helpful are the accompanying Thesis Workbook and
Frequently Asked Questions where you will find a wealth of clearly written and helpful information. (Selecting
a topic; Developing a search strategy for going after relevant literature: Deciding which tense to use in your
writing; etc.)
An extensive set of hints and ideas on how to improve your dissertation/thesis writing. How To Write A
Dissertation or Bedtime Reading For People Who Do Not Have Time To Sleep
(http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/dec/essay.dissertation.html) lays out suggestion after suggestion in direct
and non-confusing form. A great list to bring out after you've completed the first draft of your writing, are rather
tired of your topic, and you are not sure where to begin your fine tuning.
An excellent website with lots of highly specific information (especially if the focus of your work is in a
scientific or technical area) has been developed by Joe Wolfe at The University of New South Wales
(Australia). How to Write a PhD Thesis (http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/thesis.html) provides a variety
of very useful suggestions on how to get from the beginning to the end of your thesis project - and survive the
process!
Wouldn't it be great if there were a bunch of theses/dissertations available for reading right on the web?
Well, there are some resources you should be aware of that will let you see what the finished product could
look like. You can always purchase a copy of most US dissertations/theses. These are available from ProQuest's
(formerly UMI) website - ProQuest's Online Dissertation Services (http://www.proquest.com/productsservices/pqdt.html). Theses Canada Portal (http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/thesescanada/indexe.html) provides access and search of the full text electronic versions of numerous Canadian theses and
dissertations. A search of the worldwide web will turn up many, many more universities and research centers
that have begun to offer Electronic Dissertations and Theses online. Here are just a few more - Virginia Tech's
ETDs (Electronic Theses and Dissertations) http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/findetd.html; DScholarship@Pitt (Univ of Pittsburgh) http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/; and Rhodes University (South
Africa) eResearch Repository http://eprints.ru.ac.za/;
Another website that's worth visiting is maintained by Computer Science & Electrical Engineering at the
University of Maryland Baltimore County and also the Computer Science Department at Indiana
University-Bloomington. How to Be a Good Graduate Student/Advisor
(http://www.cs.indiana.edu/how.2b/how.2b.html) "attempts to raise some issues that are important for
graduate students to be successful and to get as much out of the process as possible, and for advisors who wish
to help their students be successful."
Prof. John W. Chinneck at Carleton University (Ottawa, Canada) has created a very practical and well
written webpage on the preparation of your thesis. How to Organize your Thesis
(http://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/chinneck/thesis.html) starts with a description of what graduate
research/the graduate thesis is all about and then moves point-by-point through a "generic thesis skeleton".
Mike Hart, Professor of Business and Informatics at King Alfred's College, has put together a very helpful
website focused on successfully completing the "final year project." Final Year Projects (http://finalyear-projects.com/) is loaded with numerous ideas and suggestions for helping the student get started in the
project and then to keep going until the project is finished.
Don't let the title scare you away. Discussion On Ph.D. Thesis Proposals in Computing Science
(http://john.regehr.org/reading_list/proposal.html) has lots of excellent suggestions to assist in creating
a meaningful proposal in just about any academic discipline. The ideas will serve to not only get you started on
your research project but also establish a foundation for actually completing it.
Confused about what tense to use in writing the different sections of your dissertation or thesis? Need
some help in identifying the different sections you will include in your writing? This "Original Research"

(http://www.writing.ku.edu/guides/original.shtml) website from the K U Writing Center at the University of

Kansas is excellent. It is concisely written with good examples. It will be especially helpful after you've written
the first draft and need some feedback on how you are doing.
Not sure of all the administrative steps at your university that are required to successfully complete a
dissertation? Check out this well thought through website from Pepperdine University's Graduate
School (http://community.pepperdine.edu/gsep/dissertation/content/DissertationFormatManual.pdf).
Everything seems to be included from a definition of exactly what is a dissertation all the way to exactly how
many spaces between the title and your name."
If you're having problems putting together your Literature Review chapter you may want to check out this
blog on How to Write a PhD Thesis (http://sciplore.org/blog/2010/03/02/how-to-write-a-phd-thesis/)
by Professor Jran Beel (UC Berkley). Professor Beel looks at how to search for literature with academic
search engines and then focuses on software tools that can help in managing the literature(using PDFs, creating
summaries with bookmarks, and making "mindmaps" of everything that you feel is important to be included).
Feeling a bit lonesome in the process of writing your thesis or dissertation? Take a minute to find out who
else has visited this website and read what others have said about this Guide
(http://LearnerAssociates.net/dissthes/results.htm) and their own situation. It might just be reassuring!!
And finally, when all else fails, you might want to see what other sites have included a link to this
Thesis/Dissertation website. These other sites will have a variety of additional resources to check out.

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