This document discusses time selective protection in power systems. It describes time grading as the operation time difference between adjacent protection stages. Time grading can be achieved through definite time or inverse time coordination. For inverse time coordination, a formula is provided to calculate the minimum time delay between relays based on their current settings, time multipliers, errors, and operation times of circuit breakers. An example problem demonstrates applying this formula step-by-step to coordinate the operation of two relays during a fault.
This document discusses time selective protection in power systems. It describes time grading as the operation time difference between adjacent protection stages. Time grading can be achieved through definite time or inverse time coordination. For inverse time coordination, a formula is provided to calculate the minimum time delay between relays based on their current settings, time multipliers, errors, and operation times of circuit breakers. An example problem demonstrates applying this formula step-by-step to coordinate the operation of two relays during a fault.
This document discusses time selective protection in power systems. It describes time grading as the operation time difference between adjacent protection stages. Time grading can be achieved through definite time or inverse time coordination. For inverse time coordination, a formula is provided to calculate the minimum time delay between relays based on their current settings, time multipliers, errors, and operation times of circuit breakers. An example problem demonstrates applying this formula step-by-step to coordinate the operation of two relays during a fault.
This document discusses time selective protection in power systems. It describes time grading as the operation time difference between adjacent protection stages. Time grading can be achieved through definite time or inverse time coordination. For inverse time coordination, a formula is provided to calculate the minimum time delay between relays based on their current settings, time multipliers, errors, and operation times of circuit breakers. An example problem demonstrates applying this formula step-by-step to coordinate the operation of two relays during a fault.
Time grading = operation time difference between adjecent protection stages We have IL because the load currents at levels 1 and 2 are not same.
tIDM T
IL
I0>
tDT 1
I0> I0>>
Time selective protection
Time grading - definite time t DT = 2 t E + t R + tCB + t M where t E
= tolerance of the
relay op.time
t R = retardation time of the relay
tCB = operation time of CB
tR = Retardation time (Overshoot time) =
time needed to cancel the trip.
t M = marginal time tM = Delay of an auxiliary relay (if used) + Possible delay of operation due saturation of CT. In theory this could be same as the time constant of DCcomponent. In practice 20 ms is enough because all protection stages will be delayed.
Time selective protection
Time grading - definite time - example t DT = 2 t E + t R + tCB + t M tolerance (2x25 ms) op.time of CB retardation time marginal
50 50 30 20 150
ms ms ms ms ms
Time selective protection
Time grading - inverse time Rule of thumb for numerical relays NI, VI, LI: 0.20 x t1 + 150ms EI:
0.35 x t1 + 150ms
Time selective protection
Time grading - inverse time E1
1+
t IDMT = t1 100 1 + t R + tCB + t M
1 E2
100 where t1 = op.time of the relay of the closest location E1 = error of
the relay of the closest location
E2 = error of
the relay of the next location
Time selective protection
Time grading - inverse time - example step by step 0. Data from the fault calculation
Load 0A
Earth Fault 105A
Relay 1 - current setting = 15A - time multiplier = ??? - normal inverse - high-set = 105A
Relay 2 - current setting = 30A - time multiplier = 0,15 - normal inverse
Time selective protection
Time grading - inverse time - example step by step 1. Find the current values
Use the high-set of relay 1 for grading
When no high-set, use the fault current at location 1 I1 = 105A 7.0 x setting (relay 1) I2 = 105A 3.5 x setting (relay 2)
Time selective protection
Time grading - inverse time - example step by step 2. Look time-tolerances from the table Here we have Normal inverse, E=5% => relay 1: 1.13xE 6% => relay 2: 2.22xE 11%
This information can be
found in the relay manual
Time selective protection
Time grading - inverse time - example 3. Calculate effect of measuring accuracy ( + CT errors) Here we use 3% Calculate the change in operating time when using -3% and +3% Calculate the per cent errors. Take the highest value. Relay 1: 1.62% Relay 2: 2.52%
Time grading - inverse time - example 5. Use equation t1 = time of relay 2 (at 105A) = 830 ms
t IDMT
t1x(1-E1/100)/(1-E2/100)-1) op.time of CB retardation time marginal
203 50 30 20 303
ms ms ms ms ms
1+ 1 100
= t1 1 + t R + tCB + t M
1 E2
100
tIDM T
Time selective protection
Time grading - inverse time - example 6. Find time multiplier k for relay 1 time of relay 2 - grading = 830 ms - 303 ms = 527ms Using - Normal Inverse curve - current 7.0 x setting - operation time 0.527 s => the time multiplier k = 0.14
