Listening Skills Through Shadowing
Listening Skills Through Shadowing
Listening Skills Through Shadowing
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Yo Hamada
Akita University
Definition of shadowing
Shadowing was originally used for training interpreters. It is
in the current decade that shadowing has captured language
instructors attention and been incorporated into teaching a
foreign language.
THE LANGUAGE TEACHER: 36.1 January / February 2012
Effectiveness of shadowing
The effectiveness of shadowing on improving listening comprehension skills has been examined
in classroom research. Tamai (1992) compared
shadowing with dictation in a three-month
study with 25 university students. Shadowing
was shown to improve students listening skills
faster than dictation in the short term. Tamai
(2005) observed two groups of 45 students (one
shadowing group and one dictation group) and
concluded that shadowing assists lower level
learners. He divided each group of 45 students
into three different proficiency levels. After 13
lessons, the results of the shadowing groups
showed that the low and middle groups improved significantly. Suzuki (2007) examined 112
participants to show practical and effective ways
to use shadowing in the classroom by using a
high school textbook. Onaha (2004) trained 43
university students with shadowing and dictation practice and concluded that the combination
Procedure
Procedure
Types
Procedure
Complete
shadowing
Selective
shadowing
Interactive
shadowing
Full shadowing
Procedure
Mumbling
Details
Listen to the
audio
Translation
Slash
shadowing
Silent
shadowing
Part shadowing
Part shadowing
+ comment
Part shadowing
+ question
Method
Participants
Fifty-nine (37 male, 22 female) Japanese national
university freshmen, majoring in education,
nursing, and engineering participated in this
experiment. In April, all the freshmen took a
placement test and they were divided into three
levels (basic, intermediate, and advanced). The
participants belonged to one of the highest of the
intermediate classes. The participants were divided into an experimental group (M11, F18) and
a control group (M26, F4). The listening comprehension skills for the groups did not differ (t (57)
= 1.02, ns), nor did the listening self-efficacy (t
(57) = 1.92, ns) The mean listening score on the
pre-test was 5.59 for the experimental group and
6.13 for the control group, out of a maximum of
13. Thus, the two groups are considered to be
equally balanced.
In every lesson, the control group practiced
shadowing by using materials of similar dif-
Materials
Even (2, 4, 6, 8)
Experimental group
Control group
Word average
Flesh-Kincaid average
Word Average
Flesh-Kincaid average
78
3.9
78.5
4.2
105
4.7
74.5
4.6
Procedure
Part 1
Part 2
(2 questions)
(5 questions)
Part 3
(3 questions)
Part 4
(3 questions)
Learners hear some conversations between two people and answer three
questions about what the speakers
say in each conversation, and select
the best response to each question
from four choices. The conversations
are not printed but the question and
the choices are given to the learners
Learners hear some talks given by a
single speaker to answer three questions about what the speaker says
in each talk, and to select the best
response to each question from four
choices. The talks are not printed
but the questions and the choices are
given to the learners. In each part,
learners can hear each talk only once.
Procedure
A total of eight shadowing training sessions
were conducted. Since the listening section of
the TOEIC consists of 4 parts, Day 1 and 2 were
assigned for Part 1, Day 3 and 4 for Part 2, Day 5
and 6 for Part 3, and Day 7 and 8 for Part 4.
The steps were revised based on the instructions recommended in Kadota and Tamai (2005)
and shown in Table 7.
Procedure
1. Dictation
cloze
2. Mumbling
6. Check
details
7. Content
shadowing
8. Dictation
cloze
9. Check
answers of
dictation
There are three important points to be addressed in this procedure. First, these eight steps
include two steps (4 and 6) in which comprehension checks are conducted by reading alone
as well as purely shadowing. This is because
practice using only shadowing hits a ceiling
(Shiki et al., 2010), and training that relies solely
on shadowing was not considered to be the best
way to assist learners improvement. Second,
step 8 was set to check how much they have
improved from the first time (step 1) and was
thus a self-comparison step. Third, in steps 1 and
8, the learners tried the dictation cloze. In order
to provide learners with repeated success and
THE LANGUAGE TEACHER: 36.1 January / February 2012
Analysis
To measure which group improved more, an
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted for the results of the listening pre- and
post-tests with pre-test being a covariate.
Results
Pre-test of the
experimental group
Post-test of the
experimental group
Pre-test of the
control group
Post-test of the
control group
Mean
SD
Min
Max
5.59
1.92
10
7.83
1.49
10
6.13
2.18
12
6.90
1.86
10
Discussion
Effect of the combinations of different
difficulties of materials
The finding of this study is that learners listening comprehension skills improved more when
combining different difficulties of learning
materials alternately. At least four reasons are
considered for this result. First, a combination of
the two levels can deal with individual differences
of listening proficiencies. Even though the class is
grouped into a basic, intermediate, or advanced
level, the listening ability of each learner varies in
each class. Sticking to materials at a certain level
can be too easy for one student but too difficult
for another. In fact, the post-test scores for only
three students decreased in the experimental
group but those of nine did in the control group.
One of the three students in the experimental
group commented that sounds came to him more
clearly even though his score decreased.
Second, the combination can have a positive
influence on learners psychology, especially
on anxiety. As discussed in Gass and Selinker
(2008), anxiety can be positive and negative
low levels help, whereas high levels hurt (p.
400). The learners naturally felt practicing with a
challenging material difficult; they naturally felt
practicing with a less challenging material easier
in the next lesson. Thus, even if learners could
not perform as successfully as they expected
with challenging material, they knew they
could perform at least better in the next lesson
with less challenging material, which could
provide the learners with relief. Practicing with
only materials of similar difficulty levels does
not provide the learners with this challenging
and relieving opportunity. Optimistically, this
comparatively successful experience with a less
challenging material could help learners gain
self-efficacy, a strong influential factor on motivation (Bandura, 1993).
Third, lending support from research on
psychology, the theory of attribution retraining
treatment can explain the result. Dweck (1975)
conducted experiments, in which success was
ensured in one group, and failure and success
were ensured in the other group. The latter
group outperformed the former group. Applying this theory to the current shadowing
experiment, the learners eventually managed to
Conclusion
The data gathered in this study show that learners can improve their listening comprehension
skills more quickly when using a combination
of different difficulties of materials. Since not
all learners possess high motivation and high
proficiencies, improvement of their listening
skills in a short period should be encouraging
and motivating for the learners. Although factors
such as learners motivation and interests could
also affect the results, this research is of value in
finding a way to use shadowing while addressing individuality is also valuable for classroom
teaching.
In terms of practical implications, in order to
avoid learners confusion or misunderstanding
learner beliefs, instructors need to inform the
learners of the brief theoretical background of
shadowing. Since shadowing requires learners to fully activate cognitive processes in the
brain, learners understanding and motivation
are necessary. The function and benefits of
shadowing should be taught as well. I hope this
study can provide new insights into research on
shadowing, and that more students will be able
to maximize the benefits of shadowing.
References
Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in
cognitive development and functioning.
Educational psychologist, 28(2), 117-148.
Chujo, K., & Hasegawa, S. (2004). Goi no cover
sitsu to readability kara mita daigaku eigo
nyushi mondai no nanido [Assessing Japanese
college qualification tests using JSH text coverage and readability indices]. Bulletin of Nihon
University of Industrial Technology B, 37, 45-55.
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P.A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and
reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal
Behavior, 19, 450-466.
Dweck, C.S. (1975). The role of expectations
and attributions in the alleviation of learned
helplessness. Journal of personality and social
psychology, 31, 674-685.
Educational Testing Service. (2008). TOEIC test
new official book (vol. 3). Tokyo: International
Business Communication Association.
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