Biomedical Instrumentation
Homework 1 Solution: Statistics and Linear systems
Problem 1: Statistics (1.5 points)
a) Given the following measurement data, determine the accuracy of the instrument in
terms of % Reading and % Full Scale. The maximum resistance the instrument can
measure is 2k.
True Resistance ()
1
10
50
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Measured Resistance ()
4
14
53
101
207
311
401
625
803
956
1198
1446
1553
Although
we can
calculate the
% Reading and % Full scale error for
each data point, it is easier to
determine the values using a plot.
The linearity and absolute error plots
are shown below. The goal is to
provide the tightest fit around the
points in each plot. The % Full scale
error is used to define the error for
the measurements near zero,
1800
1779
where drift and offset usually dominate. The % Reading error is used to define error at larger
measurements. The red and green lines in the right plot show where the % Full Scale and %
Reading error definitions are used. The accuracy of this instrument is 5% reading or 0.2% Full
scale, whichever is greater.
100
1500
Absolute Error ()
Measured Resistane ()
2000
1000
500
0
0
80
Measured Absolute Error
% Reading
% Full Scale
60
40
20
500
1000
1500
True Resistane ()
2000
0
0
500
1000
1500
Measured Resistane ()
2000
Webster 3rd & 4th edition: Prob. 1.2
Biomedical Instrumentation Homework 1 Solution
page 2 of 8
Problem 2: Sensitivity (1.5 points)
Webster 3rd & 4th edition: Prob 1.5
VBulb = VBulb T Hg
VStem = A T
where,
T is the change in temperature in degrees celsius
Hg is the expansion coefficient for mecury
is the static sensitivity
VBulb = VStem
VBulb T Hg = VStem = A T
VBulb
0.2mm
2mm
A
2
=
=
Hg
1.82 10 - 4
= 345 mm 3 = 0.345 cm 3
Biomedical Instrumentation Homework 1 Solution
page 3 of 8
Problem 3: Filter analysis (3.0 points)
Given the following circuit,
C=159nF
Vin
Vout
R=10k
a) Derive the operational and sinusoidal transfer function.
dVc
d (Vin Vout )
= RC
dt
dt
Vout (D ) = RC D (Vin (D ) Vout (D )) = RC D Vin (D ) RC D Vout (D )
Vout = I R = RC
Vout (D )(1 + RC D ) = RC D Vin (D )
Vout (D )
RC D
=
(1 + RC D )
Vin (D )
Vout ( j )
jRC
=
(1 + jRC )
Vin ( j )
Magnitude (dB)
b) Draw the bode plot (magnitude and phase).
0
20dB/decade
3dB at 100 Hz
20
40
Phase (degrees)
10
100
1k
10k
10
100
Frequency (Hz)
1k
10k
90
45
0
1
Biomedical Instrumentation Homework 1 Solution
page 4 of 8
c) Derive an equation for the step response. Plot the response from 0 to 5 seconds.
Vout (s )
sRC
=
, from part a
(1 + sRC )
Vin (s )
V (volts)
1.5
Vin (t ) = u (t ), Vin (s ) = L{u (t )} =
1
0.5
in
sRC
Vout (s ) = Vin (s )
(1 + sRC )
1
s
0
0.5
2
RC
1
Vout (s ) =
=
(1 + sRC ) 1 + s
RC
(volts)
1.5
out
t / RC
Vout (t ) = L1
,t 0
=e
1
+ s
RC
0,
otherwise
1
0.5
0
0.5
2
Time (milliseconds)
d) Derive an equation for the steady-state phase in radians.
Im{numerator}
Im{denominator}
arctan
Re{numerator}
Re{denominator}
( ) = numerator denominator = arctan
RC
RC
arctan
0
1
( ) = arctan
( ) =
arctan( )
e) The delay of a dynamic (non-sinusoidal) signal through a linear system is termed group
delay, d, and varies with frequency. Derive the group delay of the system for >> n.
d =
d
1
=
d 1 + ( )2
lim d = 0 seconds
Biomedical Instrumentation Homework 1 Solution
page 5 of 8
f) For the following circuit, repeat problem 2 part (e) but this time for the case of << n.
R=10k
Y ( j )
K
=
X ( j ) 1 + j
Vin
Vout
C=159nF
( ) = arctan( )
When analyzing dynamic signals, is information about phase or group delay more
useful?
d =
d
1
=
d 1 + ( )2
lim 0 d = = RC = 1.6 milliseconds
Group delay is more useful because it defines the delay of dynamic signals through a
linear system. Phase defines the steady-state response of a sinusoidal signal.
Problem 4: Damping (3.0 points)
a) Sketch the second-order low-pass transfer function for an overdamped, critically
Magnitude (dB)
damped, and underdamped system.
20
0
20
Overdamped
Critically damped
Underdamped
40
20dB/decade
f
Phase (degrees)
90
180
.
Frequency (Hz)
Biomedical Instrumentation Homework 1 Solution
page 6 of 8
b) Given the following input waveform (max frequency component fn), sketch the output
for an overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped system.
Pressure (mmHg)
Overdamped
Critically damped
Underdamped
150
150
150
100
100
100
50
50
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time (seconds)
0.1
0.2
Time (seconds)
0.3
0.1
0.2
Time (seconds)
The underdamped system causes ringing, while the overdamped and critically damped
systems smooth the input signal.
c) How does the response change for fmax << fn for each type of damping?
The response will approach the shape of the input signal and be delayed by the
low-frequency group delay for all three cases.
Biomedical Instrumentation Homework 1 Solution
page 7 of 8
0.3
Problem 5: Spring system transfer function (1.0 points)
Webster 3rd & 4th edition: Prob. 1.6
1.29
Biomedical Instrumentation Homework 1 Solution
page 8 of 8
