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    Heat Transfer Midterm To Final Review

    Uploaded by

    kol
    The document discusses heat exchangers and their geometry, basic equations, LMTD and ε-NTU methods. It also covers convection heat transfer including external and internal flows, natural convection, radiation heat transfer, and combined heat transfer modes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Heat Transfer Midterm To Final Review

    Uploaded by

    kol
    210 views4 pages
    The document discusses heat exchangers and their geometry, basic equations, LMTD and ε-NTU methods. It also covers convection heat transfer including external and internal flows, natural convection, radiation heat transfer, and combined heat transfer modes.

    Original Description:

    Heat Transfer

    Original Title

    Heat Transfer Midterm to Final Review

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses heat exchangers and their geometry, basic equations, LMTD and ε-NTU methods. It also covers convection heat transfer including external and internal flows, natural convection, radiation heat transfer, and combined heat transfer modes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    210 views4 pages

    Heat Transfer Midterm To Final Review

    Uploaded by

    kol
    The document discusses heat exchangers and their geometry, basic equations, LMTD and ε-NTU methods. It also covers convection heat transfer including external and internal flows, natural convection, radiation heat transfer, and combined heat transfer modes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 4

    3.

    HEAT EXCHANGERS
    Geometry: Counter flow, parallel flow, cross flow, shell and tube, mixed, unmixed
    Basic equations:
    q C h (Th ,i Th ,o ) C c (Tc ,o Tc ,i )
    q max C min Tmax C min (Th ,i Tc ,i )

    UA U c A c U h A h

    R tot

    1
    R tot

    R f ,i "
    R f ,o "
    1
    1

    Rw

    hAo i Ao i
    Ao o hAo o

    o 1

    N Af
    1 f
    At

    N = number of fins; Af = area of each fin; At = total area (fins + base); At = Ai or Ao

    LMTD method

    q UA Tlm
    T2 T1
    (parallel and counter flow exchangers)
    Tlm
    ln(T2 / T1 )
    Tlm FTlm ,CF (other exchangers: cross flow, shell and tube)

    F from Figures 11S.1 to 11S.4

    -NTU method

    q q max
    f ( NTU , Cr ) - Tables 11.3 11.4 and Figures 11.10 11.15, p. 724-727
    C
    UA
    NTU
    Cr min (typically)
    C min
    C max

    Heat transfer from extended surfaces


    Temperature distribution, T(x), and qf for uniform fins from Table 3.4, p. 161
    Fin efficiency from Figures 3.19 and 3.20 and Table 3.5, p. 166-169

    R b ,no fin
    Tb

    qt

    1
    hA b ,no fin

    q t q f q b,no fin

    q t o hA t Tb T

    Rf

    q t hf NA f hA b,no fin Tb T

    o 1

    1
    hA f f

    N Af
    1 f
    At

    4. CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER


    Laminar and turbulent boundary layers (velocity, thermal and concentration)
    q hA Ts T
    A h m A A , s A ,
    m
    For water:
    A, s

    1
    ,

    v g @ Ts

    A,

    xc

    ,
    v g @ T

    Laminar

    Transition

    Turbulent

    = relative humidity, and


    vg = specific volume from Table A.6, p.1006.
    Internal flow: Re D U m D / and Re D,c 2300
    External flow: Re x U x / and Re x ,c 5x105
    Dimensionless variable defined in Table 6.2, p.408-409

    Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy


    hL
    C Re m Pr n ; Pr /
    k
    h L
    Sh m C Re m Sc n ; Sc / D AB
    D AB
    Nu

    A = gas being transferred; B = carrier gas

    h
    h
    (Lewis Relation)
    C p Le1 n ; Le / D AB for air-water mixtures Le~1 and h m
    C p
    hm
    properties of air

    j=

    External convection flows (Chapter 7)

    s
    = 0.134 Re d -0.319
    1/3
    e
    Re d Pr
    Nu

    0.2

    s

    t

    0.11

    Equation valid for the following conditions:


    Methodology:

    1,100 Red 18,000


    1. Geometry

    0.13 s/e 0.63


    i. flat plate (7.30, 7.38)

    1.0 s/t 6.6


    ii. cylinders(s) (7.53, 7.58, 759)

    0.09 e/d 0.69


    iii. sphere (7.57)

    0.01 t/d 0.15

    1.5 ST/d 8.2


    iv. compact HE
    tubes circular finned tubes (Webb and Nae-Hyun, 2005 or Figure 11S.5)
    tubes with plate fins (Gray and Webb, 1988 or Figure 11S.6)
    0.0312
    2. Properties at reference temp. (Tref)
    1
    0.328 S t s t
    T T
    jN 4 0.14 Re
    S d
    Typical: Tref Tf s
    l

    Some use: Tref=T and /s or Pr/Prs


    Some use: Tref = (Ti + To)/2

    3. Determine Reynolds number


    4. Select appropriate correlation (Table 7.7, p.484-485)
    What if we dont know correct Tref?
    Note this in the solution, use some other T (e.g., T), solve problem, calculate new Tref and compare to
    original, iterate in practice if important (mention procedure in this class, but dont iterate)

    Ts=constant vs qs=constant

    Correlations for constant surface temperature can be applied with constant heat flux when the flow is turbulent

    Internal convection flows (Chapter 8)


    t

    T(x,r)
    =T(0,r)
    =constant

    Ts = constant

    xfd,t
    Thermal entrance region

    qs = constant

    ReD,c2300
    ro
    r

    Laminar:

    Turbulent:

    Fully developed region

    Methodology B (determine L to get a certain To)


    Methodology A (determine To for a given L)
    1. Geometry: D h 4A c / P , Re D h u m D h / 4m
    /(P)
    2. Boundary Conditions: Ts=constant or qs=constant (if laminar flow)
    3. Properties at appropriate reference temperature (typical: Tref = (Ti+To)/2 Nu )
    4. Calculate Re and entry lengths (xfd,h and xfd,t) 4. Calculate Re and assume fully developed flow
    5. Select appropriate correlation (Summary in Table 8.4 p. 567 and Table 8.1, p. 553)
    6. Calculate outlet temperature (To)
    6. Calculate required length (L)

    T Tm ,o
    q PL
    PL (ii) q =constant:
    (i) Ts=constant: To s
    s
    Tm ,o Tm,i s
    exp
    h
    Cp
    Cp
    m
    Ti
    Ts Tm ,i
    m
    CpT
    7. Total heat transfer: q hATlm and q m
    8. Evaluate assumption of Tref for properties
    8. Evaluate assumption of fully developed flow
    In this class, note difference and how you would solve
    but dont iterate. In practice, iterate if important.

    In this class, note difference and how you would solve


    but dont iterate. In practice, iterate if important

    B / B
    Mass transfer relations for step 6: T , h h m , m
    Cp m
    A , o
    A , i

    A,s A, m, o
    A,s A, m,i

    A h mA A, lm
    m

    PL h m

    exp
    B / B
    m
    A, lm

    A
    m

    A, o A, i

    ln A, o A, i

    B
    m
    A,m,o A,m,i
    B

    Natural (free) convection and combined natural and forced convection


    Grashof number

    g(Ts T )L3
    where 1 / T [1 / K ] for gases (from property tables for liquids)
    GrL
    2
    Rayleigh number

    g(Ts T )L3
    Ra L GrL Pr

    natural and forced convection


    GrL

    Re L

    1 (0.2 5)

    Nu n Nu F n Nu N n

    Re c 109

    natural

    forced

    GrL
    1
    Re L 2
    Nu=f(Ra, Pr)

    GrL
    1
    Re L 2
    Nu=f(Re, Pr)

    general: n=3
    traverse flow: plate (n=7/2) or
    sphere, cylinder (n=4)
    Methodology
    1. Geometry (plate, cylinder or sphere)
    2. Properties at reference temp: Tref = (Ts +T)/2
    3. Determine GrL / Re L 2
    4. Select appropriate correlation(s) - Table 9.2 (p. 617-618)

    5. RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER


    Engineering properties
    for materials at different T [Table A.11]
    , for solar radiation [Table A.12]

    Radiation exchange between bodies


    View Factor F12 fraction of the radiation leaving surface 1, which is intercepted by surface 2
    reciprocity relation F12 A1 F21A 2
    N

    summation rule

    F
    j1

    ij

    Fij is given for common geometries in Tables 13.1 - 13.2 and Figures
    13.4 13.6, p. 865-869

    Two surface enclosures (diffuse, gray and opaque surfaces)


    Diffuse: independent of angle
    Some special enclosures given in Table 13.3, p. 885
    Gray surface: =
    Kirchoffs Law: = for all surfaces in an enclosure
    E E b 2 T14 T2 4
    q b1

    q
    12

    12

    Rrad

    R rad

    R rad

    R rad

    1 1
    1 2
    1

    1A1 F12 A1 2 A 2

    Combined radiation, conduction and convection heat transfer


    qconv,1 = h1A1(T-T1)
    U, T

    A1,T1, 1

    T3

    T T
    q cond 3 1
    R cond

    qconv,2 = h2A2(T-T2)

    Rrad
    q rad

    E b1 E b 2
    R rad

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