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Histogram

The document discusses histograms and how to construct them from frequency distribution data. It provides steps to make a histogram, including gathering data, finding minimum and maximum values, determining section widths, visualizing the histogram, and making a frequency table. It then provides an example of making a histogram from sample data on bottle weights between 5.95-6.05kg.

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saifie
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311 views17 pages

Histogram

The document discusses histograms and how to construct them from frequency distribution data. It provides steps to make a histogram, including gathering data, finding minimum and maximum values, determining section widths, visualizing the histogram, and making a frequency table. It then provides an example of making a histogram from sample data on bottle weights between 5.95-6.05kg.

Uploaded by

saifie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A Histogram is a Frequency Distribution Diagram.

It is a Graph that
displays the Distribution of Data. It is constructed from Data collected in a
Frequency Table, which is ,a Chart that divides the Range of Data into
several Equal Sections to compare the Frequency of occurrence in each
section. The Histogram drawn from the Frequency Table resembles a Bar
Graph, composed of Columns representing the Frequency at which Data
appears in various sections of the range.
How to make a Histogram
Step 1: Gathering Data
Step 2: Finding the Maximum and Minimum Values
Step 3: Determining the Width of the Section (h)
Width of the Section (h) = Maximum Value - Minimum Value
k

Number of
Data point
N
50

~ 100

~ 250
< ~ 250

100

Number of
Data Section
k
6

~ 10

~12

10

~ 20

Step 4:
Visualizing the Histogram and Determining the Section Boundary Values
The starting point of the Section Boundary Value = (Minimum value) - (Unit).
2
How to determine the Unit:
Look at the decimal point of the data carefully.
If there is zero digit after the decimal point:

Unit = 1

If there is one digit after the decimal point:

Unit = 0.1

If there are two digits after the decimal point:

Unit = 0.01

If there are three digits after the decimal point:

Unit = 0.001

Go on adding the width of the section (h) to the starting point to find section
boundary values.

Step 5:
Determining the Median Values of the Sections
Median Value = Sum of the two Section Boundaries
2
Step 6: Making a Frequency Table
Step 7: Making a Histogram

Make a "Histogram" using the following data:


29.9

30.1

30.3

30.2

30.1

30.0

29.9

29.7

30.6

30.4

29.9

29.5

30.4

29.7

30.0

30.5

29.9

29.7

29.1

30.2

30.3

29.4

30.2

29.8

296

30.6

29.8

29.9

29.8

30.0

30.3

30.0

30.1

29.9

29.3

29.8

30.4

29.2

29.8

30.0

29.9

30.0

29.6

30.5

29.8

29.8

30.4

29.9

30.4

29.4

30.3

30.0

29.9

30.3

30.0

29.5

30.0

30.4

29.4

30.0

30.0

29.6

29.7

29.9

30.5

29.7

29.9

30.1

30.6

29.5

30.4

29.7

30.2

30.8

29.5

29.9

30.2

29.8

30.1

29.9

Note:- Specified Value is,. 30.2 0.9 mm)

Step 1. Make a Frequency Table with f, u, uf, u2f columns on its right side.

No.

Section Boundary
Values

Median
Value

Check

uf

u2f

29.05 - 29.25

29.15

II

-4

-8

32

29.25 - 29.45

29.35

IIII

-3

-12

36

29.45 - 29.65

29.55

-2

-16

32

29.65 - 29.85

29.75

14

-1

-14

14

29.85 - 30.05

29.95

23

30.05 - 30.25

30.15

10

10

10

30.25 - 30.45

30.35

12

24

48

30.45 - 30.65

30.55

18

54

30.65 - 30.85

30.75

16

Total

80

242

III
IIII
III
II
I

Z
Z

Process capability for a stable manufacturing process, is the Capability of


the Process to reach a certain level of Quality. For a Stable Process in
which factors affecting the Standard Deviation are properly Controlled,
Process Capability, as measured by the Quality Characteristics of the
Products of the Process, is usually expressed as the Mean Value plus or
minus three times the Standard Deviation (x + 3s). If you can freely set a
mean value (such as standard temperature setting), then you can express
process capability as six times the standard deviation from that mean
value.
Process capability can be shown graphically using Histograms and
Process Capability charts.
Process Capability Indices numerically express the relation between the
Distribution and the specification limits.
Process Capability studies determine whether a process is Unstable,
Investigate any sources of instability, determines their causes, and take
action to eliminate such sources of instability.

After all sources of instability have been eliminated from a process, the
natural behavior of a, process is called its Process Capability. A process
must have an established Process Capability, before it can be improved. ~
Consequently, a Process Capability study must be successfully completed
before a process improvement study can have any chance for success.
Process .Improvement studies follow the Deming Cycle of Plan, Do, Check
and Act. Following table interprets the -valuation for different ranges of the
process capability index.

Evaluation

Assessment

Cp>I.33

Good

Process Capability Completely meets Specification

1.33 > Cp > 1.0

Acceptable

Process Capability does not Completely meet the


Specification, Process, Control should be Continued.

1.0> Cp

Inadequate

Process Capability Inadequate, Improvement should


be made.

Cp

Keep the following points in mind as you codetermine if the Histogram


falls well- within the Upper and Lower Limits of the Specifications:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Is the Centre of Distribution exactly Half Way between the Upper and
Lower Limits of Specifications?
Is the Spread of Distribution too large or too small?
Does any Data appear beyond the Upper Limit or the Lower Limit of
the Distribution?
Is there ample space for the Distribution within the Specified Limits?

Determining the Distribution Pattern from the shape of Histogram.


1) Normal Histograms
Data obtained from a Stable Process usually produces a Histogram
that is Highest in the Centre and Tapers off Symmetrically to the Left
and Right.
2) Double Peak Histograms
Double Peak appears if you mix Data from different Materials that
have different Averages.
3) Isolated Island Histogram
A small Isolated Island appears besides a Normal Histogram.
Accidental mixing of Data from another distribution produces this
type of Histogram.

4) Cliff Histogram
The Slope of Histogram ends abruptly in a Steep Cliff. Eliminating all
items that do not meet Specifications is one way to produce this type
of Histogram.

5) Cogwheel Histograms
Alternating Peaks and Depressions in Adjacent Sections produce a
pattern resembling a Cogwheel. Section Widths that are Integral
Multiples of the Unit of Measurement of the Scale produce this
shape as a Artifact of the way Scale is read during Measurement.

Problems On Histograms
1. An organization that fills bottles of shampoo ties to remain a specific

weight of the product. The table gives the weight of 110 bottles that were
checked at random intervals. Make a tally of these weights and construct
a frequency Histogram. (Weight is in Kilograms).

6.00

5.95

6.01

6.01

5.97

5.99

5.98

6.01

5.99

5.98

5.96

5.98

5.99

5.99

6.03

5.99

6.01

5.98

5.99

5.97

6.01

5.98

5.97

6.01

6.00

5.96

6.00

5.97

5.95

5.99

5.99

6.01

5.98

6.01

6.03

6.01

5.99.

5.99

6.02

6.00

5.98

6,01

5.98

5.99

6.00

5.98

6.05

6.00

6.00

5.98

5.99

6.00

5.97

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.98

6.00

5.94

5.59

6.02

6.00

5.98

6.02

6.01

6.00

5.97

6.01

6.04

6.02

6.01

5.97

5.99

6.02

5.99

6.02

5.99

6.02

5.99

6.01

5.98

5.99

6.00

6.02

5.99

6.02

5.95

6.02

5.96

5.99

6.00

6.00

6.01

5.99

5.96

6.01

6.00

6.01

5.98

6.00

5.99

5.98

5.99

6.03

5.99

6.02

5.98

6.02

6.02

5.97

Problem 2.

Listed next are 125 readings


obtained in a hospital by a
motion and time study analyst
who took five readings each
day for 25 days. Construct a
tally sheet. Prepare a table
showing cell midpoints, cell
boundaries, and observed
frequencies plot a frequency
histogram.

Day

Duration of Operation Time (Min.)

1.90

1.93

1.95

2.05

2.20

1.76

1.81

1.81

1.83

2.01

1.80

1.87

1.95

1.97

2.07

1.77

1.83

1.87

1.90

1.93

1.93

1.95

2.03

2.05

2.14

1.76

1.88

1.95

1.97

2.00

1.87

2.00

2.00

2.03

2.10

1.91

1.92

1.94

1.97

2.05

1.90

1.91

1.95

2.01

2.05

to

1.79

1.91

1.93

1.91

2.10

II

1.90

1.97

2.00

2.06

2.28

12

1.80

1.82

1.89

1.91

1.99

13

1.75

1.83

1.92

1.95

2.04

14

1.87

1.90

1.98

2.00

2.08

15

1.90

1.95

1.95

1.97

2.03

16

1.82

1.99

2.01

2.06

2.06

17

1.90

1.95

1.95

2.00

2.10

18

1.81

1.90

1.94

1.97

1.99

19

1.87

1.89

1.98

2.01

2.15

20

1.72

1.78

. 1.96

2.00

2.05

21

1.87

1.89

1.91

1.91

2.00

22

1.76

1.80

1.91

2.06

2.12

23

1.95

1.96

1.97

2.00

2.00

24

1.92

1.94

1.97

1.99

2.00

25

1.85

1.90

1.90

1.92

1.92

3. Determine the average median, mode, range, and standard deviation


for each group go numbers
(a) 50, 45, 55, 55, 45, 50, 55, 45, 55
(b) 89, 87, 88, 83, 86, 82, 84
(c) 11, 17, 14, 12, 12, 14, 14, 15, 17, 17
(d) 16, 25, 18, 17, 16, 21, 14
(e) 45, 39,42,42,43

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