PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
CLASS :
S.E. E &TC
SUBJECT : EIT
EXPT. NO. : 4
TITLE
DATE:
STUDY OF LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS
OBJECTIVE
To study the specifications and use of front panel
controls for
1. DC power supply
2. AC function generator
APPARATUS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Digital multimeter with probes
Resistor of 50 (47)
Function generator with probes
CRO with probes
THEORY
:
1. DC power supply
To convert the readily available 230V, 50Hz electric power to the
DC form, a DC power supply is used power supplies can be
designed to provide either constant voltage (CV) or constant
current (CV). Some power supplies can be operated in either of
the mode, which is referred to as CV/CC models.
Vout
Vout
Vout
Iout
a) Ideal (CV)
power supply
Iout
b) Ideal (CC)
power supply
Iout
c) Ideal (CV / CC)
power supply
Block diagram of DC power supply:
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4.1
EIT
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
Input:
230V,50Hz
Step down
voltage, 50Hz
Transformer
Rectified
voltage
DC output voltage
with ripple
Supply output:
adjustable DC
voltage relatively
independent of
changes in input V
Rectifier
Regulator
Filter
RL
`
Description :
The incoming AC voltage is first stepped down by a
transformer. The transformer AC voltage is fed to a rectifier, which
converts the ac voltage to rectified DC voltage. The rectified
waveform is then fed to a filter that smooths out variation or ripple
in the rectified waveform. The filtered waveform is fed to a
regulating circuit to allow adjustments of the output level and keep
the output voltage constant once the level is chosen.
The ability of power supply to keep a voltage constant once an
output level is chosen is referred to as its regulation ability.
Since instrumentation circuits generally require very small
currents, power supplies can be placed inside an instrument.
Devices which are used in this are regulator ICs like LM317. There
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4.2
EIT
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
are over a hundred types of IC regulator. Most of them are very
simple to use and well documented by the manufacturer.
Current Limiting In Power Supplies:
While using a power supply, the current requirement of the
load can vary. Under the extreme conditions of a short circuit in the
load, a very high current is delivered by the power supply. To
prevent this, electronic current limiters are included in the power
supply. They limit the max. current flowing in the circuit regardless
of output voltage required. Some power supply models feature a
variable current-limit control that allows the setting of limiting
current value.
DC Power Supply specification :
1. DC Output
2. AC Input
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
: Range of DC voltage or currents available
: Characteristics of the ac voltage required to
drive the power supply. (Usually 230V 10%,
50-60Hz)
Load Regulation
: The change in the DC output voltage due to
change in load resistance value that results in
supplies max. rated output current (Full load
condition)
Line regulation
: The change in DC output voltage of the supply
resulting from a change in the input line
voltage from its lowest to highest value.
Ripple & Noise
: Describe the rms value of the ac component
that remains unfiltered and superimposed on
the DC output. (Typically 50V to 1mV)
Output Impedance : For constant Voltage source the output
impedance should be very small(0)
For constant Current source the output
impedance should be very large()
Temperature rating : The temperature range over which supply can
operate and remain within its capabilities.
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4.3
EIT
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
2. AC SIGNAL SOURCES : FUNCTION GENERATOR
A function generator is a signal source that has capability of
producing several different types of waveform at its output signals.
Most function generators can generate sine waves, square waves
and triangular waves over wide range of frequencies. (0.001Hz to
20MHz)
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FUNCTION GENERATOR:
Comparator
Triangular wave generator
Symmetry
Positive
current
source
Current
Switch
V+
VOutput
amplifier
Range
switch
Negative
current
source
Sine Converter
DC
offset
As shown in the block diagram, a triangular wave is
generated with the help of charging and discharging of a capacitor
from positive and negative current source. The triangular wave is
then converted to a square wave with a comparator and to a sine
wave with a diode array or other sine converter.
Application :
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4.4
EIT
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
1. Sine wave and square wave are used for general purpose
testing of circuits such as amplifiers.
2. Square wave is used to check the transient response of the
circuits as well as to check the frequency response of
wideband amplifiers.
3. Triangular waves are useful for testing circuits like
comparators to determine the threshold.
Specification of function generator:
1. Frequency range
2. Output voltage
3. Accuracy and dial
resolution
4. Amplitude and
frequency stability
5. Waveform distortion
6. Output impedance
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: This is the upper and lower frequency
limits of the
output signal which the
generator can supply.
: It specifies the type of output waveform
and
the output voltage range the
generator can supply.
: Accuracy of the generator specifies how
closely the output frequency corresponds
to the frequency indicated on the dial.
Dial
resolution
indicates
to
what
percentage of the output frequency value
the dial setting can be read.
: Amplitude stability is a measure of an
oscillators ability to maintain a constant
voltage amplitude with change in the
frequency of the output signal. Frequency
stability determines how closely the
oscillator maintains a constant frequency
over given time period.
: It specifies how closely the sinusoidal
output
waveform
of
the
function
generator resembles a pure sine wave. It
is specified in %.
: It specifies the output impedance of the
function
generator
which
generally
matches
with
the
characteristic
impedance of the co-axial cable in RF
circuits or the characteristics impedance
4.5
EIT
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
of the communication systems in AF
systems.
SPECIFICATION OF POWER SUPPLY:
Make : APLAB
Model: L 3202
Specifications :
Output voltage
CV
CC
CV
CC
CV
CC
:
:
0-32V DC continuously variable by coarse
and fine controls
0-2A DC continuously variable by coarse
and fine controls
0.01% plus 2mV (for the load variation
from no load to full load)
0.1% plus 250A (for the change in
output voltage from 0 volt to maximum
output voltage)
0.01% plus 2mV (for 10% change in
mains supply)
0.1% plus 250A (for 10% change in
main supply)
1mV (r.m.s.) max.
0.04% (r.m.s.) max.
Stability at constant CV
0.2% + 5mV
Load regulation
Line regulation
Ripple and noise
(20Hz to 20MHz)
Ambient temp.(8hrs. after
Warm-up of 30minutes)
CC :
0.5% + 2mA
GENERAL :
Metering
Meter accuracy
Operating temp. range
:
:
Protection
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Two separate 3 digits DPMs are provided
on front panel to monitor the output
voltage and load current continuously.
3 counts
0-50 deg0C
The power supply is electronically
protected against overload and short
4.6
EIT
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
Input power requirements :
Dimensions(W*H*D)
:
circuit by means of automatic cross-over
characteristics.
230V AC 10%, 50Hz Single phase
210mm*133mm*250mm
Note:- CV: Constant voltage mode
CC: constant current mode
SPECIFICATION OF FUNCTION GENERATOR: Make : APLAB
Model: 2009
Specifications :
Frequency Range
: 0.03Hz to 3MHz in 7decade ranges.
Frequency Indication
Accuracy
: 1% of full scale.
Output Waveforms
: Sinusoidal, Triangle, Balanced Square and DC.
Sine Distortion
: < 3%.
Maximum output voltage:
a) Into 50 ohms
: 10V p-p on sine,
triangle and square.
b) Open Circuit
: 20V p-p on sine,
triangle and square.
Level Accuracy
: 0.5dB upto 200KHz range.
1.0dB for 3MHz range.
Attenuator
: Two step attenuators of 20dB & 40dB.
Fine attenuation of 20dB through vernier
control.
Attenuator Accuracy
: 0.5dB per 20dB at 1KHz.
DC Offset
: 5V 5% in open circuit.
2.5V 5% in 50 ohms.
1.2 POWER SUPPLY
Voltage
Consumption
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: 230V AC 10%, 50Hz.
: 15VA.
4.7
EIT
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
1.3 PHYSICAL
Dimensions
Weight
: 235 (W) x 85 (H) x 235 (D) mm.
: 3 Kg. (Approx.).
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Power Supply
CV Set Value
CC Set Value
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Observed CV & CC at load Condition
Load Current
0mA
100mA
200mA
300mA
400mA
500mA
Load Regulation
Voltage Output
V no Load V Full Load
____________________
V Full Load
Function Generator
Frequency
Set
Observed
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Amplitude
Set
Observed
4.8
Attenuation dB
-20
-40
-60
EIT
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
CONCLUSION:
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
References:
1. Helfrick and Cooper, Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement.
Tata Mcgraw Hill
2. Aplab Power Supply Instruction Manual
3. http://www.epanorama.net/links
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4.9
EIT
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
QUESTION:
DC power supply
1. What is the ripple factor? Hoe is it defined?
2. What is mean by regulation of a power supply?
3. If power supply has no-load voltage output of 100V and full
load output of 96V What is the percentage regulation of the
supply?
4. A power supply has open circuit output voltage of 1.5V and
the voltage drops to 1.42V with 200mA of current. What is
the output impedance of the supply?
Function generator
1. What is the output impedance of the function generator you
use?
2. Describe what effect the value of load impedance connected
to the output of the signal generator will have on the
maximum voltage that can be provided by the generator.
3. What is the maximum output voltage (p-p) if a load
resistance of 100 is connected to the function generator you
use?
4. What is the role of attenuator switches provided on the
function generators?
5. Compute the peak to peak amplitude of the output voltage
for the following
a. Triangular wave of 3Vrms with 20db attenuation
(switch pressed)
b. Square wave of 10Vp-p with 20db attenuator
c. Sine wave of 10Vp with 40db attenuation.
d. Sine wave of 10Vp-p with (20+40) db attenuation.
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EIT
