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Introduction To Signal Processing: - CD - Rowell 2008

This document provides an introduction to signal processing, covering both continuous and discrete time signals. It discusses various processing methods including passive and active analog filters, as well as digital signal processors. Applications mentioned include data analysis, signal enhancement, and signal detection. Basic examples of moving average and recursive digital filters are also given.

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43 views

Introduction To Signal Processing: - CD - Rowell 2008

This document provides an introduction to signal processing, covering both continuous and discrete time signals. It discusses various processing methods including passive and active analog filters, as well as digital signal processors. Applications mentioned include data analysis, signal enhancement, and signal detection. Basic examples of moving average and recursive digital filters are also given.

Uploaded by

vivekverma390
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reading:

Class handout: The Dirac Delta and Unit-Step Functions

Introduction to Signal Processing


In this class we will primarily deal with processing time-based functions, but
the methods will also be applicable to spatial functions, for example image
processing. We will deal with
(a) Signal processing of continuous waveforms f(t), using continuous LTI
systems (filters).
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and

(b) Discrete-time (digital) signal processing of data sequences {fn} that might
be samples of real continuous experimental data, such as recorded
through an analog-digital converter (ADC), or implicitly discrete in
nature.
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Some typical applications that we look at will include


(a) Data analysis, for example estimation of spectral characteristics, delay
estimation in echolocation systems, extraction of signal statistics.
(b) Signal enhancement. Suppose a waveform has been contaminated by
additive noise, for example 60Hz interference from the ac supply in the
laboratory.
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copyright _cD.Rowell 2008

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The task is to design a filter that will minimize the effect of the
interference while not destroying information from the experiment.
(c) Signal detection. Given a noisy experimental record, ask the question
whether a known signal is present in the data.

1.1 Processing methods


(a) Passive Continuous Filters: We will investigate signal processing using
passive continuous LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) dynamical systems. These
will typically be electrical R-L-C systems, for example
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or even an electro mechanical system using rotational elements:


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(b) Active Continuous Filters: Modern continuous filters are implemented


using operational amplifiers. We will investigate simple op-amp designs.
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(c) Digital Signal Processors: Here a digital system (a computer or DSP chip)
is used to process a data stream.
(i) The sampler (A/D converter) records the signal value at discrete times to
produce
} where fn = f(nT)(T is the sampling interval.
(ii) At each interval, the output sample yn is computed, based on the history
of the

_ __ ___
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_ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ % _ __ _ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__ _ a sequence of samples {fn_ __ _ _& _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ! _

input and output, for example1


yn =(fn + fn1 + fn2)
33-point moving average filter, and
yn =0.8yn1 +0.2fn
is a simple recursive first-order low-pass digital filter. Notice that they are
algorithms.
(iii) The reconstructor takes each output sample and creates a continuous
waveform.
In real-time signal processing the system operates in an infinite loop:
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