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Kraus & Litzenberger, 1976 Homaifar & Graddy, 1988 Fang & Lai, 1997

The document discusses methods for testing theories related to capital asset pricing models (CAPM). It examines the Sharpe-Lintner-Black CAPM by testing whether residual risk affects expected asset returns. It also tests whether the risk-return relationship is linear or quadratic. Additional tests are conducted to determine if market beta is the only essential risk measure and if the market portfolio lies on the minimum variance frontier. The document then expands the models to include higher moments like skewness and kurtosis, testing theories of mean-variance-skewness and mean-variance-skewness-kurtosis models. It analyzes whether conditional coskewness and cokurtosis supplement conditional two-moment models.

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Salman Rahi
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90 views2 pages

Kraus & Litzenberger, 1976 Homaifar & Graddy, 1988 Fang & Lai, 1997

The document discusses methods for testing theories related to capital asset pricing models (CAPM). It examines the Sharpe-Lintner-Black CAPM by testing whether residual risk affects expected asset returns. It also tests whether the risk-return relationship is linear or quadratic. Additional tests are conducted to determine if market beta is the only essential risk measure and if the market portfolio lies on the minimum variance frontier. The document then expands the models to include higher moments like skewness and kurtosis, testing theories of mean-variance-skewness and mean-variance-skewness-kurtosis models. It analyzes whether conditional coskewness and cokurtosis supplement conditional two-moment models.

Uploaded by

Salman Rahi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MACBETH (Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation

Technique) is a multicriteria decision analysis approach that requires only


qualitative judgments about differences of value to help an individual or a group
quantify the relative attractiveness of options.
The validity of Sharpe-Lintner-Black CAPM is examined in this study by testing the
implications of the relationship between expected return and market beta given in
equation (4). To test the hypothesis that the risk associated with residuals has no effect
on the expected asset return, residual risk, SDitof each asset is added as an
additional explanatory variable:
(5)
To test the linearity of the risk return relationship we include a quadratic term of i in the
standard model given in equation (4), and the model takes the following form:

The joint hypothesis is that market portfolio is mean-variance efficient, this implies that
difference in expected return across assets are entirely explained by difference in
market betas, other variables should add nothing to the explanation of expected return.
It is tested by adding predetermined explanatory variables in the form of beta-square to
test linearity and residual standard deviation to test that beta is the only essential
measure of risk. The model becomes:

)
If coefficients of the additional variables are not statistically different from zero, this
implies that the market proxy is on minimum variance frontier.
Introducing the higher moments, such as systematic skewness and systematic kurtosis
into the standard CAPM model, the validity of mean-variance-skewness and meanvariance-skewness kurtosis is tested by the following model as suggested by (Kraus &
Litzenberger, 1976), (Homaifar & Graddy, 1988) and (Fang & Lai, 1997) as follows:
(8)

Where the parameter i denotes the systematic covariance, i represents systematic


coskewness and i is systematic cokurtosis of asset i which is time series regression
coefficients of cubic model given in equation (4):
(9)
The slope coefficients of the cubic CAPM model given in the above equation (9) are
used as explanatory variable in the cross section equation (8) to estimate the
corresponding risk premium: The coefficient 0 is intercept term and 1, 4 and 5 are
risk premium for covariance risk, coskewness risk and cokurtosis risk respectively.
Since investors have preference for high skewness, negative market skewness is
considered as risk and is expected to be rewarded with a positive skewness premium.
Therefore in our model given in equation (8), 4 is positive if market is negatively
skewed and takes a Negative value if market is positively skewed. For kurtosis the
same argument is applied as for the second moment, that is high kurtosis (or fat tails) is
a negative investment incentive and the Corresponding risk premium 5 is expected to
be positive in our model. The conditional information in higher-moment-CAPM is also
important. The covariance, coskewness and cokurtosis are likely to be time varying in
nature and so are their prices. We follow (Harvey & Siddique, 1999) approach to test
whether conditional coskewness and conditional cokurtosis supplement the two moment
conditional model. The conditional version of higher-moment CAPM models are given
by rewriting equation (9) as:

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