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EEEB113
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS I
Chapter 4
Circuit Theorems

Materials from Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Alexander & Sadiku 4e, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Circuit Theorems - Chapter 4

2

4.3 Superposition
4.4 Source Transformation
4.5 Thevenins Theorem
4.6 Nortons Theorem
4.7 Maximum Power Transfer

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4.3 Superposition Theorem (1)

3

Superposition is another approach introduced to

determine the value of a specific variable (voltage
or current) if a circuit has two or more
independent sources.
Superposition states that: the voltage across (or
current through) an element in a linear circuit is
the algebraic sum of the voltage across (or
currents through) that element due to EACH
independent source acting alone.

4.3 Superposition Theorem (2)

4

The principle of superposition helps us to analyze

a linear circuit with more than one independent
source by calculating the contribution of each
independent source separately and then adding
them up.
Example: We consider the effects of 8A and 20V
one by one, then add the two effects together for
final vo.

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4.3 Superposition Theorem (3)

5

Steps to apply superposition principle:

1. Turn off all independent sources except one
source. Find the output (voltage or current) due
to that active source using nodal or mesh
analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent
sources.
3. Find
the
total
contribution
by
adding
algebraically all the contributions due to the
independent sources.

4.3 Superposition Theorem (4)

6

Two things - Keep in mind:

1. When we say turn off all other independent
sources:
Independent voltage sources are replaced
by 0 V (short-circuit) and
Independent current sources are replaced
by 0 A (open-circuit).
2. Dependent sources are left intact because
they are controlled by circuit variables.

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4.3 Superposition Theorem (5)

7

Example 1
Use the superposition theorem to find
v in the circuit shown below.
3A is discarded
by open-circuit

6V is discarded
by short-circuit

4.3 Superposition Theorem (6)

8

Example 2
Use superposition to find vx in
the circuit given.
2A is discarded by
open-circuit
20

10 V

10V is discarded
by short-circuit
20

v1

(a)

0.1v1

Dependant source
keep unchanged

v2

2A

0.1v2

(b)

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4.3 Superposition Theorem (7)

9

P.P.4.3
Use the superposition theorem to find v0 in the circuit
shown below.

4.3 Superposition Theorem (8)

10

P.P.4.3
Use the superposition theorem to find
v0 in the circuit shown below.
4A is discarded
by open-circuit

10V is discarded
by short-circuit

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4.3 Superposition Theorem (9)

11

Soln. P.P.4.3

Apply Ohms Law

4.3 Superposition Theorem (10)

12

cont. Soln. P.P.4.3

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4.3 Superposition Theorem (11)

13

P.P.4.4
Use superposition to find vx in the circuit given.

4.3 Superposition Theorem (12)

14

Soln. P.P.4.4

4A is discarded by
open-circuit

20V is discarded
by short-circuit

Dependant source
keep unchanged

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4.3 Superposition Theorem (13)

15

cont. Soln. P.P.4.4

Apply KCL

4.3 Superposition Theorem (14)

16

cont. Soln. P.P.4.4

Apply KCL

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4.3 Superposition Theorem (15)

17

P.P.4.5
Use the superposition principle to find
below.

I in the circuit shown

4.3 Superposition Theorem (16)

18

Soln. P.P.4.5

Apply Ohms Law

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4.3 Superposition Theorem (17)

19

cont. Soln. P.P.4.5

Apply Current Division

4.3 Superposition Theorem (18)

20

cont. Soln. P.P.4.5

Apply Ohms Law

10

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4.4 Source Transformation (1)

21

Another tool to simplify circuits.

Use the concept of equivalent circuit where v-i
characteristics are identical with the original
circuit.
Source transformation is: the process of
replacing a voltage source vS in series with a
resistor R by a current source iS in parallel with a
resistor R, or vice versa.

vS iS R

iS

vS
R

4.4 Source Transformation (2)

22

(a) Independent source transform

11

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4.4 Source Transformation (3)

23

(b) Dependent source transform

4.4 Source Transformation (4)

24

Two things - Keep in mind:

1. Arrow of current source is directed toward
positive terminal of voltage source.
2. Not possible when:

R = 0 for voltage source

R = for current source

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4.4 Source Transformation (5)

25

P.P.4.6
Find io in the circuit shown below using source transformation.

4.4 Source Transformation (6)

26

Soln. P.P.4.6

Combining the 6- and 3- resistors in parallel gives (6x3)/(6+3)=2.

Adding the 1- and 4- resistors in series gives 1 + 4 = 5.
Transforming the left current source in parallel with the 2- resistor
gives the equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. (a).

13

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4.4 Source Transformation (7)

27

cont. Soln. P.P.4.6

Adding the 10-V and 5-V voltage sources gives a 15-V voltage
source.
Transforming the 15-V voltage source in series with the 2-
resistor gives the equivalent circuit in Fig. (b).

4.4 Source Transformation (8)

28

cont. Soln. P.P.4.6

Combining the two current sources and the 2- and 5- resistors

leads to the circuit in Fig. (c).

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4.4 Source Transformation (9)

29

cont. Soln. P.P.4.6

Using current division,

4.4 Source Transformation (10)

30

P.P.4.7
Use source transformation to find ix in the circuit shown below.

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4.4 Source Transformation (11)

31

Soln. P.P.4.7

Transform the dependent voltage source as shown in Fig. (a).

4.4 Source Transformation (12)

32

cont. Soln. P.P.4.7

Combine the two current sources in Fig. (a) to obtain Fig. (b).

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4.4 Source Transformation (13)

33

cont. Soln. P.P.4.7

By the current division principle,

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (1)

34

In practice the load usually varies, while the

source is fixed - e.g. fixed household outlet
terminal and different electrical appliances
which constitute variable loads.
Each time the load is changed, the entire
circuit has to be analysed all over again.
To avoid this problem, Thevenins theorem
provides a technique by which the fixed part
of the circuit is replaced with equivalent
circuit.

17

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (2)

35

Thevenins theorem states that: a linear twoterminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh in series
with resistor RTh.

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (3)

36

What is?
VTh = open-circuit voltage at the terminals.
RTh = input or equivalent resistance at the terminals
when the independent sources are turned off.
i.e.
voltage sources = 0V (short-circuit)
current sources = 0 A (open-circuit)

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (4)

37

How to find

VTh

Find the voltage across point a and b using any

method in previous chapters. (by taking out the
load from the circuit.)

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (5)

38

How to find

RTh

Case 1: No dependent sources in the circuit.

Turn off all independent sources.

Find RTh by finding the equivalent resistance at point a
and b.

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (6)

39

Case 2: Circuit has dependent sources. (cannot turn off)

Turn off all independent sources.

Leave dependent sources intact.
Apply voltage source v0 across a and b then find
vo/io. OR apply current source i0 and find RTh= vo/io.

RTh=

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (7)

40

Two things to keep in mind - for Case 2

1. Any value can be assumed for v0 and i0 .
(usually assume v0=1V and i0=1A)
2. If RTh<0, imply circuit is supplying power - possible in circuit
with dependent sources.

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (8)

41

Consider linear circuit terminated by load RL.

Current IL through the load and voltage

given by:

IL

VTh
RTh RL

VL across the load is

VL RL I L

RL
VTh
RTh RL

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (11)

42

P.P.4.8
Using Thevenins theorem, find the equivalent circuit to the
left of the terminals in the circuit shown below. Hence find i.

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (12)

43

Soln.P.P.4.8
To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (13)

44

cont. Soln.P.P.4.8
To find VTh, do source transformation, as shown in Fig. (b) and (c).

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (14)

45

cont. Soln.P.P.4.8

Using voltage division in Fig. (c),

Calculate i,

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (15)

46

P.P.4.9
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown
below to the left of the terminals.

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (16)

47

Soln.P.P.4.9
To find VTh consider the circuit in
Fig. (a).

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (17)

48

cont. Soln.P.P.4.9
To find RTh consider the circuit in
Fig. (b).

Applying KVL around the outer loop,

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (i)

49

e.g.4.8
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown
below, to the left of the terminals a-b. Then find the current
through RL = 6, 16 and 36 ohms.

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (i)

50

e.g.4.8 Solve RTh

25

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (i)

51

e.g.4.8 Solve VTh

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (ii)

52

P.P.4.8
Using Thevenins theorem, find the equivalent circuit to the
left of the terminals in the circuit shown below. Hence find i.

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (iii)

53

e.g.4.9
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown
below at terminals a-b.

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (iii)

54

e.g.4.9 Solve RTh

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (iii)

55

e.g.4.9 Solve VTh

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (iii)

56

e.g.4.9 Thevenins equivalent

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (iv)

57

P.P.4.9
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown
below to the left of the terminals.

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (v)

58

e.g.4.10
Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit in the Figure (a)
shown below at terminals a-b.

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (v)

59

e.g.4.10 Solve RTh

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (v)

60

e.g.4.10 Solve VTh

Do source transformation

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem (v)

61

e.g.4.10 Solve

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (v)

62

P.P.4.10 Solve

Obtain the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit given below.

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4.6 Nortons Theorem (1)

63

Nortons theorem states that: a linear twoterminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel
with resistor RN.

4.6 Nortons Theorem (2)

64

What is?
IN = short-circuit current through the terminals.
RN = input or equivalent resistance at the terminals
when the independent sources are turned off.
i.e.
voltage sources = 0V (short-circuit)
current sources = 0 A (open-circuit)

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4.6 Nortons Theorem (3)

65

Relation between Nortons & Thevenins Theorem

The Thevenins and Norton equivalent circuits are related by a
source transformation.

In source transformation, the resistor does not change

Thus:

RN =RTh

4.6 Nortons Theorem (4)

66

How to find IN
The short-circuit current flowing
from terminal a to b is IN.
Since resistors

RN = RTh,

IN

VTh
RTh

Dependent and independent sources are treated the

same way as in Thevenins Theorem.

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4.6 Nortons Theorem (5)

67

e.g. 4.11
Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit shown
below, at terminals a-b.

4.6 Nortons Theorem (6)

68

e.g. 4.11: Solve RN

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4.6 Nortons Theorem (7)

69

e.g. 4.11: Solve IN

4.6 Nortons Theorem (8)

70

e.g. 4.11: Alternatively solve IN from VTh/RTh

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4.6 Nortons Theorem (9)

71

e.g. 4.11: Thus Nortons equivalent circuit is

4.6 Nortons Theorem (10)

72

P.P.4.11
Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit shown
below, at terminals a-b.

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4.6 Nortons Theorem (11)

73

Soln. P.P.4.11

4.6 Nortons Theorem (12)

74

e.g. 4.12
Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit shown
below, at terminals a-b.

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4.6 Nortons Theorem (13)

75

e.g. 4.12: Solve RN

4.6 Nortons Theorem (14)

76

e.g. 4.12: Solve IN

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4.6 Nortons Theorem (15)

77

P.P.4.12
Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit shown below.

4.6 Nortons Theorem (16)

78

Soln. P.P.4.12

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4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (1)

-To find the maximum power that can be delivered to the
load.
- From Thevenins equivalent circuit,

VTh
RL
P i RL
R

R
L
Th
2

79

4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (2)

- By varying the load resistance RL, the power delivered will
also vary - as per the graph:

Power transfer profile with different RL

80

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4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (3)

Maximum power is transferred to the load when the
load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance, as seen
from the load.

RL RTH

pmax

V
Th
4 RTh
81

4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (4)

e.g. 4.13
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit
shown below. Find the maximum power.

82

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4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (5)

Soln. 4.13
Find RTh

83

4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (6)

cont. Soln. 4.13
Find VTh

84

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4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (7)

P.P. 4.13
Determine the value of RL that will draw the maximum power
from the rest of the circuit shown below. Calculate the maximum
power.

85

4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (8)

Soln. P.P. 4.13
Find RTh

86

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4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (9)

cont. Soln. P.P 4.13
Find VTh

87

44