Bonfring International Journal of Data Mining, Vol. 4, No.

4, November 2014

34

RST Approach for Efficient CARs Mining

Thabet Slimani
Abstract--- In data mining, an association rule is a pattern
that states the occurrence of two items (premises and
consequences) together with certain probability. A class
association rule set (CARs) is a subset of association rules
with classes specified as their consequences. This paper
focuses on class association rules mining based on the
approach of Rough Set Theory (RST). In addition, this paper
presents an algorithm for finest class rule set mining inspired
from Apriori algorithm, where the support and confidence are
computed based on the elementary set of lower approximation
inspired from RST. The proposed approach has been shown
very effective, where the rough set approach for class
association discovery is much simpler than the classic
association method.
Keywords--- Data Mining, Rough Set Theory, Class Association
Rule, Association Rule mining, NAR, Bitmap, Class Association
Rules

I.

INTRODUCTION

ATA Mining (DM) is sometimes called knowledge

discovery in database (KDB). DM is a modern area of
research helpful in computer science and knowledge
engineering. DM aims to extract various models of interesting,
hidden, and potentially useful knowledge from databases,
where the volume of collected data is huge. Knowledge
exploited by data mining can be represented as rules, customs,
patterns, trends, etc. DM [1] is a prominent tool which
encloses several techniques:
Association, Clustering,
Classification and Deviation. Association rule mining (ARM)
[2] is useful for the extraction of the important correlation and
relation included in large amount of data. The aim of ARM is
to find interesting relationships from the data in the form of
rules. ARM, are originally applied in market basket analysis
seeking to study the buying habits of customers [3].
Interesting association rules discovery can be used to help the
decision making process.
As a formal definition, an association rule is a relation in
the form of implication A (B between two disjunctive sets of
items A and B. A typical example of an association rule on
"market basket data" is that "80% of customers who purchase
spaghetti also purchase sauces ".
Two quality measurements characterize each rule, support
and confidence.
Thabet Slimani, College of Computer Science and Information
Technology, Computer Science Department, Taif University, Taif, Saudia
Arabia. E-mail:[email protected]

The expression if A then B (AB) is a regular association

rule for attribute sets A and B (with some confidence).
Consequently, an association rule AB is regular means that
if A maximally then B maximally [4]. More deeply, the rule
AB has confidence CF if CF% of transactions in the set of
transactions D that contains A also contains B. The rule AB
has support SP if SP% of transactions in D contains AB. To
find regular association rules is a problem to find all
association rules having a support and a confidence greater
than the threshold of minimum support specified by an expert
(called MinS) and threshold of minimum confidence (called
MinC ) respectively.
Additionally, ARM can be exploited in information
retrieval where there exist a need to identify an association
between keywords.
Different types of association rules can be enumerated:
rules-based types of values handled, rules-based levels of
abstraction handled and rules-based dimensions of data
involved. The first type can be classified into Boolean or
quantitative association rules and the second type can be
classified into single-level and multi-level association rules. In
multidimensional database, ARM can be classified into single
dimensional association rules (SDAR) and multidimensional
association rules (MDAR).

Figure1: Association Rule Mining Types Tree

A single distinct predicate with multiple occurrences is
referred to us as SDAR where transactional data are used. The
terminology of single dimensional is used to consider each
distinct predicate in the rule as a dimension. More specifically,
items in a rule are assumed to belong to the same transaction.
For instance, in market basket analysis, the SDAR
representation of the Boolean association rule diapers
beer can be written as follows [5]:

DOI: 10.9756/BIJDM.10365

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35

R1: buys(x, "diapers") buys(x, "beer") [10% (supp), 70%

(conf)].

I and A B=. There are two ways to measure the

usefulness of an association rule: objective and subjective
measures. Objective measures involve two threshold values
that are commonly used in ARM to measure the significance
of an association rule:

The MDAR representation uses a relational data where an

Attribute X in a rule is assumed to have value x, attribute Y
has the value y and attribute Z has the value z in the same
tuple. For instance, in market basket analysis, with the same
example of the SDAR representation, it considers items in the
rule varies from two to more dimensions or predicates, e.g.
"buys", " transaction_time", "customer_category". For
instance R2 is an example of MDAR:

Support: An itemset is formed by a set of items S.

The proportion of transactions T in T for which S
T is the support of S. The rule R (AB) occurs with
support s if s% of transaction in D contains AB.
The rule that has a support s greater than a usersupplied
support threshold ()
is defined to be
R2: Age(A,20..29) income(A,60K..80K)
buys(A,
significant
(have
minimum
support).
High Resolution TV)
Confidence: It is based on a user-supplied confidence
The Rules that concern associations between the presence
threshold , and aims to discover how strong a rule
or absence of items are Boolean rules: For e.g. "buys an item
antecedent A implies another rule consequent B. The
A" or "does not buy an item A" (e.g. R3)
association rule AB occurs with confidence c if c%
of
the transactions in D containing A also contains B.
R3: buys(x, "A") ^ buys(x, "B") buys(x, "C") [0.2%, 60%]
The association rule AB is said to be valid if the
The rules that concern associations between quantitative
support for the A and B co-occurrence exceeds , and
items or attributes are quantitative rules. For instance R4 is an
the confidence of this association rule exceeds .
example of quantitative association rules:
The support is computed as follows:
R4: age(x, "20..29") ^ income(x, "18..38K) buys(x, "PC")
S(A B) = |A B| / |T |
(1)
[1%, 80%]
Table 1: Example of Support Measure
Rough set theory can be used for data mining when the
TID Items Support=Occurrence/Total Trans
available information is insufficient to determine the exact
value of a given set, based on lower and upper approximations
1
ABD
for the representation of a concerned set [6].
By using this theory, it is possible to extract rules that are
similar to normal associations. However, we investigate the
rough set approach to discover class association rules and we
show that this approach is simpler than the classic association
method.
The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 describes
ARM background which explains data preparation for further
processing with rough set approach. Additionally, it discusses
the meaning of itemset, support and confidence of rule, how to
transform relational schema into bitmap table and the meaning
of class association rules. Section 3, presents the rough set
model and its applications. Section 4 discusses how to apply
RST to class association rules, how to represent data with RST
and the algorithm C_Apriori adopted for CAR mining.
Finally, section 5 concludes the paper.
II.

BACKGROUND

Agrawal et al., [3] is the first author that introduces

Association Rule Mining that begins a well-known data
mining research field. The main idea is to extract the common
model of mined knowledge under the format of the
Association Rules set (ARs) based on data stored in
transactional database D. Let I = {i1, i2, , in1, in} be a set
of items or database attributes, and T = {t1, t2, , tm1, tm}
be a set of transactions or database records, T describe D,
where each tj T includes the items in the set I I.

AB

ABC

BCD

Total Trans=4
Support({AB})=3/4=75%
Support({BC})=2/4=50%

Where |A B| is the transaction number containing the set

A B in T, and |T | is the cardinality of the set T.
The confidence is computed as follows:
C(A B) = S(A B) / S(A)

(2)

Table 2: Example of Confidence Measure

TID

Items

ABD

AB

ABC

BCD

Given an implication XY;

Conf(XY)=Supp(YUX)/Supp(X)

Conf(AB)=3/3=100%
Conf(BD})=2/4=50%

Apriori algorithm is mainly the well-known ARM

algorithm, developed by Agrawal et al., [3] which represents
the basis of various subsequent ARM algorithms.

A. Relation Table Types

Generally, the process of association rules discovery uses a
single table (relation) as a source of data that represents
relations between items. Formally, a relation is a relational
table R that includes a set of tuples (t1,t2,ti,tn), where ti
The implication of co-occurring relationship between two represents the i-th tuple. A relation R can be either
sets of items in D is what it defines an association rule. accompanied with binary domain or non-binary attributes. As
However, an association rule is expressed in the form of the an example of a relation RL1 with binary attributes: the
of (B),
a computer
item
implication: antecedent (A)
presence
consequent
where A,
B in a transaction or its absence
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36

represents its domain {sold, not sold}. An attribute Aj is nonbinary domain is represented by j items and =1 binary
vectors such that n is the number of attributes of the nonbinary domain. For example, for the best representation of a
customer wealth level, we associate to the attribute income
the domain constituted by 3 (j=3) items {high, medium, low}
defined as follows: a1 = {high income"}, a2 = {middle
income"} and a3 ={low income}.

The complete set of CARs satisfying a user-specified

minimum support and minimum confidence constraint.

B. Bitmap Representation
A relation or table uses as data source for ARM approach,
some attributes are measurable with discrete variable as some
numerical or textual values on behalf of some range. However,
the form of original data representation could be changed
exactly so that, each attribute in the new Bitmap table is an
exact value of one item in the original table, and each attribute
value should be 1 or 0, expressing if it exist there is a 1,
otherwise a 0 in the bitmap table [7].
Let be the example of table 3 where attributes representing
data are {X}, {Y} and {Z}. The attribute X has two values {A
and B} = {Account debited, Account credited}, the attribute Y
has three values {C, D and E} = {low income, high income,
middle income} and the attribute Z has two values {F, G} =
{according loan, not according loan}. There are 7 items for the
resultant Bitmap table {A, B, C, D, E, F and G}.
Table 3: Original Relation Data
Tid
1
2
3
4
5

Account
Debited
Debited
Debited
Debited
Credited

income
middle
low
middle
high
high

According Loan
yes
no
yes
yes
no

The conversion of original relation data as Bitmap table is

represented in Table 4 as follows:
Table 4: Bitmap Table after Original Data Conversion
Tid
1
2
3
4
5

A
1
1
1
1
0

B
0
0
0
0
1

C
0
1
0
0
0

D
0
0
0
1
1

E
1
0
1
0
0

F
1
0
1
1
0

G
0
1
0
0
1

C. Class Association Rules (CARs)

Let be T a set of n transactions. Each transaction is
labelled by a class y. The set of all items in T is labeled by
and the set of class labels is labeled by Y where IY=. A
class association rule (CAR) is an implication of the form:
AB where A I, and B Y. The following table gives a
comparison between normal association rules (NAR), denoted
above by ARM, and class association rules (CAR):
Table 5: Comparison between NAR and CAR
NAR
Support
confidence
Consequent
condition

any
item(s)
any
item(s)

CAR
Same support
Same confidence
Has only single item. No item from I
appear as consequent
No class label from Y can appear as a
rule condition

III.

ROUGH SET

Rough set theory (RST) is a useful mathematical method

that deals with inconsistency problems developed by Pawlak
[8].
RST is defined as an extension of the conventional set
theory that supports approximations in decision Making [8].
The rough set is the approximation of a vague concept (set) by
a pair of fixed concepts classifying a specified domain into
disjoint categories named lower and upper approximations.
The lower approximation describes the domain objects which
are known with certainty to belong to the subset of interest,
whereas the upper approximation describes the objects which
possibly belong to the subset.
The theory of rough sets is described formally in the work
of [8][9]. The concept of RST is described as follows:
Let be the universe a finite set of objects for that
any subset A of the universe is called a concept in and
representing each knowledge by any family of concepts
contained in . The family of classifications over the universe
refers the knowledge base over . The formal foundation of
RST is based on the fact to consider the universe as a finite
set. In database systems, the meaningfulness of updating sets
(insert, delete and join) is important in several database
applications.
More formally, let be R an equivalence relation over
such that RAA, then the following properties should be
considered:
R is reflexive : aRa,
R is symmetric: if aRb then bRa
R is transitive (if aRb and bRc then aRc)
/R denotes the family of equivalence classes of R and aR
denotes the category in R that contains an element a included
in . Let be KB=( , R) denotes the knowledge base and B a
non empty subset of the set A of all attributes, then the
equivalence relation R(B) is called the indiscernibility relation
over B representing a binary relation on defined for x,y
. Because, information table (relational data) contains
attributes and domains, a set Va is associated with every
attribute a A (its values) and called the domain of a.
Any subset B of A determines a binary relation R(B) on
and is defined as follows:

xR(B)y if and only if a(x)=a(y) for each a A , where a(x)

indicates the attribute value a for element x.
Complementary mathematical properties have been
explored by the current research in the RST. As an instance,
after studying the ordered set of rough set theory, the author in
[10] shows that the relations are not essentially reflexive,
symmetric or transitive.

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A. Approximations
As defined before, as starting point of the RST, the
indiscernibility relation is intended to express the fact that due
to the lack of knowledge, but it is unable to distinguish some
objects employing the available information. RST includes
another important concept which is Approximations. The
approximation is also associated with the meaning of the
approximations of topological operations [11].

The types of approximations exploited in Rough Sets

Theory are described below:

Lower Approximation (B*): The description of the

domain object known with certainty to belong to the
subset of interest defines the lower approximation
(LA). Additionally, the LA Set (B*) of a set X
regarding to R is the set containing all the objects,
which surely can be classified with X regarding R.
2. Upper Approximation (B*): The objects that possibly
belong to the subset of interest define the upper
approximation (UA). Moreover, the UA Set (B*) of a
set X with regard to R is the set containing all the
objects that, possibly, can be classified with X
regarding R.
3. Boundary Region (BR): The set of all the objects,
contained in a set X with regard to R, which cannot
be classified neither as X nor -X regarding R is the
definition of BR.
BR is a crisp set (exact in relation to R), if the BR is a
set X = (Empty); otherwise BR is a rough set = B* B*, if the boundary region is a set X . More
formally, let a set X , B be an equivalence
relation and a knowledge base K = (,B). Two
subsets can be associated:
a. B-lower: B*= {Y /B : Y X}
b. B-upper: B*= {Y /B : Y X }
Similarly, POS(B), BN(B) and NEG(B) are defined below
1.

[8].

POS(B) = B* certainly member of X

NEG(B) = B* certainly non-member of X
BR(B) = B* - B* possibly member of X.

1.
2.
3.

NEG(B)

B*

BR(B)

Pattern Recognition: As an application of pattern

recognition, Mrozek and Cyran [12] proposed, in
2001, a hybrid method of automatic diffraction
pattern recognition based on RST and Neural
Network. This new method uses RST to define the
objective function and stochastic evolutionary
algorithm for space search of a feature extractor. The
neural networks are used for uncertain systems
modeling.
Acoustical analysis: An application based on the RST
is used to induce generalized rules describing the
relationship between acoustical parameters of concert
halls and sound processing algorithms are described
in the work of Kotek [13] in 1999.
Classification of spatial and meteorological pattern:
the current sunspot recognition and classification
systems are manual and if successfully learned by a
machine, the labor intensive processes begin
automated. The approach proposed in by Nguyen et
al., [14] in 2005 employs a hierarchical rough set
based learning method for sunspot classification. The
aim of this system is to learn the modified Zurich
classification scheme adopting rough set-based
decision tree induction. The evaluation of the
proposed system based on sunspots extracted from
satellite images, presents promising results. Another
work adopting the RST approach is developed by
Shen and Jensen [15] in 2007 to classify a number of
meteorological storm events.
Intelligent control systems: The intelligent control
system, especially when incorporated with fuzzy
theory is an important application field of rough set
theory [16].
IV.

A. Data Representation with RST

The format, often, used to present data is table format,
where each column indicates an attribute and each row
indicates an object of interest and each entry of the table
contains an attribute value. Such tables are composed of
information systems, attribute-value tables and information
tables. In this paper, we will adopt the information table
format, where the columns represent variables and rows
represents cases (objects). All variables in information tables
are called attributes.
The main problems that can be undertaken by the use of
RST are the following:

POS(B)
B*

Figure 2: B-approximation Sets and B-Regions Definition

B. RST Applications
Several properties of RST that make the theory an evident
choice for us to deal with real problems: a brief overview of
some of the many applications of rough set is presented in the
following section:

RST APPLIED TO CAR

A set of object can be characterized in terms of

attribute values.
It is possible to find association rules between items
in Y and I.
Generation of association rules
An example of information table is presented in Table 5
with two classes Y={Sport and Education} and seven text
documents. Each document is a transaction and consists of a
set of keywords. Additionally, each transaction is labeled with
a topic class in Y. The set of keywords is denoted by the items

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in I={Student, Teach, School, City, Game, Baseball,

Basketball, Team, Coach, Player, Spectator}.

Let be x and B A. We denote the elementary set of B

containing x by [x]B, represented by the following set:

Table 6: Example of Illustrative Data Set Containing

Documents and Their Classes
Doc id

Transaction

Class

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Student, Teach, School

Student, School
Teach, School, City, Game
Baseball, Basketball
Basketball, Player, Spectator
Baseball, Coach, Game, Team
Basketball, Team, City, Game

Education
Education
Education
Sport
Sport
Sport
Sport

The set represents all the possible cases, the set of all
attributes denoted by A, and the set of all attribute values
denoted by V. An information table defines an information
function I: A V.

{[(, )] | , I(, ) = }

Let be the subset of containing all cases from that

are indistinguishable from x while using all attributes from B
the elementary sets. Elementary sets are called information
granules in the terminology of soft computing. Element sets
are blocks of attribute-value pairs represented by that specific
attribute, While subset B is limited to a single attribute,.
Consequently,
[{Game}]={3,6,7}
[{Player}]={ 5}
To combine two attribute-values, for example, the
elementary set of B with two attributes is defined as follows:

Pawlak has presented a formal definition of a decision

table, in 1982. A decision table is a system S= ( , A, V, f)
where:

A constitutes the union of the conditions attributes set

(C) and the decision attributes set (D) (CD)
V : denotes the union of the set of values of an
attribute a included in A (domain of a) represented as
follows:

aA

Va

fa: is an association rule function between attributes

fa: CaDa, Where Ca C an attribute or a set of
attributes that belongs to C and Da D an attribute or
a set of attributes that belongs to D. The association
rule is denoted by a function fv:CvDv, Where
Cv C a value or a set of values that belongs to Cv
and Dv D an attribute or a set of attributes that
belongs to Dv.
Table 6 contains attributes, where condition attributes
are in the set ={Student, Teach, School, City, Game,
Baseball, Basketball, Team, Coach, Player,
Spectator} and decision attribute in the set {class}.
An attribute-value is denoted by the pair = (a, v) where
a A, v V. [] denotes a block, including the set of all cases
in where each attribute a has a value v. In ARM approach,
the support measure of an attribute, compute the existence of
an attribute in a specified row, then the support of an attributevalue pair is obtained by the cardinality of [] and denoted by
|[]|. Based on the example in the Table 6, blocks and their
related support are defined as follows:
[]1: [{Student}] = {1, 2}, and support([]1)=2
[]2:[ {School}] = {1,2,3}, and support([]2)=3
[]3:[ {Spectator}] = {5}, and support([]3)=1
[]4:[ {Basketball}] = {4, 5, 7}, and support ([]4)=3
[]5=[{Game}] = {3,6, 7}, and support ([]5)=3
[]6=[ {Baseball}] = {4,6}, and support ([]6)=2
[]7=[{Student, School}] = {1, 2}, and support([]7)=2
[]8=[{Team}] = {6, 7}, and support([]8)=2

{[]1,[]2}=[{Student, School}]={1,2}, and support

([]1,[]2)=2
{[]5, []8}=[{Game,Team}]={6,7}, and support ([]5
, []8)=2

B. Class Association Rules Algorithm

a.

Class Association Rules between Items

CARs can be mined directly in a single step, unlike the
normal association rules. The aim is to find all rules having a
support greater than minsupp, and for that reason a rule is of
the form: (i, y) where i I (set of items) and y Y (a class
label).
The support and the confidence of a class association rules
are denoted, respectively, by S and C as follows:
S=

| () ()|
||

Where B* is the upper approximation in term of rough set

theory representing the items in the condition of the rule and
| () ()| the number of the items i occurring in
conjunction with a label y across the transactions in the table
and || indicates the number of all the transactions in the
table.
C=

| () ()|
| ()|

Where () denotes the number of the items i in the

condition of the association occurring across the transactions
in the table.
Let be a class association rule defined as follows:
CR={Student, SchoolEducation}. The elementary set of B
in the condition of the rule contains two attributes and is
defined as follows:

{condSet}={[]c}=[{Student, School}]={1,2}, and

support ([]c)=2
{decSet}={ []d}=[{education}]={1,2,3} and support
{ []d}=3
Support of CR= support {condSetdecSet}
=support{[]c,[]d}=support{1,2}=2
||

=7
Then the support of (CR) is 2/7=28%.
The confidence of CR is the S(CR)/support ([]c)=2/2=1.

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However, as those explained by the previous examples, the

rough set approach to discover CAR is much simpler than the
normal association method presented at the beginning of this
paper.
b.

CAR Mining Algorithm

The algorithm generating class association rules is denoted
by C_Apripori which is based on Apriori algorithm.
C_Apriori generates all the frequent rules making multiple
passes over data, resembling the Apriori algorithm. In the first
pass, it counts the support of each 1-ruleitem (containing one
item in its condition set). The set of all ruleitems (1-candidate)
is denoted by the following expression:
C0={({i},y)|i and y }
Algorithm C_Apriori
1
Discretization of data, k=0;
2
Ckinit ( ) ;
//first pass over database
3
Fk{f|fC0, f.supportminsupp};
4
CRk{f|f Fk , f.confidenceminconf} ; k++
5
for (i=k ; Fk-1 ; i++) do
6
CiCAcandidate-gen(Fi-1);
7
for each transaction t do
8
for each cCi do
9
if (c.Condset is included in t) then
10
c.condsupport++
11
if(t.class=c.class) then
12
CRi.support++
13
endfor
14
endfor
15
Fi{cCi|c.supportminsupp} ;
16
CAi{f|f F, f.supportminconf} ;
17 endfor
18 return CAiCAi
The instruction in line 3 indicates whether the candidate 1ruleitems are frequent or no and we generate 1-condition CR
(rule with unique condition) from the identified 1-ruleitem. In
the next pass i, the algorithm C_Apriori starts with the
beginning set of (i-1)-ruleitems established as frequent in the
(i-1)-pass, and uses this beginning set to generate another new
frequent k-ruleitems (Ci in line 6). The support counted for
both the condition rule and the rule are updated continuously
during the scan of the data for each i-ruleitem. The objective
behind the overall data scan is to find which of the actually
frequent candidate k-ruleitem in Ci (line 15). And finally, in
line 16, the C_Apriori algorithm generates i-condition CA
(class association rules with i conditions). The CA candidategen is very similar function to the candidtae-gen function in
the Apriori algorithm. The unique difference is that in CA
candidate-gen rule items joins the condition sets aiming to join
the rule items with the same class.

39

V.

CONCLUSION

This paper proposes an approach based RST for class

association rule mining. Mining class association rules with
the proposed C_Apriori algorithm is easy and efficient. It
computes the support and the confidence in a similar manner
to the elementary set of lower approximation included in the
RST approach. C_Apriori is more easily compared to the
classic Apriori algorithm, where the process of frequent
itemsets searching based on the concept of equivalence class is
very simple. In future we will investigate the Bitmap structure
to convert dataset to structured data where items are denoted
by binary representation, and each line (transaction) is
converted to a binary number.
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ISSN: 2277-5048| 2014 Bonfring

Bonfring International Journal of Data Mining, Vol. 4, No. 4, November 2014

Dr. Thabet Slimani got a PhD in Computer Science

(2011) from the University of Tunisia. He is currently
an Assistant Professor of Information Technology at the
Department of Computer Science of Taif University at
Saudia Arabia, where he is involved both in research
and teaching activities. His research interests are
mainly related to Semantic Web, Data Mining,
Business Intelligence, Knowledge Management and
recently Web services. Dr.Thabet is the author of some programming books
and has published his research through international conferences, chapter in
books and peer reviewed journals. He also serves as a reviewer for some
conferences and journals.

ISSN: 2277-5048| 2014 Bonfring

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