Thompson PDF

Outline
Overview of Nuclear Reactions

Elastic Cross Sections
Reactions Theory I
Ian Thompson
Nuclear Theory and Modeling Group

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
[email protected]
LLNL-PRES-491271
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline

Compound and Direct
Reactions
Types of direct reactions
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline

Compound and Direct
Reactions
Phase Shifts from Potentials
Integral Expressions
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline
Classification by Outcome
1. Elastic scattering:
projectile and target stay in their g.s.
2. Inelastic scattering:
projectile or target left in excited state
3. Transfer reaction:
1 or more nucleons moved to the other nucleus
4. Fragmentation/Breakup/Knockout:
3 or more nuclei/nucleons in the final state
5. Charge Exchange:
A is constant but Z (charge) varies, e.g. by pion exchange
6. Multistep Processes:
intermediate steps can be any of the above
(virtual rather than real)
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline
7. Deep inelastic collisions:

Highly excited states produced
8. Fusion:
Nuclei stick together
9. Fusion-evaporation:
fusion followed by particle-evaporation and/or gamma
emission
10. Fusion-fission:
fusion followed by fission
The first 6 processes are Direct Reactions (DI)
The last 3 processes give a Compound Nucleus (CN).
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline
Compound and Direct Reactions

So when two nuclei collide there are 2 types of reactions:
1. Nuclei can coalesce to form highly excited Compound
nucleus (CN) that lives for relatively long time.
Long lifetime sufficient for excitation energy to be shared by
all nucleons. If sufficient energy localised on one or more
nucleons (usually neutrons) they can escape and CN decays.
Independence hypothesis: CN lives long enough that it loses
its memory of how it was formed. So probability of various
decay modes independent of entrance channel.
2. Nuclei make glancing contact and separate immediately, said
to undergo Direct reactions(DI).
Projectile may lose some energy, or have one or more nucleons
transferred to or from it.
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline
Location of reactions:
CN reactions at small impact parameter,
DI reactions at surface & large impact parameter.
CN reaction involves the whole nucleus.
DI reaction usually occurs on the surface of the nucleus. This leads
to diffraction effects.
Duration of reactions:
A typical nucleon orbits within a nucleus with a period of 1022
sec. [as K.E. 20 MeV].
If reaction complete within this time scale or less then no time for
distribution of projectile energy around target DI reaction
occurred. CN reactions require 1022 sec.
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline
Angular distributions:
In DI reactions differential cross section strongly forward peaked as

projectile continues to move in general forward direction.
Differential cross sections for CN reactions do not vary much with
angle (not complete isotropy as still slight dependence on direction
of incident beam).
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline
Types of direct reactions:

Can identify various types of DI processes that can occur in
reactions of interest:
1. Elastic scattering: A(a, a)A zero Q-value internal states
unchanged.
2. Inelastic scattering: A(a, a0 )A or A(a, a )A . Projectile a
gives up some of its energy to excite target nucleus A. If
nucleus a also complex nucleus, it can also be excited.
[If energy resolution in detection of a not small enough to
resolve g.s. of target from low-lying excited states then cross
section will be sum of elastic and inelastic components. This
is called quasi-elastic scattering].
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline
3. Breakup reactions: Usually referring to breakup of projectile

a into two or more fragments. This may be elastic breakup or
inelastic breakup depending on whether target remains in
ground state.
4. Transfer reactions:
Stripping:
Pickup:
5. Charge exchange reactions: mass numbers remain the
same. Can be elastic or inelastic.
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline

Some terminology
Reaction channels:
In nuclear reaction, each possible combination of nuclei is called a
partition.
Each partition further distinguished by state of excitation of each
nucleus and each such pair of states is known as a reaction
channel.
The initial partition, a + A (both in their ground states) is known
as the incident, or entrance channel. The various possible
outcomes are the possible exit channels.
In a particular reaction, if not enough energy for a particular exit
channel then it is said to be closed.
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline

Spherical Potentials
Non-relativistic, 2-body formalism of Schr
odinger equation (SE).
Look at 2-body system in potential V (r )
r = (r1 r2 )
R = (m1 r1 + m2 r2 )/(m1 + m2 )
The time-indendent Schr
odinger equation is
= E
H
(1)
The Hamiltonian for the system is

2
2
= ~ r1 ~ r2 + V (r )
H
2m1
2m2
2
~
~2
R
r + V (r )
=
2M
2m
[ m = m1 m2 /(m1 + m2 ) and M = m1 + m2 ]
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
(2)
Outline

Thus can look for separable solutions of the form

(R, r) = (R)(r)
(3)
Substituting for back in SE (1) gives LHS function of R and

RHS function of r. Thus both equal to common constant, Ecm .
Hence
~2 2
(R) = Ecm (R)
2M R
(4)
and

where
~2 2
+ V (r )
2m r

(r) = Erel (r)
Erel = E Ecm .
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
(5)
Outline

In scattering, if m1 is projectile incident on stationary target m2

then
Ecm =
m1
E
m1 + m2
Erel =
m2
E
m1 + m2
Solution to (4) is simple: (R) = A e iKR which is plane wave.

Thus c.o.m. moves with constant momentum ~K and does not
change after scattering. (Note, Ecm = ~2 K /2M).
The real physics is in Eq.(5).
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline

Spherical Potentials: (r) from V (r )

Incoming plane wave exp(ikz)
R=0
Beam direction +z
Outgoing spherical waves exp(ikR)/R
If incident beam 1 cm wide, this is 1013 fm = 1012 nuclear

size).
Thus beam can be represented by plane wave e ikr
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline

As |r| (i.e. moving away radially from scattering centre),

e ikr
ikr
(6)
(r) N e
+ f (, )
r
where k is defined as Erel = ~2 K /2m. Take N = 1.
In QM, flux (probability current density) is given by

i~
J = Re r
m
For incident flux,
Jinc
inc = e ikr and

i~
ikr
ikr
= Re e
r e
m
~k
.
=
m
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
(7)
Outline

Cross Section
For scattered flux
scat = f (, )
Jscat = Jinc
e ikr
r
and hence we obtain
|f (, )|2
r
r2
(8)
Define the differential cross-section (in units of area) as

The number of particles scattered into unit solid angle
per unit time, per unit incident flux, per target point,
so
d
= |f (, )|2 .
d
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
(9)
Outline

What does f (, ) look like?

We know what the solution must look like asymptotically:

e ikr
ikr
(r) N e
+ f (, )
r
(10)
For V (r ) a central potential, choose partial wave solutions

(r) =
X u` (r )
`
kr
Y`0 ()
(11)
and choose z-axis parallel to incident beam, so e ikr = e ikz .

Then can write radial Schr
odinger equation as

d 2 u`
2m
`(` + 1)
2
+ k 2 V (r )
u` = 0
dr 2
~
r2
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
(12)
Outline

Asymptotic Solutions
Choose V (r ) = 0 for r > r0 . Beyond r0 get free solution

`(` + 1)
00
2
u` + k
u` = 0
r2
(13)
Free solution is related to Coulomb functions

r > r0 :
u` = A`
F` (kr )
+ B` G` (kr )
kr j` (kr )
(regular)
r : sin(kr `/2)
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
kr n` (kr )
(irregular)
cos(kr `/2)
(14)
Outline

Phase Shifts
As r
u` A` sin(kr `/2) + B` cos(kr `/2)
=
C` sin(kr `/2 + ` )
(15)
where ` is known as the phase shift, so tan ` = B` /A` here.

If V = 0 then solution must be valid everywhere, even at origin
where it has to be regular. Thus B` = 0.
So, asymptotically (long way from scattering centre):
For V = 0
and for V 6= 0
u` = A` sin(kr `/2)
u` = C` sin(kr `/2 + ` ) (16)
Thus, switching scattering potential on shifts the phase of the

wave function at large distances from the scattering centre.
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline

Scattering amplitudes from Phase Shifts

Now substituting for u` from Eq.(16) back into Eq.(11) for (r),
and after some angular momentum algebra, we obtain a scattering
wave function which, when equated with the required asymptotic
form of Eq.(10) gives
f () =
1X
(2` + 1) T` P` (cos )
k
(17)
1
(S` 1) .
2i
(18)
where
T` = e i` sin ` =
T` is the partial wave T -matrix.

S` is the partial-wave S-matrix.
They are connected to the T-matrix (see later).
There is no dependence on because of central potentials.
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline

Properties of the S-matrix S` :
The S-matrix element is a complex number S` = e 2i`

1. For purely diffractive (real) potentials |S` | = 1.
This is called unitarity, and is the conservation of flux.
` is usually positive for attractive potentials.
2. For absorptive (complex) potentials, |S` | 1.
The total absorption=fusion cross section is
X
A =
(2` + 1)(1 |S` |2 )
k
`
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
(19)
Outline

`-dependence of the S-matrix S` :
1. The ` value (partial wave)

where Re(S` ) 0.5 is the
grazing ` value.
2. Partial wave ` related to
impact parameter b
in semiclassical limit:
`=k b
Typical dependence of S` on ` for

scattering from an absorptive optical
potential:
Real part
Imaginary part
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
10
20
partial wave
30
Absorption when |S` |2 < 1 in the

interior.
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline

Resonances:
Occur when two particles trapped together (eg for time ).
1. Give energy peaks in cross sections with fwhm ~/ .
2. Phase shifts typically

rise
rapidly through /2 (90 ) as
res (E ) = arctan E/2
+ bg for peak at energy Er .
r E
3. Cross section peak (E ) =
2
4
(2L+1) (E Er )/4
2 +2 /4
k2
A narrow resonance
150
Wide resonances
180
Phase shift (E) (degrees)
Phase shift (deg)
100
135
90
45
1/2
1/2
+
3/2
3/2
50
50
0
0.036
0.038
0.04
0.042
Energy (MeV)
0.044
100
Ian Thompson
4
En (MeV, cm)
Reactions Theory I
+ bg
Outline

Free Greens function G0 (E )

Can write the Schrodinger equation as
(E H) = 0
or
(E H0 ) = V
(20)
where H = H0 + V . Thus
= (E H0 )1 V = G0 (E ) V
(21)
G0 (E ) is the Greens operator.

Eq.(21) is not general solution for as can add on solution of
homogeneous equation
(E H0 ) = 0
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
(22)
Outline

Lipmann-Schwinger equation
General solution of Eq.(20) is
= + G0 (E ) V
(23)
= + G0 V + G0 V G0 V + ....
(24)
Eq.(23) can be written in integral form as the

Lipmann-Schwinger equation
Z
(r) = (r) +
dr 0 G (r, r 0 ) V (r 0 ) (r 0 )
(25)
This is iterative
where G (r, r 0 ) is the Greens function.

Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline

Integral expression for the Scattering Amplitude

The
(r) = e ikr = incident plane wave,

(+)
and we use k (r)
for the scattering wave function.
(i.e. incident momentum k and (+) for outgoing waves solution).

Comparing Eq.(25) with required asymptotic form for we see
that integral term must tend to
f ()
e ikr
r
as |r| .
(26)
Thus, using properties of Greens function, with k0 at angle ,

Z
m
0
(+)
f () =
dr e ik r V (r ) k (r) .
(27)
2~2
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline

Transition matrix element
In Dirac (bra-ket) notation we write this

f () =
=
m
(+)
h k0 | V | k i
2~2
(28)
m
T (k0 , k) .
2~2
(29)
T (k0 , k) is known as the Transition matrix element.
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory I
Outline
Non-elastic Cross Sections
How?
Physics of Nuclear Reactions
Reactions Theory II
Ian Thompson
Nuclear Theory and Modeling Group

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
[email protected]
LLNL-PRES-491271
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?

How?
A Code and a Book
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?

How?
A Code and a Book
Elastic Scattering
Inelastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Compound Nucleus Decays After Fusion
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
Multi-channel Scattering
Use for inelastic, transfer, breakup channels (etc)
in addition to elastic.
Two channel (1=elastic, 2=reaction) make coupled channels:
[T1 + U1 E1 ]1 (r) + V12 2 (r) = 0
[T2 + U2 E2 ]2 (r) + V21 1 (r) = 0.
Forward coupling:
V21 1 (r) gives effect of channel 1 on channel 2,
Back coupling:
V12 2 (r) gives effect of channel 2 on channel 1
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
(1)
Outline
How?
Simplified Multi-channel Scattering gives DWBA

If channel 2 is weak, we can neglect the V12 2 (r) term: the back
effect on channel 1. This equals the Born Approximation:
[T1 + U1 E1 ]1 (r) + V12 2 (r) = 0
2 (r) = [T2 + U2 E2 ]1 V21 1 (r)
(2)
So the DWBA scattering amplitude in channel 2 is

f21 () =
m2
h k2 | V21 | 1 i
2~2
DWBA is a simplified method to give scattering amplitudes of

non-elastic channels.
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
(3)
Outline
How?
A Code and a Book
Coupled Channels Calculations
Free!
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
A Code and a Book
New Book (available now!)
Cambridge University Press: http://www.cambridge.org/9780521856355
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Halo Scattering: Elastic
Halo Total Reaction Cross Section
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Halo Fusion Reactions
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Halo Scattering: Elastic

Depends on
Folded potential from

densities
Halo breakup effects, i.e.
Polarisation potential
from breakup channel
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Outline
How?
20
10
Theory options:
4+
4+
4+
10
10
Cross section (mb/sr)
Need a structure model for the

couplings
Choose here a rotational
model: 2 = 0.205.
10
10
10
10
2+
0+
First order
2+
0+
Second order
2+
10
0+
10
All orders
Ian Thompson
+ Ne(0 2 4 ) inelastic cross sections
0+ ground state
20
2+ state of Ne
4+ state
10
20
30
Scattering angle (degrees)
Reactions Theory II
40
Outline
How?
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Four- and Six-body Scattering
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Outline
How?
Halo Total Reaction Cross Section

Depends on
1300
11
Densities and NN
scattering, as usual
Li
But: Effects of Halo

Breakup (virtual and real)
are big!
Use few-body Glauber,

not Optical Limit Glauber
OL
1200
New radii are larger.
Ian Thompson
R (mb)
FB
1100
1000
900
3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2

rms radius (fm)
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Transfer Reactions to Probe Single-Particle Structure

Weak, so use DWBA
One-nucleon transfers, (p,d)

shape shows L-value of orbital
magnitude gives spectroscopic
factor
Two-neutron transfers, (p,t)

Magnitude depends on s-wave
pairing in halo
Only relative magnitudes
reliably modeled.
But: full analysis requires
multi-step calculations
Ian Thompson
105
58Ni(d,p)59Ni
d3/2
104
s1/2
d/d (arbitrary units)
103
d5/2
p1/2
102
101
g9/2
p3/2
f5/2
100
10-1
40
40
80
cm (deg)
Reactions Theory II
80
120
Outline
How?
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Stripping (Breakup) Reactions: Measuring Momentum

Probing the momentum content of bound states by breakup
reactions
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Stripping Reactions: Nuclear Structure

Glauber (eikonal) theory of breakup:
E.Sauvan et al., Phys Lett B 491 (2000) 1

Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Stripping Reactions: Removing a Neutron

Reaction 9 Be(17 C, 16 C)X
Measured from core decays helps to fix the final state
Ian Thompson
[Maddalena et al., PRC63(01)024613]

Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Halo Fusion: an Unsolved Problem

In low-energy Halo Fusion (near the Coulomb barrier):
Halo neutrons should affect fusion:
I
Increase fusion, from neutron attractions & neutron flow
Decrease complete fusion, from breakup
Increase fusion, from molecular states & resonances
So: need experiments + good theories!

Some experiments already performed with 6 He and 9 Be, but
theoretical interpretations are still unclear.
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions

Flux does not disappear the nuclei fuse together, but reappears as
mixture of narrow resonances of the compound system.
I
I
I
I
I
Narrow resonances long-lived many oscillations to decay

Bohr hypothesis: decay independent of production method
So decay by all possible means :
emission of , n, p, , maybe fission.
Average the cross sections over (say) 0.1 MeV, h0 i to
cover many resonances
Hauser-Feshbach theory gives the statistical branching ratios
between the channels .
So we can calculate residual nuclear ground states after all

emissions are finished.
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Transmission coefficients for CN production

Transmission coefficient T (E ) = 1 |S (E )|2 is the probability
of CN production for scattering at energy E .
Transmission coefficients for neutrons incident on
partial waves L, using a global optical potential:
Transmission coefficient
10
10
10
10
L=0
L=1
L=2
L=3
L=4
L=5
L=6
L=7
0.1
1.0
Neutron energy (MeV, lab)
Ian Thompson
10.0
Reactions Theory II
90 Zr
in various
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Outline
How?
Decay paths and Branching Probabilities

I
I
I
I
I
So consider all possible exit channels 00 and normalize to total

Hauser-Feshbach cross section 0 (simple form):
T T0
h0 (L; E )i = 2 (2L+1) P
k
00 T00
The same T are used for producing as for decaying.
If we do not know all the , average over a level density (E ):
Decay paths starting from neutron + A X :
(n,)
(n,n')
(n,)
(n,2n)
(n,3n)
E
J
A-2X
Neg. parity
Pos. parity
Isomer
J
A-1X
E
J
AX
Ian Thompson
E
J
A+1X
Reactions Theory II
Outline
How?
Elastic Scattering
Transfer Reactions
Breakup Reactions
Fusion Reactions
Result of a Hauser-Feshbach Calculation

Using the code Talys:
n+
181
Ta HauserFeshbach calculation
Residue cross sections (b)
4
(n,3n)
180
(n,2n) to Ta (gs)
180
m
(n,2n) to Ta
(n,2n) sum
(n,n)
181
(n,) capture to Ta
10
15
Neutron energy (MeV, lab)
Ian Thompson
Reactions Theory II
20

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Outline

Overview of Nuclear Reactions

Nuclear Theory and Modeling Group

Overview of Nuclear Reactions

Overview of Nuclear Reactions

Types of direct reactions

Types of direct reactions

7. Deep inelastic collisions:

Types of direct reactions

Compound and Direct Reactions

Types of direct reactions

Types of direct reactions

In DI reactions differential cross section strongly forward peaked as

Types of direct reactions

Types of direct reactions:

Types of direct reactions

3. Breakup reactions: Usually referring to breakup of projectile

Types of direct reactions

Types of direct reactions

The Hamiltonian for the system is

Types of direct reactions

Thus can look for separable solutions of the form

Substituting for back in SE (1) gives LHS function of R and

Types of direct reactions

In scattering, if m1 is projectile incident on stationary target m2

Solution to (4) is simple: (R) = A e iKR which is plane wave.

Types of direct reactions

Spherical Potentials: (r) from V (r )

Outgoing spherical waves exp(ikR)/R

If incident beam 1 cm wide, this is 1013 fm = 1012 nuclear

Types of direct reactions

As |r| (i.e. moving away radially from scattering centre),

inc = e ikr and

Types of direct reactions

and hence we obtain

Define the differential cross-section (in units of area) as

Types of direct reactions

What does f (, ) look like?

For V (r ) a central potential, choose partial wave solutions

and choose z-axis parallel to incident beam, so e ikr = e ikz .

Types of direct reactions

Free solution is related to Coulomb functions

Types of direct reactions

where ` is known as the phase shift, so tan ` = B` /A` here.

Thus, switching scattering potential on shifts the phase of the

Types of direct reactions

Scattering amplitudes from Phase Shifts

T` is the partial wave T -matrix.

Types of direct reactions

Properties of the S-matrix S` :

The S-matrix element is a complex number S` = e 2i`

Types of direct reactions

`-dependence of the S-matrix S` :

1. The ` value (partial wave)

Typical dependence of S` on ` for

Absorption when |S` |2 < 1 in the

Types of direct reactions

2. Phase shifts typically

3. Cross section peak (E ) =