CE 307 Weeks2and3
CE 307 Weeks2and3
CE 307 Weeks2and3
WEEKS-2 AND 3
Color
Humic acid present in organic debris imparts
yellowish brown color to water
Iron Oxide Causes reddish color to water.
Manganese Oxides cause brown or blackish color
water.
5 Hazan units (desirable limit.)
and odor:
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL
CHEMISTRY
CONSTITUENTS OF AN ATOM
An atom is an extremely small particle of matter that retains its
identity during chemical reactions.
Symbol
Charge
Mass (amu)
Electron
-1
0.0005486
Proton
+1
1.0088925
Neutron
1.0088665
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Eg.: HF
Hydrogen bonding
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Stoichiometric coefficients
2C8H18+25O216CO2+18H2O
Reactants
Products
a1 Ca(HCO3)2+
NaHCO3
a2 NaOH a3 Ca(OH)2+ a4
Precipitation-Dissolution Reactions
Acid-Base Reactions
Acid is a substance that can donate a proton to the base.
HCl+H2O H3O++Cl
NaOH+H3O+ 2H2O+Na+
Here NaOH is the base and water acts like an acid.
+
This reaction leads to a conjugate acid (Na ), and a base (H2O)
Acid-Base Reactions
pH=-log{H+}
pH in natural waters should be in the range of 6-9 to
support most life.
These reactions which are fast (with half life of
milliseconds) can be a part of biological reactions, passage of
water through soils, acid rains, and direct release from
municipal, households and industries.
Complexation Reactions
It occurs in natural waters whenever the coor-dination of
two (or more) atoms, molecules, or ions results in the
formation of a stable product.
Complex ion + Ligand Stable product
Complexation Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Photosynthesis and respiration are a sequence of
redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions.
Corrosion of iron metal
Fe+H2O+O2 Fe2O3
W
P
100%
W W0
Molarity
Normality
n is number of
electrons transferred in redox reactions
Hydrogen ions transferred in acid-base reactions
Hydrogen ions required to replace the cation in
precipitation reactions
Whats a cation?
PROBLEM-CONCENTRATION UNITS
CONCENTRATION UNITS
CONCENTRATION UNITS
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Rate of forward reaction=rate of reverse reaction
Equilibrium constant (K)
aA+bB cC+dD
NaCl+H2O
Na++Cl-+H
H2O 1
2O
C D
K
a
b
A B
c
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
AaBb(s)aAx++bBy-
Ks A
x a
Mg(OH)2(s)Mg2++2OH-
y b
PROBLEM
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
Acid-base reactions
PROBLEM
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
Gas-Liquid Equilibrium
PROBLEM
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
Gas-Liquid Equilibrium
x=Pgas/KH,m
ng
n n
PROBLEM
ALKALINITY
Alkalinity is the ability of water bodies to
neutralize added acids.
This acid-neutralizing capacity is important to
figure out how buffered the water is against
sudden changes in pH.
Its primarily due to presence of bicarbonate,
carbonate and hydroxide ions.
Salts of weak acids such as borates, silicates and
phosphates may also contribute, but to a lesser
extent
ALKALINITY
Prominent ways of carbonates entering into water
bodies:
ALKALINITY
Transfer
CO2+H2O H2CO3
H2CO3 HCO3-+H+
HCO3- CO32-+H+
ALKALINITY-MEASUREMENT
Alkalinity is expressed as mg/l of CaCO3
Usually 0.02N H2SO4 is used in the titration
1 ml of acid will neutralize 1mg of alkalinity as CaCO3
H+ ions from acid react with the alkaline species as:
OH-+H+ H2O
CO32-+H+ HCO3 HCO3-+H+ H2CO3
ALKALINITY-MEASUREMENT
PROBLEM
HARDNESS
Hardness is defined as sum of all multivalent
cations in solution.
They are two types:
magnesium.
They can be removed by boiling
HARDNESS
Permanent Hardness or non-carbonate
hardness (NCH)
It
HARDNESS
Impacts
2 NaCO2C17H33 +cation2+
cation2+(CO2C17H33)2 +2Na+
Soap
Precipitate
HARDNESS- MEASUREMENT
TH=Sum of all multivalent ions
Alkalinity=
[HCO3-]+[CO32-]+[OH-]-[H+]
@ pH of 6.5-8.3, its assumed that
[OH-]=[H+]
2 [CO3 ]=0
PROBLEM
HARDNESS- MEASUREMENT
EDTA+M [M.EDTA]complex
OXYGEN DEMAND
COD-MEASUREMENT
A sample is refluxed in strongly acid solution
with a known excess of potassium dichromate
(K2Cr2O7).
As we are using excess potassium dichromate
(K2Cr2O7), not all Cr6+ converts to Cr3+
The left over Cr6+ is estimated by titration with
ferrous ammonium sulfate with ferroin as
indicator.
dL
kL
dt
BODt L0 (1 exp( kt ))
BOD
k is temperature dependent
vant Hoff-Arhenius model
kT=1.047
k 20 T 20
PROBLEM
BOD
BOD=CBOD+NBOD
Carbonaceous BOD (CBOD):
NBOD
PROBLEM
IITG has an wastewater treatment plant in
operation. It discharges 10,000 m3 day-1 waste,
with a BODu of 10 mg/l and a decay rate of 0.1
day-1, and DO of 2 mg/l. If the wastewater is
discharged into Brahmaputra river, which has a
flow rate of 1 m3s-1, with a BODu and DO of 1 and 6
mg/l. Estimate BODu and DO initially after mixing.
PROBLEM
Estimate BOD5 of 113 mg/l of C5H7O2N. Given
decay rate is 0.15 day-1
C5H7O2N+5O2 5CO2+2H2O+NH3
NH3+2O2 NO3-+H++H2O
DO SAG CURVE
All rivers have a self purifying capacity
As the waste inside a river increases, it looses its
capacity to cleanse itself.
If DO drops below 4 mg/l, most of the aquatic life
will be effected.
DO SAG CURVE
STREETER-PHELPS MODEL
PROBLEM
The wastewater is found to have a maximum flow rate of
15000 m3/day, a BOD5 of 40 mg/l, a dissolved oxygen
concentration of 2 mg/l, and a temperature of 250C. A slow
moving stream, with a flow rate of 0.5 m3/s, a BOD5 of 3
mg/l, a dissolved oxygen concentration of 8 mg/l , and a
temperature of 220C. Complete mixing of wastewater and
stream is almost instantaneous, and the velocity of
mixture is 0.2m/s.
Where and when does the maximum DO deficit occur?
Assume:
k1= 0.23day-1
k2=0.4 day-1
Equilibrium concentration of DO at 22.80C= 22.8 mg/l