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HW3sol PDF

1. The document contains solutions to exercises from a differential geometry textbook. It includes solutions to questions about determining if a surface is regular, finding parametrizations of surfaces, and properties of coordinate patches. 2. Specific surfaces analyzed include the sphere, saddle surface, helicoid, paraboloid, torus, surface of revolution, and hyperboloid. Properties like being ruled, doubly ruled, and expressions for the first fundamental form are calculated. 3. Methods demonstrated include using coordinate patches to show regularity, constructing parametrizations, and computing coefficients of the first fundamental form from the parametrizations.

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138 views6 pages

HW3sol PDF

1. The document contains solutions to exercises from a differential geometry textbook. It includes solutions to questions about determining if a surface is regular, finding parametrizations of surfaces, and properties of coordinate patches. 2. Specific surfaces analyzed include the sphere, saddle surface, helicoid, paraboloid, torus, surface of revolution, and hyperboloid. Properties like being ruled, doubly ruled, and expressions for the first fundamental form are calculated. 3. Methods demonstrated include using coordinate patches to show regularity, constructing parametrizations, and computing coefficients of the first fundamental form from the parametrizations.

Uploaded by

julianli0220
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mat 4030

HW 3 Solution
20 Oct, 2007

do Carmo P.65 Q.2

S1 = {(x, y, z) R3 |z = 0 and x2 + y 2 1} is not a regular surface. For


otherwise, there exists a coordinate patch x : D S1 containing the point
(1, 0, 0). One can easily observed that the connected component of x(D) must
be homeomorphic to H = {(u, v) R2 |u2 + v 2 < 1 and v 0}. But H and D
are not homeomorphic: Suppose there is a homeomorphism f : H D, then
we have H {(0, 0)} is homeomorphic to D {f (0, 0)}, but the former set is
simply connected while the latter is not. So there is a contradiction.
S2 = {(x, y, z) R3 |z = 0 and x2 + y 2 < 1} is a regular surface. Let
U = {(u, v) R2 |u2 + v 2 < 1} R2 is the unit open disc. Then the map
x : U S2 given by x(u, v) = (u, v, 0) is a coordinate patch which covers S2 ,
with xu = (1, 0, 0), xv = (0, 1, 0) and xu xv = (0, 0, 1) 6= 0.

do Carmo P.66 Q.11

(a) x(u, v) = (u + v, u v, 4uv), (u, v) R2 . As (u + v)2 + (u v)2 =


4uv, x(R2 ) S. Clearly, x is injective and differentiable with xu =
(1, 1, 4v), xv = (1, 1, 4u) and xu xv = (4u + 4v, 4u + 4v, 2) 6= 0. So
x is a parametrization for S.
xy
2
For any point (x, y, z) S, ( x+y
2 , 2 ) R such that

x(

x+y xy
x+y xy x+y xy x+yxy
,
)=(
+
,

,4
)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= (x, y, x2 y 2 ) = (x, y, z).

So x is surjective, i.e. x covers the whole S.


(b) x(u, v) = (u cosh v, u sinh v, u2 ), (u, v) R2 , u 6= 0. As (u cosh v)2 +
(u sinh v)2 = u2 , x({(u, v) R2 |u 6= 0}) S. Clearly x is differentiable
with xu = (cosh v, sinh v, 2u), xv = (u sinh v, u cosh v, 0) and xu xv =
(2u2 cosh v, 2u2 sinh v, u) 6= 0 as u 6= 0. To show that x is injective, let
x(u1 , v1 ) = x(u2 , v2 ) for (u1 , v1 ), (u2 , v2 ) R2 , ui 6= 0. Then u21 = u22
1

(u1 cosh v1 )2
v2 )2
= (u2 cosh
= cosh2 v2
u21
u22
u2 cosh v2
u1 cosh v1
= cosh v2 = u2 sinh v1 = sinh v2
cosh v1

u1 = u2 . cosh2 v1 =

coshv1 =

coshv2 u1 =
ev2 v1 = v2 . Therefore x is a parametrization for S.

ev1 =

We see that xcovers the set {(x, y, z) S|z > 0} for any (x, y, z) S
)) R2 such that
with z > 0, ( z, log( x+y
z

z
z
x+y
x+y

z + x+y z x+y 2
x+y
x( z, log( )) = ( z(
), z(
), ( z) )
2
2
z
(x + y)2 + z 2 (x + y)2 z 2
=(
,
, z)
2(x + y)
2(x + y)
(x + y)2 + (x2 y 2 )2 (x + y)2 (x2 y 2 )2
=(
,
, z)
2(x + y)
2(x + y)
= (x, y, z).

do Carmo P.67 Q.16

(a) The line joining N = (0, 0, 2) to the point (u, v, 0) on the xy-plane is given
by L(u,v) (t) = t(0, 0, 2) + (1 t)(u, v, 0) = ((1 t)u, (1 t)v, 2t). When
L(u,v) intersects the sphere S 2 , we have
[(1 t)u]2 + [(1 t)v]2 + (2t 1)2 = 1
(4 + u2 + v 2 )t2 2t(2 + u2 + v 2 ) + u2 + v 2 = 0
(t 1)[(4 + u2 + v 2 )t (u2 + v 2 )] = 0
t = 0 or t =

u2 + v 2
.
4 + u2 + v 2

When t = 0, L(u,v) (0) = N . So we have


1 (u, v) = L(u,v) (

u2 + v 2
4u
4v
2(u2 + v 2 )
)
=
(
,
,
).
u2 + v 2 + 4
u2 + v 2 + 4 u2 + v 2 + 4 u2 + v 2 + 4

(b) Note that the stereographic projection : S 2 {N } R2 defines a


coordinate patch x = 1 : R2 S 2 {N } omitting the north pole N .
By the same method, we can use it to define another coordinate patch
y R2 S 2 {S = (0, 0, 0)} omitting the south pole S by Y = 1
where is any rotation in R3 around the point (0, 0, 1) which interchanges
N and S. Then {x, y} together cover the sphere.

Oprea 2.1.16
u3
u3
+ uv 2 , v
+ vu2 , u2 v 2 )
3
3
xu = (1 u2 + v 2 , 2uv, 2u)

x(u, v) = (u

xv = (2uv, 1 v 2 + u2 , 2v)
xu xv = (2u(u2 + v 2 + 1), 2v(u2 + v 2 + 1), 1 (u2 + v 2 )2 )
By putting, u = r cos , v = sin , we have
x(r, ) = x(r cos , r sin ) = (r cos

r3 sin3 3
r3 cos3 3
+r cos sin2 , r sin
+r sin cos2 , r2 (cos2 sin2 ))
3
3

and
4
u3
u3
4
x2 + y 2 + z 2 =(u
+ uv 2 )2 + (v
+ vu2 )2 + (u2 v 2 )2
3
3
3
3
r3 cos3
2
3
2
=(r cos
+ r cos sin )
3
r3 sin3
+ (r sin
+ r3 sin cos2 )2
3
4
+ r4 (cos2 sin2 )2
3
cos2
cos2
2
+ sin2 ) + r6 cos2 (
+ sin2 )2
=r + 2r4 cos2 (
3
3
sin2
sin2
+ 2r4 sin2 (
+ cos2 ) + r6 sin2 (
+ cos2 )2
3
3
4
+ r4 (cos2 sin2 )2
3
r4
r6
2
=r +
+
3
9
1 2
2 2
= r (3 + r ) .
9
From this, we know that when r takes different values, the value of x must be
different.
So for x(r1 , 1 ) = x(r2 , 2 ), we must have r1 = r2 = r. Now assume

r < 3. Then by simplifying (x)(r, i ), we get from the third coordinate that
cos 21 = cos 22 , cos2 1 = cos2 2 , sin2 1 = sin2 2 . From the first and second
coordinates we obtain
r3
4r3
r3
4r3
sin2 1
cos 21 ) = cos theta2 (r +
sin2 1
cos 21 )
3
3
3
3
4r3
r3
4r3
r3
sin theta1 (r +
cos2 1
cos 21 ) = sin theta2 (r +
cos2 1
cos 21 ).
3
3
3
3
cos theta1 (r +

It remains to show that |r+ 4r3 sin2 1 r3 cos 21 | and |r+ 4r3 cos2 1 r3 cos 21 |
always greater than 0 so that we can deduce cos 1 = cos 2 , sin 1 = sin 2 , and
3

thus theta1 = 2 . But they follows from the estimates


2
4r3
3
r3
r3
r2
2
|r +
sin 1
cos 21 | r
= r(1 ) > r(1
) = 0,
3
3
3
3
3

2
r3
r3
r2
4r3
3
cos2 1
cos 21 | r
= r(1 ) > r(1
) = 0.
|r +
3
3
3
3
3

Oprea 2.1.20

Let x(u, v) = (u, v, uv) , which is a parametrization of the saddle surface.


Then x(u, v) = (u, 0, 0) + v(0, 1, u), where we have (u) = (u, 0, 0), (u) =
(0, 1, u),which are curves.
Moreover, we can let y(u, v) = (u+v, u, u(u+v)) to be another parametrization.
Then y(u, v) = (u, u, u2 ) + v(1, 0, u) with (u) = (u, u, u2 ), (u) = (1, 0, u) as
the directrix and ruling.
Having two different ruled patches y(u, v), x(u, v), the saddle surface z = xy is
doubly ruled.

Oprea 2.1.21

From example 2.1.14, we learn that the parametrization of helicoid is x(u, v) =


(av cos u, bv sin u, bu), and so
x(u, v) = (0, 0, bu) + v(a cos u, a sin u, 0).
We have directrix (u) = (0, 0, bu) and ruling (u) = (a cos u, a sin u, 0) that
helicoid is a ruled surface.

Oprea 2.1.27
Example 2.1.5(the Monge Patch)
x(u, v) = (u, v, f (u, v))
f
xu = (1, 0,
)
u
f
xv = (0, 1,
)
v
f 2
f
f 2
Thus , E = 1 + ( u
) , F = ( u
)( f
v ), G = 1 + ( v ) .

Still within the example 2.1.5, we have parametrization of paraboloid.


x(u, v) = (u, v, u2 + v 2 )
xu = (1, 0, 2u)
xv = (0, 1, 2v)
Thus,E = 1 + 4u2 , F = 4uv, G = 1 + 4v 2 .
4

Example 2.1.9(Geographical Coordinates)


x(u, v) = (R cos u cos v, R sin u cos v, R sin v)
xu = (R sin u cos v, R cos u cos v, 0)
xv = (R cos u sin v, R sin u sin v, R cos v)
Thus, E = R2 cos2 v, F = 0, G = R2 .
Example 2.1.10 (Surface of Revolution)
x(u, v) = (g(u), h(u) cos v, h(u) sin v)
g h
h
xu = ( ,
cos v,
sin v)
u u
u
xv = (0, h(u) sin v, h(u) cos v)
g 2
h 2
) + ( u
) , F = 0, G = (h(u))2 .
Thus, E = ( u

Example 2.1.13 (Torus)


x(u, v) = ((R + r cos u) cos v, (R + r cos u) sin v, r sin u)
xu = (r sin u cos v, r sin u sin v, r cos u)
xv = ((R + r cos u) sin v, (R + r cos u) cos v, 0)
Thus, E = r2 , F = 0, G = (R + r cos u)2 .
Example 2.1.14 (Helicoid)
x(u, v) = (av cos u, av sin u, bu)
xu = (av sin u, av cos u, b)
xv = (a cos u, a sin u, 0)
Thus, E = a2 v 2 + v 2 , F = 0, G = a2 .
Exercise 2.1.16 (Ennepers Surface)
u3
u3
+ uv 2 , v
+ vu2 , u2 v 2 )
3
3
xu = (1 u2 + v 2 , 2uv, 2u)

x(u, v) = (u

xv = (2uv, 1 v 2 + u2 , 2v)
Thus, E = (1 + u2 + v 2 )2 , F = 2uv, G = (1 + u2 + v 2 )2 .
Exercise 2.1.22 (Hyperboloid)
x(u, v) = (a cosh u cos v, b cosh u sin v, c sinh u)
xu = (a sinh u cos v, b sinh u sin v, c cosh u)
xv = (a cosh u sin v, b cosh u cos v, 0)
Thus, E = a2 cosh2 u cos2 v + b2 cosh2 u sin2 v + c2 sinh2 u,
F = 0, G = a2 cosh2 u sin2 v + b2 cosh2 u cos2 v.
5

Exercise 2.1.23 (Another patch for hyperboloid)


u v 1 + uv uv 1
,b
,c
)
u+v u+v
u+v
v2 1
v2 + 1
2v
,b
,c
)
xu = (a
2
2
(u + v)
(u + v)
(u + v)2
2u
u2 1
u2 + 1
xv = (a
,b
,c
)
2
2
(u + v)
(u + v)
(u + v)2

x(u, v) = (a

1
(4a2 v 2 + b2 (v 2 1)2 + c2 (v 2 + 1)2 )
(u + v)4
1
F =
(4a2 uv + b2 (v 2 1)(u2 1) + c2 (v 2 + 1)(u2 + 1)
(u + v)4
1
G=
(4a2 u2 + b2 (u2 1)2 + c2 (u2 + 1)2 )
(u + v)4

Thus, E =

From the examples, we see that


E 1 if and only if all u-parameter curves are parametrized by arc length.
G 1 if and only if all v-parameter curves are parametrized by arc length.
F 0 if and only it every pair of u-,v-parameter curves are orthogonal to
each other at every point inside the coordinate patch.

When r = 3, we have (r, ) = ( 3, 0), ( 3, ) takes the same point of the


surface via x.

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