Two Marks For Named Mutagenic Agents

1.
(a)
(b)
two marks for named mutagenic agents

x-rays, high energy radiation / particles;
chemical substances;
two marks for examples of mutations
deletion;
substitution;
addition;
two marks for idea of
incorrect pairing;
during replication;
max 3
nucleotides;
composition of a nucleotide,
4 bases named;
sugar-phosphate backbone;
two (polynucleotide) strands;
specific base-pairing;
example e.g. AT / CG;
hydrogen bonding;
uncoiling / unzipping;
semi-conservative replication;
DNA polymerase;
new complementary strands form / identical DNA molecule produced;
DNA inserted into plasmids;
which are self-replicating;
max 9
[12]
2.
(a)
base/named base;
(b)
semi-conservative replication;
contains one heavy and one light strand / half 14N and half 15N;
one band in middle of tube and one higher up;

same position as above for third generation (ignore width of band);
(c)
[5]
3.
(a)
two chains/strands;
base pairing present/A-T/C-G;
hydrogen bonds easily broken;
Sciencemathsmaster.weebly.com
(b)
(i)
base/named base;
(ii)
DNA centrifuged;
in solution of caesium chloride;
separate depending on its mass/density/weight;
compared with position of band formed by 14N/normal DNA;
DNA with 15N further down the tube;
3
[6]
4.
(a)
(b)
regrows correct top;

from wrong cytoplasm;
from nucleus that was present;
so something/mRNA from nucleus goes into cytoplasm
directing regrowth.
(Accept same reasoning. for other sp.)
separation between nucleus and site of protein synthesis/
growth of reproductive structure;
so must be messenger/mRNA that can go from nucleus to
site of synthesis.
max 3
2
[5]
5.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
A phosphate and deoxyribose / pentose / sugar (but reject ribose)
B base / named base (but reject uracil)
Hydrogen
986
Correct method but arithmetic error gains 1 mark (e.g. 98.6)

(c)
N. B. both structure and advantage needed for each mark

Sugar phosphate backbone gives strength;
Coiling gives compact shape;
Sequence of bases allows information to be stored;
Long molecule / coiling stores large amount of information;
Complementary base pairing enables information to be replicated /
transcribed;
Double helix protects weak hydrogen bonds / double helix makes
molecule stable;
Many hydrogen bonds together give molecule stability;
Prevents code being corrupted;
Hydrogen bonding allows chains to split for replication / transcription OR
molecule unzips easily for replication / transcription.
3
[9]
6.
(a)
Phosphate;
Sugar / deoxyribose / pentose;
(b)
4
2
2
(c)
Different genes are expressed in each;

Producing different enzymes / proteins;
2
[6]
7.
(a)
P - phosphate;
Q - deoxyribose; (allow pentose/5-carbon sugar, reject sugar)
R - adenine; (reject base)
S - nucleotide;
(b)
DNA polymerase;
(c)
interphase/S phase;
1
[6]
8.
(a)
one strand of original molecule in each new molecule/DNA;
(b)
(i)
each base only pairs with one other/one specific base /

complementary base pairing;
example pairing of adenine and thymine/cytosine and guanine/
purine and pyrimidine;
(ii)
identical/exact copies made;

same base sequence as original DNA;
both strands act as template/complementary base pairing
occurs on both strands;
(c)
3 (max 2 for (ii))
two strands with specific base pairing;

large number of hydrogen bonds (between strands);
helix/coiling reduces chance of molecular damage / protects H bonds;
strong sugar-phosphate backbone;
(reject strong bonds between nucleotides)
2 max
[6]
9.
(a)
X, phosphate;
Y, deoxyribose/pentose/5-carbon sugar;
Z, (nitrogenous) base; (accept named base)
(b)
(specific) hydrogen (bonds);
(c)
thymine 28% so adenine 28%

therefore 44% cytosine and guanine;
therefore 22% cytosine;
(idea of equal amounts T and A, C and G 1 mark, correct answer 2 marks)

[6]
10.
(a)
appropriately placed box;
(b)
(i)
B;
(ii)
A;
(i)
determines (sequence of) amino acids / specific protein produced /

mRNA formation;
(ii)
hydrogen bonds;
(iii)
stability / protects bases / replication;
(c)
[6]
11.
(a)
1
2
3
4
5
6
two strands therefore semi-conservative replication (possible);

base pairing/hydrogen bonds holds strands together
hydrogen bonds weak/easily broken, allow strands to separate;
bases (sequence) (exposed so) act as template /can be copied;
A with T, C with G / complementary copy;
DNA one parent and one new strand;
4 max
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(c)
chromosomes shorten/thicken/supercoiling;
chromosomes (each) two identical chromatids/strands/copies
(due to replication);
chromosomes/chromatids move to equator/middle of the spindle/cell;
attach to individual spindle fibres;
spindle fibres contract / centromeres divide / repel;
(sister) chromatids/chromosomes (separate)
move to opposite poles/ends of the spindle;
each pole/end receives all genetic information/
identical copies of each chromosome;
nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes/
chromatids/at each pole;
7 max
cancer cells killed, normal body cells survive;

cancer cells low oxygen (as blood supply cannot satisfy demand);
2
[13]
12.
(a)
(i)
(D) B E A C;
(ii)
metaphase;
(b)
interphase/S phase;
(c)
(i)
0.06 100;
6(%);
(correct answer 2 marks)

(ii)
(iii)
more(cancer cells) killed, cancer cells divide more (often) (so are
more likely to be killed, more susceptible);
longer time to recover;

reduced rate of mitosis / divide more slowly/increased doubling time;
2
[8]

Two Marks For Named Mutagenic Agents

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1.

two marks for named mutagenic agents

one band in middle of tube and one higher up;

regrows correct top;

A phosphate and deoxyribose / pentose / sugar (but reject ribose)

B base / named base (but reject uracil)

Correct method but arithmetic error gains 1 mark (e.g. 98.6)

N. B. both structure and advantage needed for each mark

Different genes are expressed in each;

one strand of original molecule in each new molecule/DNA;

each base only pairs with one other/one specific base /

identical/exact copies made;

3 (max 2 for (ii))

two strands with specific base pairing;

(specific) hydrogen (bonds);

thymine 28% so adenine 28%

(idea of equal amounts T and A, C and G 1 mark, correct answer 2 marks)

appropriately placed box;

determines (sequence of) amino acids / specific protein produced /

stability / protects bases / replication;

two strands therefore semi-conservative replication (possible);

cancer cells killed, normal body cells survive;

(correct answer 2 marks)

longer time to recover;

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