Programming Tutorial

Brief Tutorial: Programming in C/C++
for Digital Image Processing

Mahmut Karakaya,
Graduate Teaching Assistant
TA Hours: M:9am-11am, W:1pm-3pm
http://www.ece.utk.edu/~mkarakay
Email: [email protected]
Basis structure of a C++ program

/***********************************************
* This program converts gallons to liters.
* This is our first C++ program.
* Author:
* Date: 10/07/99
***********************************************/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float gallons, liters;
cout << Enter number of gallons: ;
cin >> gallons;
// this inputs from the user
liters = gallons * 3.7854; // converts to liters
cout << Liters: << liters << \n;
Header comment - multi-line comment

header file is included in the system
by #include. Here, <iostream> is used to
support the C++ I/O system.
The using statement informs the compiler
that you want to use the std namespace.
This is the namespace in which the entire
Standard C++ library is declared. By using
the std namespace, you simplify access to
the standard library.
The only function that any C++ program
must include is the main() function.
return 0;
}
Components of C++ program

Comments
// for single line or /* */ for multiple lines
Complier directive
#include
Header file
<iostream>: input/output stream header
/***********************************************
* This program converts gallons to liters.
* This is our first C++ program.
* Author:
* Date: 10/07/99
***********************************************/
#include <iostream>
Function block
int main()
Braces
{ begins the body of a function and }
ends the body
int main()
{
float gallons, liters;
cout << Enter number of gallons: ;
cin >> gallons;
// this inputs from the user
Statement
liters = gallons * 3.7854;
Statement terminator
liters = gallons * 3.7854; // converts to liters
;
cout << Liters: << liters << \n;
Return
return 0;
}
Programming environment
Pre-Compiled
Library Codes
(I/O, math func.)
Output
Editor
Source
Code
(Hello.cpp)
Compiler
Object
Code
(Hello.o)
Debugger
Linker
Executable
Code
(Hello)
Linux commands
Editor
Hello.cpp
g++ -c Hello.cpp
Compiler
Hello.o
g++ -o Hello Hello.o
Library
Linker
Hello
./ Hello
Loader
execution result
Control Structures
expression true?
ifC / ifC elseC / ifC else ifC

switchC
while
for...
1
Initialization
True
Statement sequence
increment
for (initialization; expression; increment) {

2
statement sequence;
Calculate the sum of all even

numbers less than 1000.
C++:
int total = 0;
for ( int even=2; even<1000; even=even+2 )
total += even;
False
Functions
Functions
C++ standard library (Pre-packaged)
User defined
More manageable program - simplify the problem by
decomposing it into small pieces
Software reusability - using existing functions as
building blocks to create new programs
Avoid repeating code
Information hiding - all variables declared in function
definitions are local variables
Function format
Function prototype
return-type function-name ( parameter types );
Function definition
return-type function-name ( parameter-list )
{
declarations and statements; // function body
}
Prototype and definition must be consistent
Function Call
Functions can return values
Returned value MUST match the type specified in
the prototype
Function augments
Variables, constants, expressions
Calling
function
l
cal
n
ctio
n
u
F
Called
function
int max = maximum(a, b, c)

ret
urn
Function name
augments
Example
// the main source file
// saved as tests.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include tests.h
int main()
{
int a, b, c;
cout << Enter three integers: ;
cin >> a >> b >> c;
cout << Maximum is: ;
cout << maximum(a, b, c) << endl;
cout << minimum(a, b, c) << endl;
// the function file

// saved as maximum.cpp
#include tests.h
int maximum(int x, int y, int z)
{
int max = x;
if (y > max) max = y;
if (z > max) max = z;
return max;
}
int minimum(int x, int y, int z)
{
int min = x;
if (y < min) min = y;
if (z < min) min = z;
return min;
}
return 0;
}
// the header file

// saved as tests.h
int maximum(int, int, int);
int minimum(int, int, int);
Compile and link

Compile each .cpp file individually
g++ -c maximum.cpp
g++ -c tests.cpp
Link all object files

g++ -o tests tests.o maximum.o
Modifications in one .cpp file DO NOT affect the

compilation of other files
Using command-line arguments:

It is possible to pass arguments to the main function from a command line by
including the following two parameters in the parameter list
int argc (argc receives the number of command-line arguments)
char *argv[] (an array of strings where the actual command-line arguments
are stored)
Header files:
Standard header files are used to provide function prototypes for functions
defined in the standard C++ library.
Access standard header files
#include <header-name>
Access user-defined header files
#include myfunctions.h
// test code for contrast stretching

#include "Image.h"
#include "Dip.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
// Contrast stretching. s = m*r + b

#include "Image.h"
#include "Dip.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#define Usage "testcs inimg outimg slope\n"

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
Image inimg, outimg; // the original image
float m, b;
Image cs(Image &inimg, float m, float b)

{
Image outimg;
int i, j, k;
int nr, nc, ntype, nchan;
// check if the number of arguments is correct

if (argc < 5) {
cout << Usage;
exit(3);
}
// allocate memory
nr = inimg.getRow();
nc = inimg.getCol();
ntype = inimg.getType();
nchan = inimg.getChannel();
// read in command-line arguments

m = atoi(argv[3]);
b = atoi(argv[4]);
outimg.createImage(nr, nc, ntype);

// perform contrast stretching
for (i=0; i<nr; i++)
for (j=0; j<nc; j++)
for (k=0; k<nchan; k++)
outimg(i,j,k) = m * inimg(i,j,k) + b;
// read in image
inimg = readImage(argv[1]);
// test the contrast stretching function
outimg = cs(inimg, m, b);
return outimg;
}
// output the image

writeImage(outimg, argv[2]);
return 0;
// Dip.h - header file

#include "Image.h"
}
Image cs(Image &, float, float);
#endif
Makefile
OBJ = Image.o imageIO.o cs.o
AR = ar
INCLUDE = -I../include
all:
${MAKE} libimage.a
libimage.a: $(OBJ)
$(AR) rvu $@ $(OBJ)
ranlib $@
cs.o: cs.cpp
g++ -c cs.cpp $(INCLUDE)
Image.o: Image.cpp
g++ -c Image.cpp $(INCLUDE)
clean:
-rm *.o *~
To generate the image library

cd lib
make
To run the test codes
cd test
make
EXES = testcs
all:
${MAKE} ${EXES}
INCLUDE = -I../include
LIB = -L../lib
testcs: testcs.o
g++ -o testcs testcs.o $(LIB) -limage
testcs.o: testcs.cpp
g++ -c testcs.cpp $(INCLUDE)
clean:
-rm -rf *.o
SSH-Secure Shell
If you want to use linux system, you
can download and install the "SSH
secure shell" into your computer and
do your projects at home instead of
doing in the lab.
To download the program from

.
http://www.ece.utk.edu/~mkarakay/courses_files/dip.html
To make a new conncetion, click

"Quick Connect"
Host Name: arc1.eecs.utk.edu
Username: your webID
Enter your password
Programming in Image Processing

by using Dev C++
If you want to use windows
system, you can download and
install the free software "DevC++" provided by Bloodshed
Software into your computer.
To download the program
http://www.ece.utk.edu/~mkarakay/co
urses_files/devcpp-4.9.9.2_setup.exe.

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Brief Tutorial: Programming in C/C++

for Digital Image Processing

Basis structure of a C++ program

Header comment - multi-line comment

Components of C++ program

liters = gallons * 3.7854; // converts to liters

g++ -o Hello Hello.o

ifC / ifC elseC / ifC else ifC

for (initialization; expression; increment) {

Calculate the sum of all even

Prototype and definition must be consistent

int max = maximum(a, b, c)

// the function file

// the header file

Compile and link

Link all object files

Modifications in one .cpp file DO NOT affect the

Using command-line arguments:

// test code for contrast stretching

// Contrast stretching. s = m*r + b

#define Usage "testcs inimg outimg slope\n"

Image cs(Image &inimg, float m, float b)

// check if the number of arguments is correct

// read in command-line arguments

outimg.createImage(nr, nc, ntype);

// output the image

// Dip.h - header file

To generate the image library

To download the program from

To make a new conncetion, click

Programming in Image Processing

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