Client calls create()

JAVA

Abstraction: Showing the essential and hiding the non-Essential is known as Abstraction.

Encapsulation: The Wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit is known as
Encapsulation.
Encapsulation is the term given to the process of hiding the
implementation details of the object. Once an object is encapsulated,
its implementation details are not immediately accessible any more.
Instead they are packaged and are only indirectly accessed via the
interface of the object.
Inheritance: is the Process by which the Obj of one class acquires the properties of
Objs another Class.
A reference variable of a Super Class can be assign to any Sub
class derived from the Super class.
Inheritance is the method of creating the new class based on
already existing class , the new class derived is called Sub class
which has all the features of existing class and its own, i.e sub class.
Adv: Reusability of code , accessibility of variables and methods of
the Base class by the Derived class.

Polymorphism: The ability to take more that one form, it supports Method Overloading & Method
Overriding.

Method overloading: When a method in a class having the same method name with
different arguments (diff Parameters or Signatures) is said to be Method Overloading. This is
Compile time Polymorphism.
o
Using one identifier to refer to multiple items in the same scope.

Method Overriding: When a method in a Class having same method name with same
arguments is said to be Method overriding. This is Run time Polymorphism.
o Providing a different implementation of a method in a subclass of the class that
originally defined the method.
1. In Over loading there is a relationship between the methods
available in the same class ,where as in Over riding there is relationship
between the Super class method and Sub class method.
2. Overloading does not block the Inheritance from the Super class
, Where as in Overriding blocks Inheritance from the Super Class.
3. In Overloading separate methods share the same name, where
as in Overriding Sub class method replaces the Super Class.
4. Overloading must have different method Signatures , Where as
Overriding methods must have same Signatures.
Dynamic dispatch: is a mechanism by which a call to Overridden
function is resolved at runtime rather than at Compile time , and
this is how Java implements Run time Polymorphism.
Dynamic Binding: Means the code associated with the given procedure call is
not known until the time of call the call at run time. (it is associated with
Inheritance & Polymorphism).

Bite code: Is a optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by Java-run time system,
which is called the Java Virtual machine (JVM), i.e. in its standard form, the JVM is an Interpreter
for byte code.
JIT- is a compiler for Byte code, The JIT-Complier is part of the JVM,
it complies byte code into executable code in real time, piece-bypiece on demand basis.
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Classification : INTERNAL

o
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Final classes : String, Integer , Color, Math

Abstract class : Generic servlet, Number class
variable:An item of data named by an identifier.Each variable has a type,such as
int or Object,andascope
class variable :A data item associated with a particular class as a whole--not
with particular instances of the class. Class variables are defined in class
definitions. Also called a static field. See also instance variable.
instance variable :Any item of data that is associated with a particular object.
Each instance of a class has its own copy of the instance variables defined in the
class. Also called a field. See also class variable.
local variable :A data item known within a block, but inaccessible to code
outside the block. For example, any variable defined within a method is a local
variable and can't be used outside the method.
class method :A method that is invoked without reference to a particular
object. Class methods affect the class as a whole, not a particular instance of the
class. Also called a static method. also instance method.
instance method :Any method that is invoked with respect to an instance of a
class. Also called simply a method. See also class method.

Interface: Interfaces can be used to implement the Inheritance relationship between the non-related
classes that do not belongs to the same hierarchy, i.e. any Class and any where in hierarchy.
Using
Interface, you can specify what a class must do but not how it does.
A class can implement more than one Interface.
An Interface can extend one or more interfaces, by using the keyword extends.
All the data members in the interface are public, static and Final by default.
An Interface method can have only Public, default and Abstract modifiers.
An Interface is loaded in memory only when it is needed for the first time.
A Class, which implements an Interface, needs to provide the implementation of all the
methods in that Interface.
If the Implementation for all the methods declared in the Interface are not provided ,
the class itself has to declare abstract, other wise the Class will not compile.
If a class Implements two interface and both the Intfs have identical method
declaration, it is totally valid.
If a class implements tow interfaces both have identical method name and argument
list, but different return types, the code will not compile.
An Interface cant be instantiated. Intf Are designed to support dynamic method
resolution at run time.
An interface can not be native, static, synchronize, final, protected or private.
The Interface fields cant be Private or Protected.
A Transient variables and Volatile variables can not be members of Interface.
The extends keyword should not used after the Implements keyword, the Extends must
always come before the Implements keyword.
A top level Interface can not be declared as static or final.
If an Interface species an exception list for a method, then the class implementing the
interface need not declare the method with the exception list.
If an Interface cant specify an exception list for a method, the class cant throw an
exception.
If an Interface does not specify the exception list for a method, he class can not throw
any exception list.
The general form of Interface is
Access interface name {
return-type method-name1(parameter-list);
type final-varname1=value;
}
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Classification : INTERNAL

----------------------Marker Interfaces : Serializable, Clonable, Remote, EventListener,

Java.lang is the Package of all classes and is automatically

imported into all Java Program
Interfaces: Clonable , Comparable, Runnable
Abstract Class: Abstract classes can be used to implement the inheritance relationship between
the classes that belongs same hierarchy.
Classes and methods can be declared as abstract.
Abstract class can extend only one Class.
If a Class is declared as abstract , no instance of that class can be created.
If a method is declared as abstract, the sub class gives the implementation of that class.
Even if a single method is declared as abstract in a Class , the class itself can be declared as
abstract.
Abstract class have at least one abstract method and others may be concrete.
In abstract Class the keyword abstract must be used for method.
Abstract classes have sub classes.
Combination of modifiers Final and Abstract is illegal in java.
Abstract Class means - Which has more than one abstract method which doesnt have method
body but at least one of its methods need to be implemented in derived Class.
The general form of abstract class is :
abstract type name (parameter list);
The Number class in the java.lang package represents the
abstract concept of numbers. It makes sense to model numbers in a
program, but it doesn't make sense to create a generic number
object.

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Difference Between Interfaces And Abstract class ?

All the methods declared in the Interface are Abstract, where as abstract class must
have atleast one abstract method and others may be concrete.
In abstract class keyword abstract must be used for method, where as in Interface we
need not use the keyword for methods.
Abstract class must have Sub class, where as Interface cant have sub classes.
An abstract class can extend only one class, where as an Interface can extend more
than one.
What are access specifiers and access modifiers ?
Accesss specifiers
Public
Protected
Private

Access modifiers
Public
Abstract
Final
Static
Volatile

Constant

Synchronized
Transient
Native
Public : The Variables and methods can be access any where and any package.
Protected : The Variables and methods can be access same Class, same
Package & sub class.
Private : The variable and methods can be access in same class only.
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Classification : INTERNAL

Same class
Private
Same-package & subclass
Same Package & non-sub classes
Different package & Sub classes
Different package & non- sub classes

Public, Protected, and

Public, Protected
Public, Protected
Public, Protected
Public

Identifiers : are the Variables that are declared under particular

Datatype.
Literals: are the values assigned to the Identifiers.

Static : access modifier. Signa: Variable-Static int b; Method- static void meth(int x)
When a member is declared as Static, it can be accessed before any objects of its class are created and
without reference to any object. Eg : main(),it must call before any object exit.
Static can be applied to Inner classes, Variables and Methods.
Local variables cant be declared as static.
A static method can access only static Variables. and they cant refer to this or super in any way.
Static methods cant be abstract.
A static method may be called without creating any instance of the class.
Only one instance of static variable will exit any amount of class instances.

Final : access modifier

All the Variables, methods and classes can be declared as Final.
Classes declared as final class cant be sub classed.
Method s declared as final cant be over ridden.
If a Variable is declared as final, the value contained in the Variable
cant be changed.
Static final variable must be assigned in to a value in static initialized
block.

ansient : access modifier

Transient can be applied only to class level variables.
Local variables cant be declared as transient.
During serialization, Objects transient variables are not serialized.
Transient variables may not be final or static. But the complies allows the declaration and
no compile time error is generated.

Volatile: access modifier

Volatile applies to only variables.
Volatile can applied to static variables.
Volatile can not be applied to final variables.
Transient and volatile can not come together.
Volatile is used in multi-processor environments.

Native : access modifier

Native applies to only to methods.
Native can be applied to static methods also.
Native methods can not be abstract.
Native methods can throw exceptions.
Native method is like an abstract method. The implementation of the abstract
class and native method exist some where else, other than the class in which the
method is declared.

Synchronized : access modifier

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Classification : INTERNAL

 Synchronized keyword can be applied to methods or parts of the methods

only.
Synchronize keyword is used to control the access to critical code in multithreaded programming.
Declaration of access specifier and access modifiers :
Class
- Public, Abstract, Final
Inner Class
- Public, Protected, Private, Final, Static,
Anonymous
- Public, Protected, Private, Static
Variable
- Public, Protected, Private, Final, Static, Transient,
Volatile, Native
Method
- Public, Protected, Private, Final, Abstract, Static,
Native, Synchronized
Constructor
- Public, Protected, Private
Free-floating code block - Static, Synchronized

Package : A Package is a collection of Classes Interfaces that provides a highlevel layer of access protection and name space management.

Finalize( ) method:
All the objects have Finalize() method, this method is inherited from the
Object class.
Finalize() is used to release the system resources other than memory(such
as file handles& network connecs.
Finalize( ) is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called prior
to garbage collection.
Finalize() is called only once for an Object. If any exception is thrown in the
finalize() the object is still eligible for garbage collection.
Finalize() can be called explicitly. And can be overloaded, but only original
method will be called by Ga-collect.
Finalize( ) may only be invoked once by the Garbage Collector when the
Object is unreachable.
The signature finalize( )
:
protected void finalize() throws
Throwable { }
Constructor( ) :
A constructor method is special kind of method that determines how an object is
initialized when created.
Constructor has the same name as class name.
Constructor does not have return type.
Constructor cannot be over ridden and can be over loaded.
Default constructor is automatically generated by compiler if class does not have
once.
If explicit constructor is there in the class the default constructor is not
generated.
If a sub class has a default constructor and super class has explicit constructor
the code will not compile.
Object : Object is a Super class for all the classes. The methods in Object class as follows.
Object clone( )
final void notify( )
Int
hashCode( )
Boolean equals( )
final void notify( )
Void finalize( )
String toString( )
Final Class getClass( )
final void wait( )
Class : The Class class is used to represent the classes and interfaces that are loaded by the JAVA Program.

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Classification : INTERNAL

Character : A class whose instances can hold a single character value. This class also defines
handy methods that can manipulate or inspect single-character data.
constructors and methods provided by the Character class:
Character(char) : The Character class's only constructor, which
creates a Character object containing the value provided by the
argument. Once a Character object has been created, the value it
contains cannot be changed.
compareTo(Character) :An instance method that compares the
values held by two character objects.
equals(Object) : An instance method that compares the value held
by the current object with the value held by another.
toString() : An instance method that converts the object to a
string.
charValue() :An instance method that returns the value held by the
character object as a primitive char value.
isUpperCase(char) : A class method that determines whether a
primitive char value is uppercase.

String: String is Immutable and String Is a final class. The String class provides for strings whose
value will not change.
One accessor method that you can use with both strings and
string buffers is the length() method, which returns the number of
characters contained in the string or the string buffer.
The
methods in String Class:toString( )
equals( )
indexOff( )
LowerCase( )
charAt( )
compareTo( )
lastIndexOff( )
UpperCase( )
getChars( )
subString( )
trim( )
getBytes( )
concat( )
valueOf( )
toCharArray( )
replace( )
ValueOf( ) : converts data from its internal formate into human
readable formate.
String Buffer : Is Mutable , The StringBuffer class provides for strings that will be modified; you
use string buffers when you know that the value of the character data will change.
In addition to length, the StringBuffer class has a method called
capacity, which returns the amount of space allocated for the string
buffer rather than the amount of space used.
The methods in StringBuffer Class:length( )
append( )
replace( )
charAt(
) and setCharAt( )
capacity( )
insert( )
substring( )
getChars( )
ensureCapacity( )
reverse( )
setLength( )
delete( )

Wraper Classes : are the classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as Objects.
These classes are similar to primitive data types but starting with
capital letter.
Number
Byte
Boolean
Double
Short
Character
Float
Integer
Long
primitive Datatypes in Java :
According to Java in a Nutshell, 5th ed boolean, byte, char, short,
long float, double, int.

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Classification : INTERNAL

Float class : The Float and Double provides the methods isInfinite( )
and isNaN( ).
isInfinite( ) : returns true if the value being tested is infinetly large
or small.
isNaN( ) : returns true if the value being tested is not a number.
Character class : defines forDigit( ) digit( )
ForDigit( ) : returns the digit character associated with the value of
num.
digit( ) : returns the integer value associated with the specified
character (which is presumably) according to the specified radix.

String Tokenizer : provide parsing process in which it identifies the delimiters provided by the
user, by default delimiters are spaces, tab, new line etc., and separates them from the tokens.
Tokens are those which are separated by delimiters.

Observable Class: Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of observers. When
an Observable object is updated it invokes the update( ) method of each of its observers to notify
the observers that it has changed state.
Observer interface : is implemented by objects that observe Observable objects.

Instanceof( ) :is used to check to see if an object can be cast into a specified type with out
throwing a cast class exception.

IsInstanceof( ) : determines if the specified Object is assignment-compatible with the object

represented by this class. This method is dynamic equivalent of the Java language instanceof
operator. The method returns true if the specified Object argument is non-null and can be cast to
the reference type represented by this Class object without raising a ClassCastException. It returns
false otherwise.

Garbage Collection : When an object is no longer referred to by any variable, java automatically
reclaims memory used by that
object. This is known as garbage collection.
System.gc() method may be used to call it explicitly and does not force the garbage collection but
only suggests that the JVM may make an effort to do the Garbage Collection.

this() : can be used to invoke a constructor of the same class.

super() :can be used to invoke a super class constructor.

Inner class : classes defined in other classes, including those defined in methods are called inner classes.
An
inner
class
can
have
any
accessibility
including
private.
Anonymous class : Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated
and declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors.
What is reflection API? How are they implemented
Reflection package is used mainlyfor the purpose of getting the
class name. by useing the getName method we can get name of the
class for particular application. Reflection is a feature of the Java
programming language. It allows an executing Java program to
examine or "introspect" upon itself, and manipulate internal
properties of the program.
What is heap in Java
JAVA is fully Object oriented language. It has two phases first
one is Compilation phase and second one is interpratation phase. The
Compilation phase convert the java file to class file (byte code is only
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Classification : INTERNAL

readable format of JVM) than Intepratation phase interorate the class

file line by line and give the proper result.
main( ) : is the method where Java application Begins.
String args[ ] : receives any command line argument during
runtime.
System : is a predefined Class that provides access to the System.
Out : is output stream connected to console.
Println :displays the output.
Downcasting : is the casting from a general to a more specific
type, i.e casting down the hierarchy. Doing a cast from a base class
to more specific Class, the cast does;t convert the Object, just
asserts it actually is a more specific extended Object.
Upcasting : byte can take Integer values.

Exception
Exception handling
Exception can be generated by Java-runtime system or they can be manually
generated by code.
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Error-Handling becomes a necessary while developing an application to

account for exceptional situations that may occur during the program
execution, such as
Run out of memory
Resource allocation Error
Inability to find a file
Problems in Network connectivity.
If the Resource file is not present in the disk, you can use the
Exception handling mechanisim to handle such abrupt termination of
program.

Exception class : is used for the exceptional conditions that are trapped by the program.
An exception is an abnormal condition or error that occur during the
execution of the program.
Error : the error class defines the conditions that do not occur under normal conditions.
Eg: Run out of memory, Stack overflow error.
Java.lang.Object
+.Java.Lang.Throwable
Throwable
+. Java.lang.Error
|
+. A whole bunch of errors
|
Exception
Error
+.Java.Lang.Exception
(Unchecked, Checked)
+.Java.Lang.RuntimeException
|
+. Various Unchecked Exception
|
+. Various checked Exceptions.
Two types of exceptions:
1. Checked Exceptions : must be declare in the method declaration or
caught in a catch block.
Checked exception must be handled at Compile Time. Environmental error
that cannot necessarly be detected by Testing, Eg: disk full, brocken Socket,
Database unavailable etc.
2. Un-checked Exceptions: Run-time Exceptions and Error, doest have to
be declare.(but can be caught).
Run-time Exceptions : programming errors that should be detectd in Testing ,
Arithmetic, Null pointer, ArrayIndexOutofBounds, ArrayStore, FilenotFound,
NumberFormate, IO, OutofMemory.
Errors: Virtual mechine error class not found , out of memory, no such
method , illegal access to private field , etc.

Java Exception handling can be managed by five keywords:

Try : The try block governs the statements that are enclosed within it and
defines the scope of exception handler associated with it. Try block follows
catch or finally or both.
Catch: This is a default exception handler. since the exception class is the
base class for all the exception class, this handler id capable of catching
any type of exception.
The catch statement takes an Object of exception class as a parameter, if
an exception is thrown the statement in the catch block is executed.
The
catch block is restricted to the statements in the proceeding try block only.
Try {
// statements that may cause exception
}
catch(Exception obj)
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{
}
Finally : when an exception is raised, the statement in the try block is
ignored, some times it is necessary
to process certain statements
irrespective of wheather an exception is raised or not, the finally block is
used for this purpose.

Throw : The throw class is used to call exception explicitly. You may want
to throw an exception when the user enters a wrong login ID and pass
word, you can use throw statement to do so.
The throw statement takes an single argument, which is an Object of
exception class.

Throw<throwable Instance>
If the Object does not belong to a valid exception class the compiler gives
error.

Throws :The throws statement species the list of exception that has
thrown by a method.
If a method is capable of raising an exception that is does not handle,
it must specify the exception has to be handle by the calling method, this is
done by using the throw statement.
[<access specifier>] [<access modifier>] <return type> <method
name> <arg-list> [<exception-list>]
Eg: public void accept password( ) throws illegalException
{
System.out.println(Intruder);
Throw new illegalAccesException;
}
Multi Programming
A multithreaded program contains two or more parts that can run
concurrently, Each part a program is called thread and each part that
defines a separate path of excution.
Thus multithreading is a specified from of multitasking.

There are two distinct types of multitasking .

Process: A Process is , in essence , a program that is executing.
Process-based :is heavy weight- allows you run two or more programs
concurrently.
Eg: you can use JAVA compiler at the same time you are using text
editor.
Here a program is a small unit of code that can be dispatched by
scheduler .
Thread-based: is Light weight- A Program can perform two or more
tasks simultaneously.
Creating a thread:
Eg: A text editor can formate at the same time you can print, as long as
these two tasks are being perform separate treads.
Thread: can be defined as single sequential flow of control with in a
program.
Single Thread : Application can perform only one task at a time.
Multithreaded : A process having more than one thread is said to be
multithreaded.
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The multiple threads in the process run at the same time, perform
different task and interact with each other.
Daemon Thread : Is a low priority thread which runs immedeatly on the
back ground doing the Garbage Collection operation for the Java Run time
System.
SetDaemon( ) is used to create DaemonThread.

Creating a Thread :
1. By implementing the Runnable Interface.
2. By extending the thread Class.
Thread Class : Java.lang.Threadclass is used to construct and access the individual
threads in a multithreaded application.
Syntax: Public Class <class name> extends Thread { }
The Thread class define several methods .
Getname() obtain a thread name.
Getname() obtain thread priority.
Start( )
- start a thread by calling a Run( ).
Run( )
- Entry point for the thread.
Sleep( )
- suspend a thread for a period of time.
IsAlive( ) - Determine if a thread is still running.
Join( )
- wait for a thread to terminate.

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Runable Interface :
The Runnable interface consist of a Single method Run( ),
which is executed when the thread is activated.
When a program need ti inherit from another class besides the
thread Class, you need to implement the Runnable interface.
Syntax:
public void <Class-name> extends <SuperClass-name>
implements Runnable
Eg: public Class myapplet extends Japplet implements Runnable
{
// Implement the Class
}
* Runnable interface is the most advantageous method to create
threads because we need not extend thread Class here.

Life Cycle of Thread :

New Thread

--

Runnable

Dead

---- Not Runnable

----

The Run( ) terminates .

New Thread : When an instance of a thread class is created, a

thread enters the new thread state.
Thread newThread = new
Thread(this);
You have to invoke the Start( ) to start the thread.
ie, newThread.Start( );
Runnable : when the Start( ) of the thread is invoked the thread
enters into the Runnable State.
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Not Runnable : A thread is said to be not runnable state if it

Is Slleping
Is Waiting
Is being blocked by another thread.
sleep(long t); where t= no: of milliseconds for which the
thread is inactive.
The sleep( ) is a static method because it operates on the current
thread.
Dead : A thread can either die natuarally or be killed.
- A thread dies a natural death when the loop in the Run( ) is
complete.
- Assigning null to the thread Object kills the thread.
- If th loop in the Run( ) has a hundread iterations , the life of the
thread is a hundread iterators of the loop.
IsAlive( ) : of the thread class is used to determine wheather a
thread has been started or stopped. If isAlive( ) returns true the
thread is still running otherwise running completed.
Thread Priorities : are used by the thread scheduler to decide when
each thread should ne allowed to run.To set a thread priority, use te
setpriority( ), which is a member of a thread.
final void setpriority(int level)
- here level specifies the new
priority seting for the calling thread.
The value level must be with in the range :MIN_PRIORITY = 1
NORM_PRIORITY = 5
MAX_PRIORITY = 10

You can obtain the current priority setting by calling getpriority( ) of

thread.
final int getpriority( )
Synchronization :
Two ro more threads trying to access the same
method at the same point of time leads to synchronization. If that
method is declared as Synchronized , only one thread can access it
at a time. Another thread can access that method only if the first
threads task is completed.
Synchronized statement : Synchronized statements are similar to Synchronized
method.
A Synchronized statements can only be executed after a thread has
acquired a lock for the object or Class reffered in the Synchronized
statements.
The general form is - Synchronized(object) {
// statements to be Synchronized
}
Inter Thread Communication :
To Avoid pooling , Java includes an elegant
interprocess communication mechanisim.
Wait( ) - tells the calling thread to give up the monitor and go to
sleep until some other thread enters the same monitor & call notify( ).
notify( ) - wake up the first thread that called wait( ) on the same
Object.
notifyall( ) wake up all the threads that called wait( ) on the same
Object.
The highest priority thread aill run fast.
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Serialization : The process of writing the state of Object to a byte stream to

transfer over the network is known as Serialization.
Deserialization : and restored these Objects by deserialization.
Externalizable : is an interface that extends Serializable interface and sends data
into strems in compressed format. It has two methods
WriteExternal(Objectoutput out)
ReadExternal(objectInput in)
I/O Package

Java.io.*;

There are two classifications.

ByteStream - console input
CharacterStream File
1. ByteStream : Console Input
Read( ) - one character
Readline( ) one String
BufferReader
br
=
InputStreamReader(System.in));

new

BufferReader(new

2. CharacterStream : File
FileInputStream - Store the contents to the File.
FileOutStream - Get the contents from File.
PrintWrite pw = new printwriter(System.out.true);
Pw.println(
);
Eg :Class myadd
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
BufferReader
br
=
new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println(Enter A no : );
int a = Integer.parseInt(br.Read( ));
System.out.println(Enter B no : );
int b = Integer.parseInt(br.Read( ));
System.out.println(The Addition is : (a+b));
}
}
Collections

BufferReader(new

Collections : A collection allows a group of objects to be treated

as a single unit. collection define a set of core Interfaces as follows.
Collection

Map

Hash Map class

Hash Table
Set

class
Hash set

Sorted set

Tree set

map Tree Map class

Collection Interface :

List
Array List
Vector List
Linked List

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Sorted

Set Interface: extends Collection Interface.

The Class Hash set implements
Set Interface.
Is used to represent the group of unique elements.
Set stores elements in an unordered way but does not contain duplicate elements.

Sorted set : extends Set Interface. The class Tree Set implements Sorted set
Interface.
It provides the extra functionality of keeping the elements sorted.
It represents the collection consisting of Unique, sorted elements in ascending order.

The CI is the root of collection hierarchy and is used for common functionality across all
collections. There is no direct implementation of Collection Interface.

List : extends Collection Interface. The classes Array List, Vector List & Linked
List implements List Interface.
Represents the sequence of numbers in a fixed order.
But may contain duplicate elements.
Elements can be inserted or retrieved by their position in the List using Zero based
index.
List stores elements in an ordered way.
Map Interface:basic Interface.The classesHash Map & Hash Table implements
Map interface.
Used to represent the mapping of unique keys to values.
By using the key value we can retrive the values. Two basic operations are get( ) &
put( ) .
Sorted Map : extends Map Interface. The Class Tree Map implements Sorted
Map Interface.
Maintain the values of key order.
The entries are maintained in ascending order.

Collection classes:
Abstract Collection
Abstract List
Abstract Map

Abstract Set

Abstract
Array List
Map
Tree Map
Sequential
List

Hash Set

Tree Set

Hash

Linked List

List
|
Abstract List
|
Vector
|
Stack
HashSet : Implements Set Interface.
HashSet( );
The elements are not stored in sorted order.

Map
|
Dictonary
|
HashTable
|
Properities
HashSet hs=new
hs.add(m);

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 TreeSet : Implements Sorted set Interface.

TreeSet ts=new
TreeSet( );
The
elements
are
stored
in
sorted
ascending
order.
ts.add(H);
Access and retrieval times are quit fast, when storing a large amount
of data.

Vector : Implements List Interface.

Vector implements dynamic array.
Vector v = new
vector( );
Vector
is
a
growable
object.
V1.addElement(new Integer(1));
Vector is Synchronized, it cant allow special characters and null
values.
All vector starts with intial capacity, after it is reached next time if
we want to store object in vector, the
vector automatically
allocates space for that Object plus extra room for additional
Objects.

ArrayList : Implements List Interface.

Array can dynamically increase or decrease size.
ArrayList
a1=new ArrayList( );
Array
List
are
ment
for
Random
ascessing.
A1.add(a);
Array List are created with intial size, when the size is increased, the
collection is automatically enlarged. When an Objects are removed, the
array may be shrunk.

Linked List : Implements List Interface.

Inserting or removing elements in the middle of the array.

LinkedList l1=new

LinkedList( );

Linked list are meant for Sequential accessing.

Stores Objects in a separate link.

L1.add(R);

Map Classes: Abstract Map; Hash Map ; Tree Map

Hash Map : Implements Map Interface. Hashmap() , Hashmap(Map m), Hashmap(int
capacity)
The Elements may not in Order.
Hash Map is not synchronized and permits null values
Hash Map is not serialized.
Hashmap hm =
new HashMap( );
Hash Map supports Iterators.
hm.put(Hari,new
Double(11.9));

Hash Table : Implements Map Interface.

Hash Table is synchronized and does not permit null values.
Hash Table is Serialized.
Hashtable ht = new
Hashtable( );
Stores key/value pairs in Hash Table.
ht.put(Prasadi,new
Double(74.6));
A Hash Table stores information by using a mechanism called
hashing. In hashing the informational content of a key is used to
determine a unique value, called its Hash Code. The Hash Code is then
used as the index at which the data associated with the key is stored.
The Transformation of the key into its Hash Code is performed
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automatically- we never see the Hash Code. Also the code cant
directly index into h c.

Tree Map : Implements Sorted Set Interface.

TreeMap tm=new TreeMap( );
The elements are stored in sorted ascending order.
tm.put( Prasad,new Double(74.6));
Using key value we can retrieve the data.
Provides an efficient means of storing key/value pairs in sorted order and allows rapid retrivals.
Iterator: Each of collection class provided an iterator( ).
By using this iterator Object, we can access each element in the collection
one at a time.
We can remove() ;
Hashnext( ) go next; if it returns false end of
list.
Iterarator
Iterator itr = a1.iterator( );
v.element( );
While(itr.hashNext(
System.out.println(Elements in Vector :);
{
())

Enumerator
Enumerator vEnum =
))
while(vEnum.hasMoreElements

Object
element
System.out.println(vEnum.nextElement( ) + );

itr.next(

);

System.out.println(element + );
}

Collections
1.Introduction
2.Legacy Collections
1. The Enumeration Interface
2. Vector
3. Stack
4. Hashtable
5. Properties
3.Java 2 Collections
1. The Interfaces of the collections framework
2. Classes in the collections framework
3. ArrayList & HashSet
4. TreeSet & Maps

Introduction :
Does your class need a way to easily search through thousands of
items quickly?
Does it need an ordered sequence of elements and the ability to
rapidly insert and remove elements in the middle of the sequence?
Does it need an array like structure with random-access ability that
can grow at runtime?
List
|
Abstract List
|
Vector
|
Stack

Map
|
Dictonary
|
HashTable
|
Properities

The Enumeration Interface :

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enumerate (obtain one at a time) the elements in a collection of

objects.
specifies two methods :
boolean hasMoreElements() : Returns true when there are still
more elements to extract, and false when all of the elements have
been enumerated.
Object nextElement() :
Returns the next object in the
enumeration as a generic Object reference.

VECTOR :
Vector implements dynamic array.
Vector v = new vector( );
Vector is a growable object.
V1.addElement(new
Integer(1));
Vector is Synchronized, it cant allow special characters and null values.
Vector is a variable-length array of object references.
Vectors are created with an initial size.
When this size is exceeded, the vector is automatically enlarged.
When objects are removed, the vector may be shrunk.
Constructors : Vector() : Default constructor with initial size 10.
Vector(int size) : Vector whose initial capacity is specified by size.
Vector(int size,int incr)
:Vector whose initialize capacity is
specified by size and whose increment is specified by incr.
Methods :
final void addElement(Object element) : The object specified by
element is added to the vector.
final Object elementAt(int index) : Returns the element at the
location specified by index.
final boolean removeElement(Object element) : Removes
element from the vector
final boolean isEmpty() : Returns true if the vector is empty, false
otherwise.
final int size() : Returns the number of elements currently in the
vector.
final boolean contains(Object element) : Returns true if element
is contained by the vector and false if it is not.
STACK :
Stack is a subclass of Vector that implements a standard last-in,
first-out stack
Constructor : Stack() Creates an empty stack.
Methods :
Object push(Object item) : Pushes an item onto the top of this stack.
Object pop() : Removes the object at the top of this stack and
returns that object as the value of this function. An
EmptyStackException is thrown if it is called on empty stack.
boolean empty() : Tests if this stack is empty.
Object peek() : Looks at the object at the top of this stack without
removing it from the stack.
int search(Object o) : Determine if an object exists on the stack and
returns the number of pops that would be required to bring it to the
top of the stack.

HashTable :
Hash Table is synchronized and does not permit null values.
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Hash Table is Serialized.

Hashtable ht = new
Hashtable( );
Stores key/value pairs in Hash Table.
ht.put(Prasadi,new
Double(74.6));
Hashtable is a concrete implementation of a Dictionary.
Dictionary is an abstract class that represents a key/value storage repository.
A Hashtable instance can be used store arbitrary objects which are indexed by
any other arbitrary object.
A Hashtable stores information using a mechanism called hashing.
When using a Hashtable, you specify an object that is used as a key and the value
(data) that you want linked to that key.
Constructors :

Hashtable()

Hashtable(int size)

Methods :
Object put(Object key,Object value) : Inserts a key and a value
into the hashtable.
Object get(Object key) : Returns the object that contains the
value associated with key.
boolean contains(Object value) : Returns true if the given value
is available in the hashtable. If not, returns false.
boolean containsKey(Object key) : Returns true if the given key
is available in the hashtable. If not, returns false.
Enumeration elements() : Returns an enumeration of the values
contained in the hashtable.
int size() : Returns the number of entries in the hashtable.

Properties
Properties is a subclass of Hashtable
Used to maintain lists of values in which the key is a String and the
value is also a String
Constructors
Properties()
Properties(Properties propDefault) : Creates an object that uses
propDefault for its default value.
Methods :
String getProperty(String key) : Returns the value associated
with key.
Strng getProperty(String key, String defaultProperty) :
Returns the value associated with key. defaultProperty is returned if
key is neither in the list nor in the default property list .
Enumeration propertyNames() : Returns an enumeration of the
keys. This includes those keys found in the default property list.

The Interfaces in Collections Framework

Collection

Map

Iterator

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Set
List
|
SortedSet

SortedMap

ListIterator

Collection :
A collection allows a group of objects to be treated as a single unit.
The Java collections library forms a framework for collection classes.
The CI is the root of collection hierarchy and is used for common
functionality across all collections.
There is no direct implementation of Collection Interface.
Two fundamental interfaces for containers:
Collection
boolean add(Object element) : Inserts element into a collection
Set Interface: extends Collection Interface.
The Class Hash set
implements Set Interface.
Is used to represent the group of unique elements.
Set stores elements in an unordered way but does not contain
duplicate elements.
identical to Collection interface, but doesnt accept duplicates.
Sorted set : extends Set Interface. The class Tree Set implements
Sorted set Interface.
It provides the extra functionality of keeping the elements sorted.
It represents the collection consisting of Unique, sorted elements in
ascending order.
expose the comparison object for sorting.

List Interface

ordered collection Elements are added into a particular position.

Represents the sequence of numbers in a fixed order.
But may contain duplicate elements.
Elements can be inserted or retrieved by their position in the List using
Zero based index.
List stores elements in an ordered way.

Map Interface: Basic Interface.The classes Hash Map & HashTable

implements Map interface.
Used to represent the mapping of unique keys to values.
By using the key value we can retrive the values.
Two basic operations are get( ) & put( ) .

boolean put(Object key, Object value) : Inserts given value into

map with key
Object get(Object key) : Reads value for the given key.

Tree Map Class: Implements Sorted Set Interface.

The elements are stored in sorted ascending order.
Using key value we can retrieve the data.
Provides an efficient means of storing key/value pairs in sorted order and allows rapid
retrivals.
TreeMap tm=new TreeMap( );
tm.put( Prasad,new Double(74.6));

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The Classes in Collections Framework

Abstract Collection
Abstract List
Abstract Map
Abstract
Array List
Map
Tree Map
Sequential
List

Abstract Set

Hash Set

Tree Set

Hash

Linked List

ArrayList
Similar to Vector: it encapsulates a dynamically reallocated
Object[] array
Why use an ArrayList instead of a Vector?
All methods of the Vector class are synchronized, It is safe to
access a Vector object from two threads.
ArrayList methods are not synchronized, use ArrayList in case of no
synchronization
Use get and set methods instead of elementAt and setElementAt
methods of vector

HashSet
Implements a set based on a hashtable
The default constructor constructs a hashtable with 101 buckets
and a load factor of 0.75
HashSet(int initialCapacity)
HashSet(int initialCapacity,float loadFactor)
loadFactor is a measure of how full the hashtable is allowed to get
before its capacity is automatically increased
Use Hashset if you dont care about the ordering of the elements in
the collection

TreeSet
Similar to hash set, with one added improvement
A tree set is a sorted collection
Insert elements into the collection in any order, when it is iterated,
the values are automatically presented in sorted order
Maps : Two implementations for maps:

HashMap

hashes the keys

The Elements may not in Order.
Hash Map is not synchronized and permits null values
Hash Map is not serialized.
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Hash Map supports Iterators.

TreeMap
uses a total ordering on the keys to organize them in a search tree
The hash or comparison function is applied only to the keys
The values associated with the keys are not hashed or compared.
How are memory leaks possible in Java
If any object variable is still pointing to some object which is of no
use, then JVM will not garbage collect that object and object will
remain in memory creating memory leak
What are the differences between EJB and Java beans
the main difference is Ejb componenets are distributed which means
develop once and run anywhere. java beans are not distributed.
which means the beans cannot be shared .
What would happen if you say this = null
this will give a compilation error as follows
cannot assign value to final variable this
Will there be a performance penalty if you make a method
synchronized? If so, can you make any design changes to
improve the performance
yes.the performance will be down if we use synchronization.
one can minimise the penalty by including garbage collection
algorithm, which reduces the cost of collecting large numbers of
short- lived objects. and also by using Improved thread
synchronization for invoking the synchronized methods.the invoking
will be faster.
How would you implement a thread pool
public class ThreadPool extends java.lang.Object implements
ThreadPoolInt
This class is an generic implementation of a thread pool, which takes
the following input
a) Size of the pool to be constructed
b) Name of the class which implements Runnable (which has a
visible default constructor)
and constructs a thread pool with active threads that are waiting for
activation. once the threads have finished processing they come back
and wait once again in the pool.
This thread pool engine can be locked i.e. if some internal operation
is performed on the pool then it is preferable that the thread engine
be locked. Locking ensures that no new threads are issued by the
engine. However, the currently executing threads are allowed to
continue till they come back to the passivePool
How does serialization work
Its like FIFO method (first in first out)
How does garbage collection work
There are several basic strategies for garbage collection:
reference counting, mark-sweep, mark-compact, and copying. In
addition, some algorithms can do their job incrementally (the entire
heap need not be collected at once, resulting in shorter collection
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pauses), and some can run while the user program runs (concurrent
collectors). Others must perform an entire collection at once while
the user program is suspended (so-called stop-the-world collectors).
Finally, there are hybrid collectors, such as the generational collector
employed by the 1.2 and later JDKs, which use different collection
algorithms on different areas of the heap
How would you pass a java integer by reference to another
function
Passing by reference is impossible in JAVA but Java support the
object reference so.
Object is the only way to pass the integer by refrence.
What is the sweep and paint algorithm
The painting algorithm takes as input a source image and a list of
brush sizes. sweep algo is that it computes the arrangement of n
lines in the plane ... a correct algorithm,
Can a method be static and synchronized
no a static mettod can't be synchronised
Do multiple inheritance in Java
Its not possible directly. That means this feature is not provided by
Java, but it can be achieved with the help of Interface. By
implementing more than one interface.
What is data encapsulation? What does it buy you
The most common example I can think of is a javabean.
Encapsulation may be used by creating 'get' and 'set' methods in a
class which are used to access the fields of the object. Typically the
fields are made private while the get and set methods are public.
dEncapsulation can be used to validate the data that is to be
stored, to do calculations on data that is stored in a field or fields, or
for use in introspection (often the case when using javabeans in
Struts, for instance).
What is reflection API? How are they implemented
Reflection package is used mainlyfor the purpose of getting the
class name. by using the getName method we can get name of the
class for particular application .
Reflection is a feature of the Java programming language. It
allows an executing Java program to examine or "introspect" upon
itself, and manipulate internal properties of the program.
What are the primitive types in Java
According to Java in a Nutshell, 5th ed
boolean, byte, char, short, long float, double, int
Is there a separate stack for each thread in Java
No
What is heap in Java
JAVA is fully Object oriented language. It has two phases first
one is Compilation phase and second one is interpratation phase. The
Compilation phase convert the java file to class file (byte code is only
readable format of JVM) than Intepratation phase interorate the class
file line by line and give the proper result.
In Java, how are objects / values passed around
In Java Object are passed by reference and Primitive data is always
pass by value
Do primitive types have a class representation
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Primitive data type has a wrapper class to present.

Like for int - Integer , for byte Byte, for long Long etc ...
How all can you free memory
With the help of finalize() method.
If a programmer really wants to explicitly request a garbage
collection at some point, System.gc() or Runtime.gc() can be
invoked, which will fire off a garbage collection at that time.
Does java do reference counting
It is more likely that the JVMs you encounter in the real world will
use a tracing algorithm in their garbage-collected heaps
What does a static inner class mean? How is it different from
any other static member
A static inner class behaves like any ``outer'' class. It may contain
methods and fields.
It is not necessarily the case that an instance of the outer
class exists even when we have created an instance of the inner
class. Similarly, instantiating the outer class does not create any
instances of the inner class.
The methods of a static inner class may access all the
members (fields or methods) of the inner class but they can access
only static members (fields or methods) of the outer class. Thus, f
can access the field x, but it cannot access the field y.
How do you declare constant values in java
Using Final keyword we can declare the constant values How all can
you instantiate final members Final member can be instantiate only
at the time of declaration. null
How is serialization implemented in Java
A particular class has to implement an Interface
java.io.Serializable for implementing serialization. When you have
an object passed to a method and when the object is reassigned to a
different one, then is the original reference lost No Reference is not
lost. Java always passes the object by reference, now two references
is pointing to the same object.
What are the different kinds of exceptions? How do you catch
a Runtime exception
There are 2 types of exceptions.
1. Checked exception
2. Unchecked exception.
Checked exception is catched at the compile time while
unchecked exception is checked at run time.
1.Checked Exceptions : Environmental error that cannot necessarily
be detected by testing; e.g. disk full, broken socket, database
unavailable, etc.
2. Unchecked exception.
Errors : Virtual machine error: class not found, out of memory, no
such method, illegal access to private field, etc.
Runtime Exceptions :Programming errors that should be detected in
testing: index out of bounds, null pointer, illegal argument, etc.
Checked exceptions must be handled at compile time. Runtime
exceptions do not need to be. Errors often cannot be
What are the differences between JIT and HotSpot
The Hotspot VM is a collection of techniques, the most significant
of which is called "adaptive optimization.
The original JVMs interpreted bytecodes one at a time. Secondgeneration JVMs added a JIT compiler, which compiles each method
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to native code upon first execution, then executes the native code.
Thereafter, whenever the method is called, the native code is
executed. The adaptive optimization technique used by Hotspot is a
hybrid approach, one that combines bytecode interpretation and runtime compilation to native code.
Hotspot, unlike a regular JIT compiling VM, doesn't do "premature
optimization"
What is a memory footprint? How can you specify the lower
and upper limits of the RAM used by the JVM? What happens
when the JVM needs more memory?
when JVM needs more memory then it does the garbage
collection, and sweeps all the memory which is not being used.
What are the disadvantages of reference counting in garbage
collection?
An advantage of this scheme is that it can run in small chunks of
time closely interwoven with the execution of the program. This
characteristic
makes
it particularly
suitable
for
real-time
environments where the program can't be interrupted for very long.
A disadvantage of reference counting is that it does not detect
cycles. A cycle is two or more objects that refer to one another, for
example, a parent object that has a reference to its child object,
which has a reference back to its parent. These objects will never
have a reference count of zero even though they may be
unreachable by the roots of the executing program. Another
disadvantage is the overhead of incrementing and decrementing the
reference count each time. Because of these disadvantages,
reference counting currently is out of favor.
Is it advisable to depend on finalize for all cleanups
The purpose of finalization is to give an opportunity to an
unreachable object to perform any clean up before the object is
garbage collected, and it is advisable.
can we declare multiple main() methods in multiple classes.
ie can we have each main method in its class in our program?
YES

JDBC
How to Interact with DB?
Generally every DB vendor provides a User Interface through
which we can easily execute SQL querys and get the result (For
example
Oracle
Query
Manager
for
Oracle,
and
TOAD
(www.quest.com) tool common to all the databases). And these tools
will help DB developers to create database. But as a programmer we
want to interact with the DB dynamically to execute some SQL
queries from our application (Any application like C, C++, JAVA etc),
and for this requirement DB vendors provide some Native Libraries
(Vendor Specific) using this we can interact with the DB i.e. If you
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want to execute some queries on Oracle DB, oracle vendor provides

an OCI (Oracle Call Interface) Libraries to perform the same.
About ODBC
What is ODBC
ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is an ISV (Independent
software vendor product) composes of native API to connect to
different databases through via a single API called ODBC.
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is an SQL oriented application
programming interface developed by in collaboration with IBM and
some other database vendors.
ODBC comes with Microsoft products and with all databases on
Windows OS.
ODBC Architecture
Oracle ODBC

Front End Application

ODBC API

C function calls
Oracle DSN

SQL server ODBC

Sybase ODBC

SP API

SP API

SP API

Oracle

SQL server

Sybase

Oracle ODBC

My DSN
SQL Server DSN
Sybase DSN

SQL server ODBC

SQL S

Sy

Sybase ODBC

Our DSN

Advantages
Single API (Protocol) is used to interact with any DB
Switching from one DB to another is easy
Doesnt require any modifications in the Application when
you want to shift from one DB to other.
What for JDBC?
As we have studied about ODBC and is advantages and came
to know that it provides a common API to interact with any DB which
has an ODBC Service Providers Implementation written in Native API
that can be used in your applications.
If an application wants to interact with the DB then the options
which have been explained up to now in this book are:
1. Using Native Libraries given by the DB vendor
2. Using ODBC API
And we have listed there Advantages and Disadvantages.
But if the application is a JAVA application then the above given
options are not recommended to be used due to the following
reasons
1. Native Libraries given by DB vendor
a. Application becomes vendor dependent and

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b. The application has to use JNI to interact with Native Lib which
may cause serious problem for Platform Independency in our
applications.
2. And the second option given was using ODBC API which can
solve the 1.a problem but again this ODBC API is also a
Native API, so we have to use JNI in our Java applications
which lead to the 1.b described problem.
And the answer for these problems is JDBC (Java Data Base
Connectivity) which provides a common Java API to interact with any
DB.
What is JDBC
As explained above JDBC standards for Java Data Base
Connectivity. It is a specification given by Sun Microsystems and
standards followed by X/Open SAG (SQL Access Group) CLI (Call
Level Interface) to interact with the DB.
Java programing language methods. The JDBC API provides
database-independent connectivity between the JAVA Applications
and a wide range of tabular data bases. JDBC technology allows an
application component provider to:
Perform connection and authentication to a database
server
Manage transactions
Moves SQL statements to a database engine for
preprocessing and execution
Executes stored procedures
Inspects and modifies the results from SELECT
statements
JDBC API
JDBC API is divided into two parts
JDBC Application
1. JDBC Core API
S
2. JDBC Extension or Optional API
PA
PI JDBC
JDBC Core API (java.sql package)
This part of API deals with the following futures API
1. Establish a connection to a DB
2. Getting DB Details
JDBC Driver
3. Getting Driver Details
4. maintaining Local Transaction
SPAPI
5. executing querys
6. getting results (ResultSet)
7. preparing pre-compiled SQL querys and executing
8. executing procedures & functions
MS SQL Server DB
Oracle
DB API (javax.sql package)
JDBC Ext OR
Optional
This part of API deals with the following futures
1. Resource
Objects
with
Distributed
Transaction
Management support
SP I
2. Connection Pooling.
AP
These two parts of Specification are the part of J2SE and are
inherited into J2EE i.e. this specification API can be used with all
the components given under J2SE and J2EE.
JDBC Architecture:

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In the above show archetecture diagram the JDBC

Driver forms an abstraction layer between the JAVA Application and
DB, and is implemented by 3rd party vendors or a DB Vendor. But
whoever may be the vendor and what ever may be the DB we need
not to worry will just us JDCB API to give instructions to JDBC Driver
and then its the responsibility of JDBC Driver Provider to convert the
JDBC Call to the DB Specific Call.
And this 3rd party vendor or DB vendor implemented Drivers are
classified into 4-Types namely
Types Of Drivers :

1. Type-1 (JDBC ODBC-Bridge Driver) JDBC-ODBC Bridge

Driver

2. Type-2 (Java-Native API Driver)

3.
4.

Native API Partly JAVA

Driver (Thick Driver)
Type-3 (Java Net Protocol Driver)
Intermediate DataBase
Access Server
Type-4 (Java Native Protocol driver) Pure JAVA Driver (Thin
driver)

Type-1 : JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver :

Since ODBC is written in C-language using
pointers, so JAVA doest support pointers, a java program cant
communate directly with the DataBase. The JDBC-ODBC bridge
drivertransulates JDBC API calls to ODBC API calls.
Architecture

JAVA
Application

JDBC
ODBC
Driver

Native
ODBC
Client
driver
Libraries

DBMS

DBMS
Interface
client
libraries
DBMS
Interface
Server
Libraries

This type of Driver is designed to convert the JDBC request call to

ODBC call and ODBC response call to JDBC call.
The JDBC uses this interface in order to communicate with the
database, so neither the database nor the middle tier need to be
Java compliant. However ODBC binary code must be installed on
each client machine that uses this driver. This bridge driver uses a
configured data source.
Advantages
Simple to use because ODBC drivers comes with DB
installation/Microsoft front/back office product installation
JDBC ODBC Drivers comes with JDK software
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Disadvantages
More number of layers between the application and DB.
And more number of API conversions leads to the downfall
of the performance.
Slower than type-2 driver
Where to use?
This type of drivers are generaly used at the development time to
test your applications.
Because of the disadvantages listed above it is not used at
production time. But if we are not available with any other type of
driver implementations for a DB then we are forced to use this type
of driver (for example Microsoft Access).
Examples of this type of drivers
JdbcOdbcDriver from sun
Suns JdbcOdbcDriver is one of type-1 drivers and comes along with
sun j2sdk (JDK).
Setting environment to use this driver
11 Software
ODBC libraries has to be installed.
11 classpath
No additional classpath settings are required apart from the
runtime jar (c:\j2sdk1.4\jre\lib\rt.jar) which is defaultly
configured.
11 Path
No additional path configuration is required.
How to use this driver
Driver class name sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver
Driver URL dbc:odbc:<DSN>
here <DSN> (Data Source Name) is an ODBC datasource
name which is used by ODBC driver to locate one of the ODBC
Service Provider implementation API which can in-turn
connect to DB.
Steps to create <DSN>
1. run Data Sources (ODBC) from Control
Panal\Administrative Tools\
(for Windows 2000 server/2000 professional/XP)
run ODBC Data Sources from Control Panel\
2. click on Add button available on the above displayed screen. this
opens a new window titled Create New Data Source which
displays all the available DBs lable DBs ODBC drivers currently
installed on your system.
3. Select the suitable driver and click on Finish
4. Give the required info to the driver (like username, service id etc)
Type-2 : Native API Partly JAVA Driver (Thick Driver) :
JDBC Database calls are translated into
Vendor-specific API calls. The database will process the request and
send the results back through API to JDBC Driver this will translate
the results to the JDBC standard and return them to the Java
application.
The Vendor specific language API must be installed on every
client
that runs the
JAVA application.
JDBC
JDBC Type II
JDBC
DBMS Client
SP API
Architecture
API
Application
libraries (native)
Driver
SP
N/W
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Libra
2
Classification : INTERNAL
ries
OCI
DBMS Server
DBMS
Libraries
libraries (native)

This driver converts the JDBC call given by the Java application to a
DB specific native call (i.e. to C or C++) using JNI (Java Native
Interface).
Advantages :Faster than the other types of drivers due to native
library participation in socket programing.
Disadvantage : DB spcifiic native client library has to be installed in
the client machine.
Preferablly work in local network environment because
network service name must be configured in client system
Where to use?
This type of drivers are suitable to be used in server side
applications.
Not recommended to use with the applications using two tire model
(i.e. client and database layers) because in this type of model client
used to interact with DB using the driver and in such a situation the
client system sould have the DB native library.
Examples of this type of drivers
1. OCI 8 (Oracle Call Interface) for Oracle implemented by Oracle
Corporation.
Setting environment to use this driver
Software: Oracle client software has to be installed in
client machine
classpath

%ORACLE_HOME
%\ora81\jdbc\lib\classes111.zip
path

%ORACLE_HOME%\ora81\bin
How to use this driver
Driver class name
oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver
Driver URL

jdbc:oracle:oci8:@TNSName
Note: TNS Names of Oracle is available in Oracle installed folder
%ORACLE_HOME%\Ora81\network\admin\tnsnames.ora
2. Weblogic Jdriver for Oracle implemented by BEA Weblogic:
Setting environment to use this driver
Oracle client software has to be installed in client machine
weblogicoic dlls has to be set in the path
classpath

d:\bea\weblogic700\server\lib\weblogic.jar
path

%ORACLE_HOME%\ora81\bin;
d:\bea\weblogic700\server\bin\<subfolder><sub folder>
is
o oci817_8 if you are using Oracle 8.1.x
o oci901_8 for Oracle 9.0.x
o oci920_8 for Oracle 9.2.x
How to use this driver
Driver class name
weblogic.jdbc.oci.Driver

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Classification : INTERNAL

Driver URL

jdbc:weblogic:oracle:HostName

Type-3 Intermediate DataBase Access Server :

Type-3 Driver uses an
Intermediate(middleware) database driver that has the ability to
connect multiple JAVA clients to multiple database servers.
Client connect to the Databse server via an Intermediate server
component (such as listener) that acts as a gateway for multple
database servers.
Bea weblogic includes Type-3 Driver.
Architecture :

JDBC
Application

JDBC
API

JDBC Type III

Driver

Net protocol

DBMS Interface
DBMS

DBMS API

Server
Listener

OCI Libraries

Middleware
Listener

DBMS Interface
Client

This type of drivers responsibility is to convert JDBC call

to Net protocol (Middleware listener dependent) format and redirect
the client request to Middleware Listener and middleware listener
inturn uses type-1, type-2 or type-4 driver to interact with DB.
Advantages:
It allows the flexibility on the architecture of the application.
In absence of DB vendor supplied driver we can use this
driver
Suitable for Applet clients to connect DB, because it uses Java
libraries for communication between client and server.
Disadvantages:
From client to server communication this driver uses Java
libraries, but from server to DB connectivity this driver uses
native libraries, hence number of API conversion and layer of
interactions increases to perform operations that leads to
performance deficit.
Third party vendor dependent and this driver may not provide
suitable driver for all DBs
Where to use?
Suitable for Applets when connecting to databases
Examples of this type of drivers:
1. IDS Server (Intersolv) driver available for most of the
Databases
Setting environment to use this driver
Software: IDS software required to be downloaded from
the following URL
[
http://www.idssoftware.com/idsserver.html
->
Export
Evaluation ]
classpath

C:\IDSServer\classes\jdk14drv.jar
path

How to use this driver

Driver class name
ids.sql.IDSDriver
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Classification : INTERNAL

Driver URL

dsn='IDSExamples'

jdbc:ids://localhost:12/conn?

Note: DSN Name must be created in ServerDSN

Type-4 Pure JAVA Driver (Thin driver) :
Type-4 Driver translates JDBC-API calls to direct
network calls using vendor specific networking protocols by making
direct server connections with the database.
Architecture
JDBC Application

JDBC API

JDBC Type IV Driver

Native Protocol

DBMS Interface
Server Listener
DBMS API

DBMS
This type of driver converts the JDBC call to a DB defined native
protocol.
Advantage
Type-4 driver are simple to deploy since there is No client
native libraries required to be installed in client machine
Comes with most of the Databases
Disadvantages:
Slower in execution compared with other JDBC Driver due to
Java libraries are used in socket communication with the DB
Where to use?
This type of drivers are sutable to be used with server side
applications, client side application and Java Applets also.
Examples of this type of drivers
1) Thin driver for Oracle implemented by Oracle Corporation
Setting environment to use this driver
classpath

%ORACLE_HOME
%\ora81\jdbc\lib\classes111.zip
How to use this driver
Driver class name
oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver
Driver URL

jdbc:oracle:thin:@HostName:<port
no>:<SID>
<port no> 1521
<SID> -> ORCL
2) MySQL Jconnector for MySQL database
Setting environment to use this driver
classpath

C:\mysql\mysql-connector-java3.0.8-stable\mysql-connector-java-3.0.8-stable-bin.jar
How to use this driver
Driver class name
Driver URL

com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
jdbc:mysql:///test

Chapter 3 [JDBC Core API]

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Classification : INTERNAL

In this chapter we are going to discuss about 3 versions of

JDBC: JDBC 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0
Q) How JDBC API is common to all the Databases and also to
all drivers?
A) Fine! The answer is JDBC API uses Factory Method and Abstract
Factory Design pattern implementations to make API common to all
the Databases and Drivers. In fact most of the classes available in
JDBC API are interfaces, where Driver vendors must provide
implementation for the above said interfaces.
Q) Then how JDBC developer can remember or find out the
syntaxes of vendor specific classes?
A) No! developer need not have to find out the syntaxes of vendor
specific implementations why because DriverManager is one named
class available in JDBC API into which if you register Driver class
name, URL, user and password, DriverManager class in-turn brings
us one Connection object.
Q) Why most of the classes given in JDBC API are interfaces?
A) Why abstract class and abstract methods are?
Abstract class forces all sub classes to implement common methods
whichever are required implementations. Only abstract method and
class can do this job. Thats why most part of the JDBC API is a
formation of interfaces.
JDBC API comes in 2 packages
java.sql.*
javax.sql.*
First of all I want to discuss briefly about all the list of interfaces and
classes available in java.sql. package
Interfaces index
Driver
Every JDBC Driver vendor must one sub class of this class for initial
establishment of Connections. DriverManager class need to be first
registered with this class before accepting URL and other information
for getting DB connection.
Method index
Connection
connect(String
url,
Properties
info)
This method takes URL argument and user name & password
info as Properties object
boolean
acceptURL(String
url)
This method returns boolean value true if the given URL is
correct, false if any wrong in URL
boolean
jdbcComplaint()
JDBC compliance requires full support for the JDBC API and
full support for SQL 92 Entry Level. It is expected that JDBC
compliant drivers will be available for all the major
commercial databases.
Connection
Connection is class in-turn holds the TCP/IP connection with DB.
Functions available in this class are used to manage connection liveness as long as JDBC application wants to connect with DB. The
period for how long the connection exists is called as Session. This
class also provides functions to execute various SQL statements on
the DB. For instance the operations for DB are mainly divided into 3
types
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Classification : INTERNAL

 DDL (create, alter, and drop)

DML (insert, select, update and delete)
DCL (commit, rollback) and also
call function_name (or) call procedure_name
Method Index
Statement createStatement()
PreparedStatement
prepareStatement(String
preSqlOperation)
CallableStatement prepareCall(String callToProc())
Statement
Statement class is the super class in its hierarchy. Provides
basic functions to execute query (select) and non-related (create,
alter, drop, insert, update, delete) query operations.
Method Index
int executeUpdate(String sql)
This function accepts non-query based SQL operations; the return
value int tells that how many number of rows effected/updated by
the given SQL operation.
ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)
This function accepts SQL statement SELECT and returns java buffer
object which contains temporary instance of SQL structure
maintaining all the records retrieved from the DB. This object exists
as long as DB connection exist.
boolean execute()
This function accepts all SQL operations including SELECT statement
also.
PreparedStatement
PreparedStatement class is sub classing from Statement class.
While connection class prepareStatement function is creating one
new instance this class, function takes one String argument that
contains basic syntax of SQL operation represented with ? for IN
parameter representation. In the further stages of the JDBC
program, programmer uses setXXX(int index, datatype identifier) to
pass values into IN parameter and requests exdcute()/
exuecteUpdate() call.
Method Index
setInt(int index, int value) similar functions are provided for
all other primitive parameters
setString(int index, String value)
setObject(int index, Object value)
setBinaryStream(int index, InputStream is, int length)
CallableStatement
ResultSet
ResultSetMetaData
DatabaseMetaData
BLOB
CLOB
REF
SavePoint
Struct
SQLInput
SQLOutput
SQLData
Class diagram required here
// TypeI DriverTest,java
package com.digitalbook.j2ee.jdbc;
import java.sql.*;
public class TypeIDriverTest
{
Connection con;
Statement stmt;
ResultSet rs;
public TypeIDriverTest ()
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Classification : INTERNAL

try {
// Load driver class into default ClassLoader
Class.forName ("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
// Obtain a connection with the loaded driver
con
=DriverManager.getConnection
("jdbc:odbc:digitalbook","scott","tiger");
URL
String
("<protocol>:<subprotocol>:<subname>", " ", " " ); }
// create a statement
st=con.createStatement();
//execute SQL query
rs =st.executeQuery ("select ename,sal from emp");
System.out.println ("Name
Salary");
System.out.println ("--------------------------------");
while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println
(rs.getString(1)+"
"+rs.getString(2));
}
rs.close ();
stmt.close ();
con.close ();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace ();
}
}
public static void main (String args[])
{
TypeIDriverTest demo=new TypeIDriverTest ();
}
}
// TypeIIDriverTest,java
package com.digitalbook.j2ee.jdbc;
import java.sql.*;
public class TypeIIDriverTest
{
Connection con;
Statement stmt;
ResultSet rs;
public TypeIIDriverTest ()
{
try {
// Load driver class into default ClassLoader
Class.forName ("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
// Obtain a connection with the loaded driver
con
=DriverManager.getConnection
("jdbc:oracle:oci8:@digital","scott","tiger");
// create a statement
st=con.createStatement();
//execute SQL query
rs =st.executeQuery ("select ename,sal from emp");
System.out.println ("Name
Salary");
System.out.println ("--------------------------------");
while(rs.next())
{
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System.out.println
(rs.getString(1)+"
"+rs.getString(2));
}
rs.close ();
stmt.close ();
con.close ();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace ();
}
}
public static void main (String args[])
{
TypeIIDriverTest demo=new TypeIIDriverTest ();
}
}

Chapter 9 :
[javax.sql package]
This package supplements the java.sql package and is included as a
part of JDK 1.4 version. This package mainly provides following
features:
1. DataSource interface was introduced in substitution to
DriverManager class for getting connection objects.
2. Connection Pooling
3. Distributed TX management
4. RowSets
Applications can directly use DataSource and RowSet API but
connection pooling and Distributed TX management APIs are used
internally by the middle-tier infrastructure.
DataSource
DataSource is an interface. Driver vendor will provide
implementation for this interface (That means in case JDBC Driver
Type II driver Oracle vendor for Oracle DB, Intersolv in case of
IDSServer). This object is used to obtain connections into any type of
JDBC program. Though DriverManager class is ideal for getting DB
connection object, this class provides some extra features over
DriverManager class:
Applications will obtain DB connection objects through via this factory class
DataSource object will be registered into JNDI, hence any application
connected in the network can obtain this object by requesting JNDI API,
DataSource class is having one method called getConnection() geives one
Connection object
Application do not need to hard code a driver class
Changes can be made to a data source properties, which means that it is
not necessary to make changes in application code when something about
the data source or driver changes
Connection pooling and Distributed transactions are available through only
the connection obtained from this object. Connection obtained through
DriverManager class do not have this capability
DataSource interface is implemented by driver vendor. There are 3
types of implementations available:
11 Basic Implementation- Produces a standard connection
object.
11 Connection Pooling Implementation- Produces a
connection
object
that
automatically
participates
in
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connection pooling. This implementation works with a middletier connection pooling manager.
11 Distributed transaction implementation- Produces a
connection object that may be used for distributed
transactions and almost always participates in connection
pooling. This implementation works with a middle-tier
transaction manager and almost always with a connection
pool manager.
A driver that is accessed via a DataSource object does not register
itself with the DriverManager. Rather, a DataSource object is
retrieved though a lookup operation and then used to create a
Connection object. With a basic implementation, the connection
obtained through a DataSource object is identical to a connection
obtained through the DriverManager facility.
Method Index
Connection getConnection()
This function
returns
Connection object on demand of this method.
Connection getConnection(String user, String pass) This
function returns Connection object on demand of this method
by passing username and password.
Sub classes of this interface are
Type III Driver IDSServer Intersolv ids.jdbc.IDSDataSource
Type III Driver WebLogic BEA weblogic.jdbc.jta.DataSource
XA Support
Connection Pooling
Connections made via a DataSource object that is
implemented to work with a middle tier connection pool manager will
participate in connection pooling. This can improve the performance
dramatically because creating a new connection is very expensive.
Connection Pool provides following features:
Substantial improvement in the performance of DB application
can be accomplished by pre-caching the DB connection
objects
CPM supplied DB connections are remote enable
CPM supplied DB connections are cluster aware
CPM supplied DB connections supports DTM (distributed TXs)
CPM supplied DB connections are not actual DB Connection
objects, in turn they are remote object, hence even though
client closes DB connection using con.close() the actual
connection may not be closed instead RMI connection
between client to CPM are closed
CPM supplied DB connection objects are serializable, hence
client from any where in the network can access DB
connections
The classes and interfaces used for connection pooling are:
1. ConnectionPoolDataSource
2. PooledConnection
3. ConnectionEvent
4. ConnectionEventListener
Connection Pool Manager resided on middle tier system uses
these classes and interfaces behind the scenes. When the
ConnectionPooledDataSource object is called on to create
PooledConnection object, the connection pool manager will register
as a ConnectionEventListener object with the new PooledConnection
object. When the connection is closed or there is an error, the
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Classification : INTERNAL

connection pool manager (being listener) gets a notification that

includes a ConnectionEvent object.
Distributed Transactions
As with pooled connections, connections made via data source
object that is implemented to work with the middle tier infrastructure
may participate in distributed transactions. This gives an application
the ability to involve data sources on multiple servers in a single
transaction.
The classes and interfaces used for distributed transactions are:
XADataSource
XAConnection
These interfaces are used by transaction manager; an application
does not use them directly.
The XAConnection interface is derived from the
PooledConnection interface, so what applies to a pooled connection
also applies to a connection that is part of distributed transaction. A
transaction manager in the middle tier handles everything
transparently. The only change in application code is that an
application cannot do anything that would interfere with the
transaction managers handling of the transaction. Specifically
application cannot call the methods Connection.commit or
Connection.rollback and it cannot set the connection to be in autocommit mode.
An application does not need to do anything special to
participate in a distributed transaction. It simply creates connections
to the data sources it wants to use via the DataSource.getConnection
method, just as it normally does. The transaction manager manages
the transaction behind the scenes. The XADataSource interface
creates XAConnection objects, and each XAConnection object creates
an XAResource object that the transaction manager uses to manage
the connection.
Rowsets
The RowSet interface works with various other classes and
interfaces behind the scenes. These can be grouped into three
categories.
1. Event Notification

o
o

RowSetListener
A RowSet object is a JavaBeansTM component because it has properties and participates in
the JavaBeans event notification mechanism. The RowSetListener interface is implemented
by a component that wants to be notified about events that occur to a particular RowSet
object. Such a component registers itself as a listener with a rowset via the
RowSet.addRowSetListener method.
When the RowSet object changes one of its rows, changes all of it rows, or moves its cursor,
it also notifies each listener that is registered with it. The listener reacts by carrying out its
implementation of the notification method called on it.
RowSetEvent
As part of its internal notification process, a RowSet object creates an instance of
RowSetEvent and passes it to the listener. The listener can use this RowSetEvent object to
find out which rowset had the event.
2. Metadata
RowSetMetaData
This interface, derived from the ResultSetMetaData interface,
provides information about the columns in a RowSet object. An
application can use RowSetMetaData methods to find out how many
columns the rowset contains and what kind of data each column can
contain.
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The RowSetMetaData interface provides methods for setting the

information about columns, but an application would not normally
use these methods. When an application calls the RowSet method
execute, the RowSet object will contain a new set of rows, and its
RowSetMetaData object will have been internally updated to contain
information about the new columns.
3. The Reader/Writer Facility
A RowSet object that implements the RowSetInternal
interface can call on the RowSetReader object associated with it
to populate itself with data. It can also call on the RowSetWriter
object associated with it to write any changes to its rows back to
the data source from which it originally got the rows. A rowset
that remains connected to its data source does not need to use a
reader and writer because it can simply operate on the data
source directly.
RowSetInternal
By implementing the RowSetInternal interface, a RowSet object gets
access to its internal state and is able to call on its reader and writer.
A rowset keeps track of the values in its current rows and of the
values that immediately preceded the current ones, referred to as
the original values. A rowset also keeps track of (1) the parameters
that have been set for its command and (2) the connection that was
passed to it, if any. A rowset uses the RowSetInternal methods
behind the scenes to get access to this information. An application
does not normally invoke these methods directly.
RowSetReader
A disconnected RowSet object that has implemented the
RowSetInternal interface can call on its reader (the RowSetReader
object associated with it) to populate it with data. When an
application calls the RowSet.execute method, that method calls on
the rowset's reader to do much of the work. Implementations can
vary widely, but generally a reader makes a connection to the data
source, reads data from the data source and populates the rowset
with it, and closes the connection. A reader may also update the
RowSetMetaData object for its rowset. The rowset's internal state is
also updated, either by the reader or directly by the method
RowSet.execute.

RowSetWriter
A disconnected RowSet object that has implemented the
RowSetInternal interface can call on its writer (the RowSetWriter
object associated with it) to write changes back to the underlying
data source. Implementations may vary widely, but generally, a
writer will do the following:
Make a connection to the data source
Check to see whether there is a conflict, that is, whether a value that has been
changed in the rowset has also been changed in the data source
Write the new values to the data source if there is no conflict
Close the connection
The RowSet interface may be implemented in any number of ways,
and anyone may write an implementation. Developers are
encouraged to use their imaginations in coming up with new ways to
use rowsets.
Type
III
Driver

WebLogic

BEA

weblogic.jdbc.common.internal.ConnectionPool
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Type
III
Driver

WebLogic
weblogic.jdbc.connector.internal.ConnectionPool
Type II & IV driver Oracle DB - Oracle

BEA

JDBC:
There are three types of statements in JDBC
Create statement : Is used to execute single SQL statements.
Prepared statement: Is used for executing parameterized quaries. Is
used to run pre-compiled SEQL Statement.
Callable statement: Is used to execute stored procedures.
Stored Procedures: Is a group of SQL statements that perform a
logical unit and performs a particular task.
Are used to encapsulate a set operations or queries t execute on
data.
execute()
returns Boolean value
executeupdate( ) returns resultset Object
executeupdate( ) returns integer value
Loading the Driver:
Class.forName(sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver);
Conn=DriverManager.getConnection(jdbc:odbc:dsn, username,
password);
( ORACLE Driver )
Class.forName(Oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver);
Conn=DriverManager.getConnection(jdbc:oracle:thin:@192.168.1.105
:1521:dbn, username, password);
Data base connection:
Public static void main(String args[]);
Connection con;
Statement st;
Resultset rs;
try {
// Getting all rows from Table
Clas.forName(sun.jdbc.odbc.jdbcodbc);
Conn=DriverManager.getConnction(jdbc.odbc.dsn, username ,
password);
st = con.createstatement( );
rs = st.executestatement(SELECT * FROM mytable);
while(rs.next());
{
String s= rs.getString(1); or rs.setString(COL_A);
int i = rs. getInt(2);
Float f = rs.getfloat(3);
Process(s,i,f);
}
catch(SQLException e)
{}
//Getting particular rows from Table
st = con.createstatement( );
rs = st.executequery(SELECT * FROM mytable WHERE COL A =
Prasad);
while(rs.next( ));
{
String s = rs.getString(1);
Int i = rs.getint(2);
Float f = rs.getfloat(3);
Process(s,i,f);
}
Catch(SQLException e); { }
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//updating a row from table.

try {
st = con.createstatement( );
int numupdated = st.executeupdate(UPDATE mytable SET COL_A =
prasad WHERE COL_B=746);
rs = st.executeupdate();
conn.close(); }
catch(SQLExceptione); { }
// Receiving rows from table
try {
st = con.preparedstatement( );
rs = st.execurtestatement(SELECT * FROM mytable SET COL_A=?);
int colunm=1;
rs.setString(colunm,hari);
rs = st.executeQuery( );
//update rwo from table
st = con.createstatement( );
int numupdated = st.executeupdate(UPDATE mytable SET COL_A =?
WHERE COL_B=?);
int column=1;
rs.setString(colunm,Prasad);
int column=2;
rs.setString(column,746);
int numupdated = st.executeupdate( );
} catch(SqlException e); { }
//callable statement
try {
cst = con.preparecall({call add1(??,??)});
cst.setint(1,a);
cst.setint(2,b);
cst.registerOurPrameter(1,Types.INTEGER);
cst.executeQuery( );
System.out.println(rs.getString( )); }
Connection Pool with webLogic server :
You can connect the database in your app using :
Class.forName(weblogic.jdbc.oci.Driver).newInstance();
Java.sql.Connection conn = Driver.connect(jdbc:weblogic:Oracle:dbn,
username, password);
( Or )
java.util.Properties prop = new java.util.Properties( );
prop.put(user, hari);
prop.put(password,prasad);
java.sql.Driver
d
=
(java.sql.Driver)Class.forName(weblogic.jdbc.oci.Driver).newInstance
( );
java.sql.Connection conn = d.connect(jdbc:weblogic:Oracle:dbn,
prop);
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
java.sql.Connection con=null;
java.sql.satement st =null;
try {
context ctx=null;
Hashtable ht = new Hashtable( );
ht.put(Context.INTIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY,weblogic:jndi:WLInitialCont
extFACTORY);
ht.put(Context_PROVIDER_URL,t3://Localhost:7001);
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//get a context from JNDI lookup

ctx = newIntialContext( ):
java.sql.Datasourse
ds
=(java.sql.DataSource)ctx.lookup(OraclegbJNDI);
con =ds.getConnection( );
System.out.Println(Making Connection);
st = conn.createstatement( );
}
finally {
try {
if(stmt !=null)
stmt.close( );
if(stmt !=null)
con.close( ); }
What is a transaction
transaction is collection of logical operation that perform a task
Transaction should ACID properties.
A for Automicity
C for Consistency
I for Isolation
D for Durability.
A transaction can be termed as any operation such as storing,
retrieving, updating or deleting records in the table that hits the
database.
What is the purpose of setAutoCommit( )
It is set as
ConnectionObject.setAutoComit();
after any updates through the program cannot be effected to the
database.We have commit the transctions .For this puprpose we can
set AutoCommit flag to Connection Object.
What are the three statements in JDBC & differences between them
which is used to run simple sql statements like select and update
2. PrepareStatment is used to run Pre compiled sql.
3. CallableStatement is used to execute the stored procedures.
What is stored procedure. How do you create stored
procedure ?
Stored procedures is a group of SQL statements that performs
a logical unit and performs a particular task.
Stored procedures are used to encapsulate a set of
operations or queries to execute on data.
Stored Procedure is a stored program in database, PL/SQL
program is a Stored Procedure. Stored Procedures can be called from
java by CallableStatement
A precompiled collection of SQL statements stored under a
name and processed as a unit.
Stored procedures can:
1.Accept input parameters and return multiple values in the form of
output parameters to the calling procedure or batch.
2.Contain programming statements that perform operations in the
database, including calling other procedures.
3.Return a status value to a calling procedure or batch to indicate
success or failure (and the reason for failure).
What are batch updates?
Batch Update facility allows multiple update operations to be
submitted to a database for processing at once. Using batch updates
will improve the performance.
What is the difference between Resultset and Rowset
A RowSet is a disconnected, serializable version of a JDBC ResultSet.
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The RowSet is different than other JDBC interfaces in that you can
write a RowSet to be vendor neutral. A third party could write a
RowSet implementation that could be used with any JDBC-compliant
database. The standard implementation supplied by Sun uses a
ResultSet to read the rows from a database and then stores those
rows as Row objects in a Vector inside the RowSet. In fact, a RowSet
implementation could be written to get its data from any source. The
only requirement is that the RowSet acts as if it was a ResultSet. Of
course, there is no reason that a vendor couldn't write a RowSet
implementation that is vendor specific.
The standard implementations have been designed to
provide a fairly good range of functionality. The implementations
provided are:
CachedRowSetImpl - This is the implementation of the RowSet
that is closest to the definition of RowSet functionality that we
discussed earlier. There are two ways to load this RowSet. The
execute ( ) method will load the RowSet using a Connection object.
The populate( ) method will load the RowSet from a previously
loaded ResultSet.
WebRowSetImpl - This is very similar to the CachedRowSetImpl (it
is a child class) but it also includes methods for converting the rows
into an XML document and loading the RowSet with an XML
document. The XML document can come from any Stream or
Reader/Writer object. This could be especially useful for Web
Services.
JdbcRowSetImpl - This is a different style of implementation that is
probably less useful in normal circumstances. The purpose of this
RowSet is to make a ResultSet look like a JavaBean. It is not
serializable and it must maintain a connection to the database.
The remaining two implementations are used with the first three
implementations:
FilteredRowSetImpl - This is used to filter data from an existing
RowSet. The filter will skip records that don't match the criteria
specified in the filter when a next() is used on the RowSet.
JoinRowSetImpl - This is used to simulate a SQL join command
between two or more RowSet objects.
What are the steps for connecting to the database using JDBC
Using DriverManager:
1. Load the driver class using class.forName(driverclass) and
class.forName() loads the driver class and passes the control to
DriverManager class
2. DriverManager.getConnection() creates the connection to the
databse
Using DataSource.
DataSource is used instead of DriverManager in Distributed
Environment with the help of JNDI.
1. Use JNDI to lookup the DataSource from Naming service server.
DataSource.getConnection method will return Connection
object to the database
What is Connection Pooling ?
Connection pooling is a cache of data base connections that is
maintained in memory , so that the connections may be reuse.
Connection pooling is a place where a set of connections are
kept and are used by the different programers with out creating
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conncections to the database(it means there is a ready made

connection available for the programmers where he can use). After
using the connection he can send back that connection to the
connection pool. Number of connections in connection pool may vary.
How do you implement Connection Pooling
Connection Pooling can be implemented by the following way.
* A javax.sql.ConnectionPoolDataSource interface that serves
as
a
resource
manager
connection
factory
for
pooled
java.sql.Connection objects. Each database vendors provide the
implementation for that interface.
For example, the oracle vendors implementation is as
follows:
oracle.jdbc.pool.oracleConnectionPoolDataSource Class.
A javax.sql.PooledConnection interface encapsulates the
physical connection for the database. Again, the vendor
provides the implementation.
What Class.forName( ) method will do
Class.forName() is used to load the Driver class which is used to
connect the application with Database. Here Driver class is a Java
class provided by Database vendor.
What is the difference between JDBC 1.0 and JDBC 2.0
The JDBC 2.0 API includes many new features in the java.sql
package as well as the new Standard Extension package, javax.sql.
This new JDBC API moves Java applications into the world of heavyduty database computing. New features in the java.sql package
include support for SQL3 data types, scrollable result sets,
programmatic updates, and batch updates. The new JDBC Standard
Extension API, an integral part of Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB)
technology, allows you to write distributed transactions that use
connection pooling, and it also makes it possible to connect to
virtually any tabular data source, including files and spread sheets.
The JDBC 2.0 API includes many new features like
1. Scrollable result sets
2. Batch updates
3. Connection Pooling
4. Distributed transactions
5. set autocomit ( )
What is JDBC?
JDBC is a layer of abstraction that allows users to choose between
databases. It allows you to change to a different database engine
and to write to a single API. JDBC allows you to write database
applications in Java without having to concern yourself with the
underlying details of a particular database.
What are the two major components of JDBC?
One implementation interface for database manufacturers, the other
implementation interface for application and applet writers.
What is JDBC Driver interface?
The JDBC Driver interface provides vendor-specific implementations
of the abstract classes provided by the JDBC API. Each vendors
driver
must
provide
implementations
of
the
java.sql.Connection,Statement,PreparedStatement,
CallableStatement, ResultSet and Driver.
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What are the common tasks of JDBC?

Create an instance of a JDBC driver or load JDBC drivers through
jdbc.drivers
Register a driver
Specify a database
Open a database connection
Submit a query
Receive results
What packages are used by JDBC?
There are 8 packages: java.sql.Driver, Connection,Statement,
PreparedStatement,
CallableStatement,
ResultSet,
ResultSetMetaData, DatabaseMetaData.
What are the flow statements of JDBC?
A URL string -->getConnection-->DriverManager-->Driver->Connection-->Statement-->executeQuery-->ResultSet.
1). Register the Driver
2) load the Driver
3)get the connection
4) create the statement
5) Execute the query
6) fetch the results with ResultSet
What are the steps involved in establishing a connection?
This involves two steps: (1) loading the driver and (2) making the
connection.
How can you load the drivers?
Loading the driver or drivers you want to use is very simple and
involves just one line of code. If, for example, you want to use the
JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver, the following code will load it:
Eg. Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
Your driver documentation will give you the class name to use. For
instance, if the class name is jdbc.DriverXYZ , you would load the
driver with the following line of code:
E.g. Class.forName("jdbc.DriverXYZ");
What Class.forName will do while loading drivers?
It is used to create an instance of a driver and register it with
the DriverManager. When you have loaded a driver, it is available
for making a connection with a DBMS.
How can you make the connection?
In establishing a connection is to have the appropriate driver connect
to the DBMS. The following line of code illustrates the general idea:
E.g.
String url = "jdbc:odbc:Fred";
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, "Fernanda",
"J8");
How can you create JDBC statements?
A Statement object is what sends your SQL statement to the
DBMS. You simply create a Statement object and then execute it,
supplying the appropriate execute method with the SQL statement
you want to send. For a SELECT statement, the method to use is
executeQuery. For statements that create or modify tables, the
method to use is executeUpdate. E.g. It takes an instance of an
active connection to create a Statement object. In the following
example, we use our Connection object con to create the Statement
object stmt :
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Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

How can you retrieve data from the ResultSet?
First JDBC returns results in a ResultSet object, so we need to
declare an instance of the class ResultSet to hold our results. The
following code demonstrates declaring the ResultSet object rs.
E.g.
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT COF_NAME, PRICE FROM
COFFEES");
Second:
String s = rs.getString("COF_NAME");
The method getString is invoked on the ResultSet object rs , so
getString will retrieve (get) the value stored in the column
COF_NAME in the current row of rs
What are the different types of Statements?
1. Create Statement : For Simple statement used for static query.
2.Prepared Statement :For a runtime / dynamic query .Where
String is a dynamic query you want to execute
3. Callable Statement (Use prepareCall) : //For Stored procedure
Callable statement, where sql is stored procedure.
try
{
Connection
conn
=
DriverManager.getConnection("URL",'USER"."PWD");
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(String sql);
CallableStatement cstmt = conn.prepareCall(String sql);
}
catch (SQLException ee)
{
ee.printStackTrace();
}
Don't forget all the above statements will throw the SQLException, so
we need to use try catch for the same to handle the exception.
How can you use PreparedStatement?
This special type of statement is derived from the more general
class, Statement. If you want to execute a Statement object many
times, it will normally reduce execution time to use a
PreparedStatement object instead. The advantage to this is that in
most cases, this SQL statement will be sent to the DBMS right away,
where it will be compiled. As a result, the PreparedStatement object
contains not just an SQL statement, but an SQL statement that has
been precompiled. This means that when the PreparedStatement is
executed, the DBMS can just run the PreparedStatement 's SQL
statement without having to compile it first.
E.g.
PreparedStatement
updateSales
=
con.prepareStatement("UPDATE COFFEES SET SALES = ? WHERE
COF_NAME LIKE ?");
How to call a Stored Procedure from JDBC?
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The first step is to create a CallableStatement object. As with

Statement an and PreparedStatement objects, this is done with an
open Connection object. A CallableStatement object contains a call to
a stored procedure;
E.g.
CallableStatement
cs
=
con.prepareCall("{call
SHOW_SUPPLIERS}");
ResultSet rs = cs.executeQuery();
How to Retrieve Warnings?
SQLWarning objects are a subclass of SQLException that deal with
database access warnings. Warnings do not stop the execution of an
application, as exceptions do; they simply alert the user that
something did not happen as planned. A warning can be reported on
a
Connection
object,
a
Statement
object
(including
PreparedStatement and CallableStatement objects), or a ResultSet
object. Each of these classes has a getWarnings method, which you
must invoke in order to see the first warning reported on the calling
object
E.g.
SQLWarning warning = stmt.getWarnings();
if (warning != null) {
while (warning != null) {
System.out.println("Message: " + warning.getMessage());
System.out.println("SQLState: " + warning.getSQLState());
System.out.print("Vendor error code: ");
System.out.println(warning.getErrorCode());
warning = warning.getNextWarning();
}
}
How to Make Updates to Updatable Result Sets?
Another new feature in the JDBC 2.0 API is the ability to update rows
in a result set using methods in the Java programming language
rather than having to send an SQL command. But before you can
take advantage of this capability, you need to create a ResultSet
object that is updatable. In order to do this, you supply the ResultSet
constant CONCUR_UPDATABLE to the createStatement method.
E.g.
Connection
con
=
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mySubprotocol:mySubName");
Statement
stmt
=
con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,
ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
ResultSet uprs = ("SELECT COF_NAME, PRICE FROM COFFEES");

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SERVLETS

Web Components

Servlets
Java Server Pages (JSP)
Tags and Tag Libraries
Whats a Servlet?
Javas answer to CGI programming
Program runs on Web server and builds pages on the fly
When would you use servlets?
Data changes frequently e.g. weather-reports
Page uses information from databases e.g. on-line stores
Page is based on user-submitted data e.g search engines
Data changes frequently e.g. weather-reports
Page uses information from databases e.g. on-line stores
Page is based on user-submitted data e.g search engines
Servlet Class Hierarchy
javax.servlet.Servlet
Defines methods that all servlets must implement
init()
service()
destroy()
javax.servlet.GenericServlet
Defines a generic, protocol-independent servlet
javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet
To write an HTTP servlet for use on the Web
doGet()
doPost()
javax.servlet.ServletConfig
A servlet configuration object
Passes information to a servlet during initialization
Servlet.getServletConfig()
javax.servlet.ServletContext
To communicate with the servlet container
Contained within the ServletConfig object
ServletConfig.getServletContext()
javax.servlet.ServletRequest
Provides client request information to a servlet
javax.servlet.ServletResponse
Sending a response to the client
Basic Servlet Structure
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class Hello World extends HttpServlet {
// Handle get request
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public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse

response) throws ServletException, IOException {
// request access incoming HTTP headers and HTML form data
// response - specify the HTTP response line and headers
// (e.g. specifying the content type, setting cookies).
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); //out - send content to
browser
out.println("Hello World");
}
}

Servlet Life Cycle

Loading and Instantiation
Initialization
Request Handling
End of Service
Session Tracking
Typical scenario shopping cart in online store
Necessary because HTTP is a "stateless" protocol
Session Tracking API allows you to
look up session object associated with current request
create a new session object when necessary
look up information associated with a session
store information in a session
discard completed or abandoned sessions
Session Tracking API - I
Looking up a session object
HttpSession session = request.getSession(true);
Pass true to create a new session if one does not exist
Associating information with session
session.setAttribute(user,request.getParameter(name))
Session attributes can be of any type
Looking up session information
String name = (String) session.getAttribute(user)
Session Tracking API - II
getId : the unique identifier generated for the session
isNew : true if the client (browser) has never seen the session
getCreationTime : time in milliseconds since session was made
getLastAccessedTime : time in milliseconds since the session
was last sent from client
getMaxInactiveInterval : # of seconds session should go
without access before being invalidated . negative value indicates
that session should never timeout
Javax.Servlet Interface
Servlet

Classes
Genericservlet

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ServletRequest
ServletResponce
ServletConfig
ServletContext
SingleThreadModel

ServletInputStream
ServletOutputStream
ServletException
UnavailableException
-

Javax.Servlet.Http
HttpServletRequest
HttpServletResponse
HttpSession
HttpSessionContext
HttpSessionBindingListener

Classes
Cookie
HttpServlet
HttpSessionBindingEvent
HttpUtils
-

Exceptions
ServletException
UnavailableException

SERVLETS
What is the servlet?
Servlets are modules that extend request/response-oriented
servers, such as Java-enabled web servers. For example, a servlet
may be responsible for taking data in an HTML order-entry form and
applying the business logic used to update a company's order
database.
-Servlets are used to enhance and extend the functionality of
Webserver.
-Servlets handles Java and HTML separately.
What are the uses of Servlets?
A servlet can handle multiple requests concurrently, and can
synchronize requests. This allows servlets to support systems such
as on-line conferencing. Servlets can forward requests to other
servers and servlets. Thus servlets can be used to balance load
among several servers that mirror the same content, and to partition
a single logical service over several servers, according to task.
What are th characters of Servlet?
As Servlet are written in java, they can make use of extensive
power
of
the
JAVA API,such
as
networking
and
URL
access,multithreading,databaseconnectivity,RMI object serialization.
Efficient : The initilazation code for a servlet is executed only once,
when the servlet is executed for the first time.
Robest :
provide all the powerfull features of JAVA, such as
Exception handling and garbage collection.
Portable: This enables easy portability across Web Servers.
Persistance : Increase the performance of the system by executing
features data access.
What is the difference between JSP and SERVLETS
Servlets : servlet tieup files to independitently handle the static
presentation logic and dynamic business logic , due to this a changes
made to any file requires recompilation of the servlet.
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- The servlet is Pre-Compile.

JSP : Facilities segregation of work profiles to Web-Developer and
Web-Designer , Automatically incorporates changes made to any file
(PL & BL) , no need to recompile.
Web-Developer write the code for Bussiness logic whereas WebDesigner designs the layout for the WebPage by HTML & JSP.
- The JSP is Post-Compile.
What are the advantages using servlets than using CGI?
Servlets provide a way to generate dynamic documents that is
both easier to write and faster to run. It is efficient, convenient,
powerful, portable, secure and inexpensive. Servlets also address the
problem of doing server-side programming with platform-specific
APIs. They are developed with Java Servlet API, a standard Java
extension.
What is the difference between servlets and applets?
Servlets are to servers. Applets are to browsers. Unlike applets,
however, servlets have no graphical user interface.
What is the difference between GenericServlet and HttpServlet?
GenericServlet is for servlets that might not use HTTP, like for
instance FTP service.As of only Http is implemented completely in
HttpServlet. The GenericServlet has a service() method that gets
called when a client request is made. This means that it gets called
by both incoming requests and the HTTP requests are given to the
servlet as they are.
GenericServlet belongs to javax.servlet package
GenericServlet is an abstract class which extends Object and
implements Servlet, ServletConfig and java.io.Serializable interfaces.
The direct subclass to GenericServlet is HttpServlet.It is a protocolindependent servlet
What are the differences between GET and POST service methods?
Get Method : Uses Query String to send additional information to
the server.
-Query String is displayed on the client Browser.
Query String : The additional sequence of characters that are
appended to the URL ia called Query String. The length of the
Query string is limited to 255 characters.
-The amount of information you can send back using a GET is
restricted as URLs can only be 1024 characters.

What is the servlet life cycle?

POST Method : The Post Method sends the Data as packets

through a separate socket connection. The complete transaction is
invisible to the client. The post method is slower compared to the
Get method because Data is sent to the server as separate packates.
--You can send much more information to the server this way - and
it's not restricted to textual data either. It is possible to send files
and even binary data such as serialized Java objects!
In Servlet life cycles are,
init(),services(),destory().
Init( ) : Is called by the Servlet container after the servlet has ben
Instantiated.
--Contains all information code for servlet and is invoked when the servlet
is first loaded.
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-The init( ) does not require any argument , returns a void and throws
Servlet Exception.
-If init() executed at the time of servlet class loading.And init() executed
only for first user.
-You can Override this method to write initialization code that needs to run
only once, such as loading a driver , initializing values and soon, Inother
case you can leave normally blank.
Public void init(ServletConfig Config) throws ServletException
Service( ) : is called by the Servlet container after the init method to
allow the servlet to respond to a request.
-Receives the request from the client and identifies the type of request and
deligates them to doGet( ) or doPost( ) for processing.
Public void service(ServletRequest request,ServletResponce response)
throws ServletException, IOException
Destroy( ) : The Servlet Container calls the destroy( ) before removing a
Servlet Instance from Sevice.
-Excutes only once when the Servlet is removed from Server.
Public void destroy( )
If services() are both for get and post methods.
-So if u want to use post method in html page,we use doPost() or
services() in servlet class.
-if want to use get methods in html page,we can use doGet() or services()
in servlet calss.
-Finally destory() is used to free the object.
What is the difference between ServletContext and ServletConfig?
Both are interfaces.
Servlet Config():The servlet engine implements the ServletConfig
interface in order to pass configuration information to a servlet. The
server passes an object that implements the ServletConfig interface
to the servlet's init() method.
A ServletConfig object passes configuration information from the
server to a servlet. ServletConfig also includes ServletContext object.
getParameter( ) , getServletContext( ) , getServletConfig( ),
GetServletName( )
Servlet Context(): The ServletContext interface provides
information to servlets regarding the environment in which they are
running. It also provides standard way for servlets to write events to
a log file.
ServletContext defines methods that allow a servlet to interact
with the host server. This includes reading server-specific attributes,
finding information about particular files located on the server, and
writing to the server log files. I f there are several virtual servers
running, each one may return a different ServletContext.
getMIMEType(
)
,
getResourse(
),
getContext( ),getServerInfo( ),getServletContetName( )
Can I invoke a JSP error page from a servlet?
Yes, you can invoke the JSP error page and pass the exception
object to it from within a servlet. The trick is to create a request
dispatcher for the JSP error page, and pass the exception object as a
javax.servlet.jsp.jspException request attribute. However, note that
you can do this from only within controller servlets.
If your servlet opens an OutputStream or PrintWriter, the JSP engine will throw the following
translation error:
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java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot forward as OutputStream or

Writer has already been obtained
Can I just abort processing a JSP?
Yes.Because your JSP is just a servlet method,you can just put
(whereever necessary) a < % return; %>
What is a better approach for enabling thread-safe servlets and JSPs? SingleThreadModel
Interface or Synchronization?
Although the SingleThreadModel technique is easy to use, and
works well for low volume sites, it does not scale well. If you
anticipate your users to increase in the future, you may be better off
implementing explicit synchronization for your shared data. The key
however, is to effectively minimize the amount of code that is
synchronzied so that you take maximum advantage of
multithreading.
Also, note that SingleThreadModel is pretty resource intensive from
the server's perspective. The most serious issue however is when the
number of concurrent requests exhaust the servlet instance pool. In
that case, all the unserviced requests are queued until something
becomes free - which results in poor performance. Since the usage is
non-deterministic, it may not help much even if you did add more
memory and increased the size of the instance pool.
If you want a servlet to take the same action for both GET and POST request, what should you
do?
Simply have doGet call doPost, or vice versa.
Which code line must be set before any of the lines that use the PrintWriter?
setContentType() method must be set before transmitting the actual
document.
How HTTP Servlet handles client requests?
An HTTP Servlet handles client requests through its service
method. The service method supports standard HTTP client requests
by dispatching each request to a method designed to handle that
request.
What is the Servlet Interface?

The central abstraction in the Servlet API is the Servlet

interface. All servlets implement this interface, either directly or,
more commonly, by extending a class that implements it such as
HttpServlet.
Servlets-->Generic Servlet-->HttpServlet-->MyServlet.
The Servlet interface declares, but does not implement, methods
that manage the servlet and its communications with clients. Servlet
writers provide some or all of these methods when developing a
servlet.

When a servlet accepts a call from a client, it receives two objects. What are they?
ServeltRequest: which encapsulates the communication from the
client to the server.
ServletResponse: which encapsulates the communication from the
servlet back to the
Client.
ServletRequest and ServletResponse are interfaces defined by the
javax.servlet package.
What information that the ServletRequest interface allows the servlet access to?
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Information such as the names of the parameters passed in by

the client, the protocol (scheme) being used by the client, and the
names of the remote host that made the request and the server that
received it. The input stream, ServletInputStream.Servlets use the
input stream to get data
from clients that use application protocols such as the HTTP POST
and PUT methods.
What information that the ServletResponse interface gives the servlet methods for replying to the
client?
It Allows the servlet to set the content length and MIME type of
the reply. Provides an output stream, ServletOutputStream and a
Writer through which the servlet can send the reply data.
Difference between single thread and multi thread model servlet
A servlet that implements SingleThreadModel means that for
every request, a single servlet instance is created. This is not a very
scalable solution as most web servers handle multitudes of requests.
A multi-threaded servlet means that one servlet is capable of
handling many requests which is the way most servlets should be
implemented.
a. A single thread model for servlets is generally used to protect sensitive data ( bank account
operations ).
b. Single thread model means instance of the servlet gets created for each request recieved. Its not
thread safe whereas in multi threaded only single instance of the servlet exists for what ever # of
requests recieved. Its thread safe and is taken care by the servlet container.
c. A servlet that implements SingleThreadModel means that for every request, a single servlet
instance is created. This is not a very scalable solution as most web servers handle multitudes of
requests. A multi-threaded servlet means that one servlet is capable of handling many requests
which is the way most servlets should be implemented.
A single thread model for servlets is generally used to protect
sensitive data ( bank account operations ).
What is servlet context and what it takes actually as parameters?
Servlet context is an object which is created as soon as the Servlet
gets initialized.Servlet context object is contained in Servlet Config. With
the context object u can get access to specific
resource (like file) in the server and pass it as a URL to be displayed as a
next screen with the help of RequestDispatcher
eg :ServletContext app = getServletContext();
RequestDispatcher disp;
if(b==true)
disp = app.getRequestDispatcher
("jsp/login/updatepassword.jsp");
else
disp = app.getRequestDispatcher
("jsp/login/error.jsp");
this code will take user to the screen depending upon the value of b.
in ServletContext u can also get or set some variables which u would
like to retreive in next screen.
eg
context.setAttribute("supportAddress", "[email protected]");
Better yet, you could use the web.xml context-param element to
designate the address, then read it with the getInitParameter method
of ServletContext.
Can we call destroy() method on servlets from service method?
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destroy() is a servlet life-cycle method called by servlet container to

kill the instance of the servlet. "Yes". You can call destroy() from within
the service(). It will do whatever logic you have in destroy() (cleanup,
remove attributes, etc.) but it won't "unload" the servlet instance itself.
That can only be done by the container
What is the use of ServletConfig and ServletContext..?
An interface that describes the configuration parameters for a
servlet. This is passed to the servlet when the web server calls its
init() method. Note that the servlet should save the reference to the
ServletConfig object, and define a getServletConfig() method to
return it when asked. This interface defines how to get the
initialization parameters for the servlet and the context under which
the servlet is running.
An interface that describes how a servlet can get information
about the server in which it is running. It can be retrieved via the
getServletContext() method of the ServletConfig object.
What is difference between forward() and sendRedirect().. ? Which one is faster then other and
which works on server?
Forward( ) : javax.Servlet.RequestDispatcher interface.
-RequestDispatcher.forward( ) works on the Server.
-The forward( ) works inside the WebContainer.
-The forward( ) restricts you to redirect only to a resource in the
same web-Application.
-After executing the forward( ), the control will return back to the
same method from where the forward method was called.
-the forward( ) will redirect in the application server itself, it doesn
come back to the client.
- The forward( ) is faster than Sendredirect( ) .
To use the forward( ) of the requestDispatcher interface, the first
thing to do is to obtain RequestDispatcher Object. The Servlet
technology provides in three ways.
1.
By
using
the
getRequestDispatcher(
)
of
the
javax.Servlet.ServletContext interface , passing a String containing
the path of the other resources, path is relative to the root of the
ServletContext.
RequestDispatcher
rd=request.getRequestDispatcher(secondServlet);
Rd.forward(request, response);
2. getRequestDispatcher( ) of the javax.Servlet.Request interface ,
the path is relative to current HtpRequest.
RequestDispatcher
rd=getServletContext( ).getRequestDispatcher(servlet/secondServl
et);
Rd.forward(request, response);
3.
By
using
the
getNameDispatcher(
)
of
javax.Servlet.ServletContext interface.
RequestDispatcher
rd=getServletContext( ).getNameDispatcher(secondServlet);
Rd.forward(request, response);

the

Sendredirect( ) : javax.Servlet.Http.HttpServletResponce interface

-RequestDispatcher.SendRedirect( ) works on the browser.
-The SendRedirect( ) allows you to redirect trip to the Client.
-The SendRedirect( ) allows you to redirect to any URL.
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-After executing the SendRedirect( ) the control will not return back
to same method.
-The Client receives the Http response code 302 indicating that
temporarly the client is being redirected to the specified location , if
the specified location is relative , this method converts it into an
absolute URL before redirecting.
-The SendRedirect( ) will come to the Client and go back,.. ie URL
appending will happen.
Response. SendRedirect( absolute path);
Absolutepath other than application ,
relative path - same
application.
When you invoke a forward request, the request is sent to
another resource on the server, without the client being informed
that a different resource is going to process the request. This process
occurs completely with in the web container. When a sendRedirtect
method is invoked, it causes the web container to return to the
browser indicating that a new URL should be requested. Because the
browser issues a completely new request any object that are stored
as request attributes before the redirect occurs will be lost. This
extra round trip a redirect is slower than forward.
do we have a constructor in servlet ? can we explictly provide a constructor in servlet programme
as in java program ?
We can have a constructor in servlet .
Session : A session is a group of activities that are performed by a
user while accesing a particular website.
Session Tracking :The process of keeping track of settings across
session is called session tracking.
Hidden Form Fields : Used to keep track of users by placing hidden
fields in the form.
-The values that have been entered in these fields are sent to the
server when the user submits the Form.
URL-rewriting : this is a technique by which the URL is modified to
include the session ID of a particular user and is sent back to the
Client.
-The session Id is used by the client for subsequent transactions
with the server.
Cookies : Cookies are small text files that are used by a webserver
to keep track the Users.
A cookie is created by the server and send back to the client , the
value is in the form of Key-value pairs. Aclient can accept 20 cookies
per host and the size of each cookie can be maximum of 4 bytes
each.
HttpSession : Every user who logs on to the website is
autometacally associated with an HttpSession Object.
-The Servlet can use this Object to store information about the users
Session.
-HttpSession Object enables the user to maintain two types of Data.
ie State and Application.
How to communicate between two servlets?
Two ways:
a. Forward or redirect from one Servlet to another.
b. Load the Servlet from ServletContext and access methods.
How to get one Servlet's Context Information in another Servlet?
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Access or load the Servlet from the Servlet Context and access the
Context Information
The following code snippet demonstrates the invocation of a JSP error page from within a
controller servlet:
protected void sendErrorRedirect(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response, String errorPageURL, Throwable e) throws
ServletException, IOException {
request.setAttribute ("javax.servlet.jsp.jspException", e);
getServletConfig().getServletContext().
getRequestDispatcher(errorPageURL).forward(request, response);
}
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response)
{
try {
// do something
} catch (Exception ex) {
try {
sendErrorRedirect(request,response,"/jsp/MyErrorPage.jsp",ex);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
} }

JSP (JavaServer Pages)

Why JSP Technology?
Servlets are good at running logic
Not so good at producing large amounts of output
out.write() is ugly
JSP pages are great at producing lots of textual output
Not so good at lots of logic
<% %> is ugly
How does it Work
JSP page
Mixture of text, Script and directives
Text could be text/ html, text/ xml or text/ plain
JSP engine
Compiles page to servlet
Executes servlets service() method
Sends text back to caller
Page is
Compiled once
Executed many times
Anatomy of a JSP
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<%@ page language=java contentType=text/html %>

<html>
<body bgcolor=white>
<jsp:useBean
id=greeting
class=com.pramati.jsp.beans.GreetingBean>
<jsp:setProperty name=greeting property=*/>
</jsp:userBean>
The following information was saved:
User Name:
<jsp:getProperty name=greeting property=userName/>
Welcome!
</body>
</html>
JSP Elements
Directive Elements : Information about the page
Remains same between requests
E.g., scripting language used
Action Elements : Take action based on info required at requesttime
Standard
Custom (Tags and Tag Libraries)
Scripting Elements
Add pieces of code to generate output based on conditions
Directives
Global information used by the JSP engine
Of form <%@ directive attr_ list %>
Or <jsp: directive. directive attr_ list />
Directive could be
Page
Include
Taglib
E. g.,
<%@ page info= written by DevelopMentor %>
<jsp: directive. page import= java. sql.* />
<%@ include file =\ somefile. txt %>
<%@ taglib uri = tags prefix= foo %>
Actions Within a JSP Page
Specifies an action to be carried out by the JSP engine
Standard or custom
Standard must be implemented by all engines
Custom defined in tag libraries
Standard actions scoped by jsp namespace
Have name and attributes
<jsp: useBean id= clock class= java.util.Date />
<ul> The current date at the server is:
<li> Date:
<jsp: getProperty name=clock
property=date />
<li>
Month:
<jsp:
getProperty
name=clock
property=month />
</ul>
Standard JSP Actions :
jsp:useBean
jsp:getProperty
jsp:setProperty
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jsp:include
jsp:forward
jsp:param
jsp:plugin
Scriptlets
Of form <% /* code goes here*/ %>
Gets copied into _ jspService method of generated servlet
Any valid Java code can go here
CODE:
<% int j; %>
<% for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {%>
<value>
<% out. write(""+ j); %>
</ value><% } %>

OUTPUT
<value> 0</ value>
<value> 1</ value>
<value> 2</ value>

Declarations (<%! %>)

Used to declare class scope variables or methods
<%! int j = 0; %>
Gets declared at class- level scope in the generated servlet

public class SomeJSP extends HttpServlet implements HttpJspPage {

int j = 0;
void _jspService() {}
}
Declarations (<%! %>)
Used to declare class scope variables or methods
<%! int j = 0; %>
Gets declared at class- level scope in the generated servlet

public class SomeJSP extends HttpServlet implements HttpJspPage {

int j = 0;
void _jspService() {}
}

JSP to Servlet Translation

<%@
page
import="javax.ejb.*,javax.naming.*,java.rmi.*
,java.util.*" %>
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Hello.jsp</TITLE></HEAD><BODY>
<%
String checking = null;
String name = null;
checking = request.getParameter("catch");
if (checking != null) {
name = request.getParameter("name");%>
<b> Hello <%=name%>
<%
} %>
<FORM METHOD='POST' action="Hello.jsp">
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<table
width="500"
cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="3"
border="0">
<caption>Enter your name</caption>
<tr><td><b>Name</b></td><td><INPUT
size="20"
maxlength="20" TYPE="text" NAME="name"></td></tr>
</table>
<INPUT TYPE='SUBMIT' NAME='Submit' VALUE='Submit'>
<INPUT TYPE='hidden' NAME='catch' VALUE='yes'>
</FORM></BODY></HTML>

Generated Servlet
public void _jspService(HttpServletRequest request ,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException ,IOException {
out.write("<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Hello.jsp</TITLE></HEAD><B
ODY>" );
String checking = null;
String name = null;
checking = request.getParameter("catch");
if (checking != null) {
name = request.getParameter("name");
out.write("\r\n\t\t<b> Hello " );
out.print(name);
out.write("\r\n\t\t" );
}
out.write("\r\n\t\t<FORM METHOD='POST' action="
+"\"Hello.jsp\">\r\n\t\t\t<table width=\"500\"
cell..
}
}
Tags & Tag Libraries
What Is a Tag Library?
JSP technology has a set of pre- defined tags
<jsp: useBean />
These are HTML like but
have limited functionality
Can define new tags
Look like HTML
Can be used by page authors
Java code is executed when tag is encountered
Allow us to keep Java code off the page
Better separation of content and logic
May Have Tags To
Process an SQL command
Parse XML and output HTML
Automatically call into an EJB component (EJB technologybased component)
Get called on every request to initialize script variables
Iterate over a ResultSet and display the output in an HTML table

Primary Tag Classes (javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag)

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implements

BodyTag
Interface

BodyTagSupport
class
Simple Tag Example :

<%@ taglib uri=/WEB-INF/mylib.tld prefix=test %>

<html><body bgcolor=white>
<test:hello name=Robert />
</body> </html>
public class HelloTag extends TagSupport {
private String name = World;
public void setName(String name) { this.name = name;
}
public
int
doEndTag()
{ pageContext.getOut().println(Hello + name); }
}
mylib.tld
<taglib>

<tag><name>hello</name>
<tagclass>com.pramati.HelloTag</tagclass>
<bodycontent>empty</bodycontent>
<attribute><name>name</name></attribute>
</tag>
</taglib>
How Tag Handler methods are invoked :
<prefix:tagName
attr1=value1
-----------attr2=value2
----------->
-----------This tags's body
</ prefix:tagName>-----------Implementation of JSP page will use
action on page.

setAttr1(value1)
setAttr2(value2)
doStartTag()
doEndTag()
the tag handler for each

Summary

The JSP specification is a powerful system for creating structured web

content
JSP technology allows non- programmers to develop dynamic web
pages
JSP technology allows collaboration between programmers and page
designers when building web applications
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JSP technology uses the Java programming language as the script

language
The generated servlet can be managed by directives

JSP components can be used as the view in the MVC architecture

Authors using JSP technology are not necessarily programmers
using Java technology
Want to keep Java code off a JSP Page
Custom actions (tag libraries) allow the use of elements as a
replacement for Java code
What is JSP- JavaServer Pages ?
JavaServer Pages. A server-side technology, JavaServer pages
are an extension to the Java servlet technology that was developed
by Sun. JSPs have dynamic scripting capability that works in tandem
with HTML code, separating the page logic from the static elements
-- the actual design and display of the page. Embedded in the HTML
page, the Java source code and its extensions help make the HTML
more functional, being used in dynamic database queries, for
example. JSPs are not restricted to any specific platform or server.
Jsp contains both static and dynamic resources at run time.Jsp
extends web server functionalities
What are advantages of JSP
whenever there is a change in the code, we dont have to recompile
the jsp. it automatically does the compilation. by using custom tags
and tag libraries the length of the java code is reduced.
What is the difference between include directive & jsp:include
action
include directive (): if the file includes static text if the file is rarely
changed (the JSP engine may not recompile the JSP if this type of
included file is modified) .
if you have a common code snippet that you can reuse across
multiple pages (e.g. headers and footers)
jsp:include : for content that changes at runtime .to select which
content to render at runtime (because the page and src attributes
can take runtime expressions) for files that change often
JSP:includenull
What are Custom tags. Why do you need Custom tags. How
do you create Custom tag
1) Custom tags are those which are user defined.
2) Inorder to separate the presentation logic in a separate class
rather than keeping in jsp page we can use custom tags.
3)
Step
1
:
Build
a
class
that
implements
the
javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag
interface as follows. Compile it and
place it under the web-inf/classes directory (in the appropriate
package structure).
package examples;
import java.io.*; //// THIS PROGRAM IS EVERY TIME I MEAN WHEN
U REFRESH THAT PARTICULAR CURRENT DATE THIS CUSTOM TAG
WILL DISPLAY
import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
import javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.*;
public class ShowDateTag implements Tag {
private PageContext pageContext;
private Tag parent;
public int doStartTag() throws JspException {
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return SKIP_BODY; }
public int doEndTag() throws JspException {
try {
pageContext.getOut().write("" + new java.util.Date());
} catch (IOException ioe) {
throw new JspException(ioe.getMessage());
}
return EVAL_PAGE; }
public void release() {
}
public void setPageContext(PageContext page) {
this.pageContext = page;
}
public void setParent(Tag tag) {
this.parent = tag;
}
public Tag getParent() {
return this.parent; } }
Step 2:Now we need to describe the tag, so create a file called
taglib.tld
and
place
it
under
the
web-inf
directory."http://java.sun.com/j2ee/dtds/webjsptaglibrary_1_1.dtd"> 1.0 1.1
myTag http://www.mycompany.com/taglib My own tag library
showDate examples.ShowDateTag Show the current date
Step 3 : Now we need to tell the web application where to find the
custom tags, and how they will be referenced from JSP pages. Edit
the web.xml file under the web-inf directory and insert the following
XML
fragement.http://www.mycompany.com/taglib
/WEBINF/taglib.tld
Step 4 : And finally, create a JSP page that uses the custom
tag.Now restart the server and call up the JSP page! You should
notice that every time the page is requested, the current date is
displayed in the browser. Whilst this doesn't explain what all the
various parts of the tag are for (e.g. the tag description, page
context, etc) it should get you going. If you use the tutorial (above)
and this example, you should be able to grasp what's going on!
There are some methods in context object with the help of which u
can get the server (or servlet container) information.
Apart from all this with the help of ServletContext u can
implement ServletContextListener and then use the getInitParametermethod to read context initialization parameters as the
basis of data that will be made available to all servlets and JSP
pages.
What are the implicit objects in JSP & differences between
them
There are nine implicit objects in JSP.
1. request : The request object represents httprequest that are
trigged by service( ) invocation.
javax.servlet
2. response:The response object represents the servers response to
request.
javax.servlet
3. pageContext : The page context specifies the single entry point
to many of the page attributes and is the convient place to put
shared data.
javax.servlet.jsp.pagecontext
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4. session : the session object represents the session created by the

current user.
javax.Servlet.http.HttpSession
5. application : the application object represents servlet context ,
obtained from servlet configaration . javax.Servlet.ServletContext
6. out : the out object represents to write the out put stream .
javax.Servlet.jsp.jspWriter
7. Config :the config object represents the servlet config interface
from
this
page,and
has
scope
attribute.
javax.Servlet.ServletConfig
8. page : The object is th eInstance of page implementation servlet
class that are processing the current request.
java.lang.Object
9. exception : These are used for different purposes and actually u
no need to create these objects in JSP. JSP container will create
these objects automatically.
java.lang.Throwable
You can directly use these objects.
Example:
If i want to put my username in the session in JSP.
JSP Page: In the about page, i am using session object. But this
session object is not declared in JSP file, because, this is implicit
object and it will be created by the jsp container.
If u see the java file for this jsp page in the work folder of apache
tomcat, u will find these objects are created.
What is jsp:usebean. What are the scope attributes &
difference between these attributes
page, request, session, application
What is difference between scriptlet and expression
With expressions in JSP, the results of evaluating the
expression are converted to a string and directly included within the
output page. Typically expressions are used to display simple values
of variables or return values by invoking a bean's getter methods.
JSP expressions begin within tags and do not include semicolons:
But scriptlet can contain any number of language statements,
variable or method declarations, or expressions that are valid in the
page scripting language. Within scriptlet tags, you can declare
variables or methods to use later in the file, write expressions valid
in the page scripting language,use any of the JSP mplicit objects or
any object declared with a
What is Declaration
Declaration is used in JSP to declare methods and variables.To add
a declaration, you must use the sequences to enclose your
declarations.
How do you connect to the database from JSP
To be precise to connect jdbc from jsp is not good idea ofcourse
if ur working on dummy projects connecting to msaccess u can very
well use the same connection objects amd methods in ur scriplets
and define ur connection object in init() method.
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But if its real time u can use DAO design patterns which is
widely used. for ex u write all ur connection object and and sql quires
in a defiened method later use transfer object [TO ]which is all ur
fields have get/set methods and call it in business object[BO] so DAO
is accessd with precaution as it is the crucial. Finally u define java
bean which is a class holding get/set method implementing
serialization thus the bean is called in the jsp. So never connect to
jdbc directly from client side since it can be hacked by any one to get
ur password or credit card info.
How do you call stored procedures from JSP
By using callable statement we can call stored procedures and
functions from the database.
How do you restrict page errors display in the JSP page
set isErrorPage=false
How do you pass control from one JSP page to another
we can forward control to aother jsp using jsp action tags forward
or incllude
How do I have the JSP-generated servlet subclass my own
custom servlet class, instead of the default?
One should be very careful when having JSP pages extend
custom servlet classes as opposed to the default one generated by
the JSP engine. In doing so, you may lose out on any advanced
optimization that may be provided by the JSPengine. In any case,
your new superclass has to fulfill the contract with the JSPngine by:
Implementing the HttpJspPage interface, if the protocol used is HTTP,
or implementing JspPage otherwise Ensuring that all the methods in
the Servlet interface are declared final Additionally, your servlet
superclass also needs to do the following:
The service() method has to invoke the _jspService() method
The init() method has to invoke the jspInit() method
The destroy() method has to invoke jspDestroy()
If any of the above conditions are not satisfied, the JSP engine may
throw a translation error. Once the superclass has been developed,
you can have your JSP extend it as follows:
<%@ page extends="packageName.ServletName" %<
How does a servlet communicate with a JSP page?
The following code snippet shows how a servlet instantiates a
bean and initializes it with FORM data posted by a browser. The bean
is then placed into the request, and the call is then forwarded to the
JSP page, Bean1.jsp, by means of a request dispatcher for
downstream processing.
public void doPost (HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response)
{
try {
govi.FormBean f = new govi.FormBean();
String id = request.getParameter("id");
f.setName(request.getParameter("name"));
f.setAddr(request.getParameter("addr"));
f.setAge(request.getParameter("age"));
//use the id to compute
//additional bean properties like info
//maybe perform a db query, etc.
// . . .
f.setPersonalizationInfo(info);
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request.setAttribute("fBean",f);
getServletConfig().getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher
("/jsp/Bean1.jsp").forward(request, response);
} catch (Exception ex) {
...
}}
The JSP page Bean1.jsp can then process fBean, after first extracting
it from the default request scope via the useBean action.
jsp:useBean id="fBean" class="govi.FormBean" scope="request"/
jsp:getProperty name="fBean" property="name" /
jsp:getProperty name="fBean" property="addr" /
jsp:getProperty name="fBean" property="age" /
jsp:getProperty name="fBean" property="personalizationInfo" /
Is there a way I can set the inactivity lease period on a persession basis?
Typically, a default inactivity lease period for all sessions is set
within your JSPengine admin screen or associated properties file.
However, if your JSP engine supports the Servlet 2.1 API, you can
manage the inactivity lease period on a per-session basis. This is
done by invoking the HttpSession.setMaxInactiveInterval() method,
right after the session has been created.
For example:
<% session.setMaxInactiveInterval(300); %>
would reset the inactivity period for this session to 5 minutes. The
inactivity interval is set in seconds.
How can I set a cookie and delete a cookie from within a JSP
page?
A cookie, mycookie, can be deleted using the following scriptlet:
<%
//creating a cookie
Cookie mycookie = new Cookie("aName","aValue");
response.addCookie(mycookie);
//delete a cookie
Cookie killMyCookie = new Cookie("mycookie", null);
killMyCookie.setMaxAge(0);
killMyCookie.setPath("/");
response.addCookie(killMyCookie);
%>
How can I declare methods within my JSP page?
You can declare methods for use within your JSP page as
declarations. The methods can then be invoked within any other
methods you declare, or within JSP scriptlets and expressions.
Do note that you do not have direct access to any of the JSP implicit
objects like request, response, session and so forth from within JSP
methods. However, you should be able to pass any of the implicit JSP
variables as parameters to the methods you declare.
For example:
<%!
public String whereFrom(HttpServletRequest req) {
HttpSession ses = req.getSession();
...
return req.getRemoteHost();
}
%>
<%
out.print("Hi there, I see that you are coming in from ");
%>
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<%= whereFrom(request) %>

Another Example:
file1.jsp:
<%@page contentType="text/html"%>
<%!
public void test(JspWriter writer) throws IOException{
writer.println("Hello!");
}
%>
file2.jsp
<%@include file="file1.jsp"%>
<html>
<body>
<%test(out);% >
</body>
</html>
How can I enable session tracking for JSP pages if the
browser has disabled cookies?
We know that session tracking uses cookies by default to
associate a session identifier with a unique user. If the browser does
not support cookies, or if cookies are disabled, you can still enable
session tracking using URL rewriting. URL rewriting essentially
includes the session ID within the link itself as a name/value pair.
However, for this to be effective, you need to append the session ID
for each and every link that is part of your servlet response. Adding
the session ID to a link is greatly simplified by means of of a couple
of methods: response.encodeURL() associates a session ID with a
given
URL,
and
if
you
are
using
redirection,
response.encodeRedirectURL() can be used by giving the redirected
URL as input. Both encodeURL() and encodeRedirectedURL() first
determine whether cookies are supported by the browser; if so, the
input URL is returned unchanged since the session ID will be
persisted as a cookie.
Consider the following example, in which two JSP files, say
hello1.jsp and hello2.jsp, interact with each other. Basically, we
create a new session within hello1.jsp and place an object within this
session. The user can then traverse to hello2.jsp by clicking on the
link present within the page.Within hello2.jsp, we simply extract the
object that was earlier placed in the session and display its contents.
Notice that we invoke the encodeURL() within hello1.jsp on the link
used to invoke hello2.jsp; if cookies are disabled, the session ID is
automatically appended to the URL, allowing hello2.jsp to still
retrieve the session object. Try this example first with cookies
enabled. Then disable cookie support, restart the brower, and try
again. Each time you should see the maintenance of the session
across pages. Do note that to get this example to work with cookies
disabled at the browser, your JSP engine has to support URL
rewriting.
hello1.jsp
<%@ page session="true" %>
<%
Integer num = new Integer(100);
session.putValue("num",num);
String url =response.encodeURL("hello2.jsp");
%>
<a href='<%=url%>'>hello2.jsp</a>
hello2.jsp
<%@ page session="true" %>
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<%
Integer i= (Integer )session.getValue("num");
out.println("Num value in session is "+i.intValue());
How do I use a scriptlet to initialize a newly instantiated
bean?
A jsp:useBean action may optionally have a body. If the body is
specified, its contents will be automatically invoked when the
specified bean is instantiated. Typically, the body will contain
scriptlets or jsp:setProperty tags to initialize the newly instantiated
bean, although you are not restricted to using those alone. The
following example shows the "today" property of the Foo bean
initialized to the current date when it is instantiated. Note that here,
we make use of a JSP expression within the jsp:setProperty action.
<jsp:useBean id="foo" class="com.Bar.Foo" >
<jsp:setProperty name="foo" property="today"
value="<%=java.text.DateFormat.getDateInstance().format(new
java.util.Date())
%>"/ >
<%-- scriptlets calling bean setter methods go here --%>
</jsp:useBean >
How does JSP handle run-time exceptions?
You can use the errorPage attribute of the page directive to have
uncaught runtime exceptions automatically forwarded to an error
processing page.
For example:
<%@ page errorPage="error.jsp" %>
redirects the browser to the JSP page error.jsp if an uncaught
exception is encountered during request processing. Within error.jsp,
if you indicate that it is an error-processing page, via the directive:
<%@ page isErrorPage="true" %>
the Throwable object describing the exception may be accessed
within the error page via the exception implicit object.
Note: You must always use a relative URL as the value for the
errorPage attribute.
How do I prevent the output of my JSP or Servlet pages from
being cached by the browser?
You will need to set the appropriate HTTP header attributes to
prevent the dynamic content output by the JSP page from being
cached by the browser. Just execute the following scriptlet at the
beginning of your JSP pages to prevent them from being cached at
the browser. You need both the statements to take care of some of
the older browser versions.
<%
response.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-store"); //HTTP 1.1
response.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache"); //HTTP 1.0
response.setDateHeader ("Expires", 0); //prevents caching at the
proxy server
%>
How do I use comments within a JSP page
You can use "JSP-style" comments to selectively block out code
while debugging or simply to comment your scriptlets. JSP comments
are not visible at the client.
For example:
<%-- the scriptlet is now commented out
<%
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out.println("Hello World");
%>
--%>
You can also use HTML-style comments anywhere within your JSP
page. These comments are visible at the client. For example:
<!-- (c) 2004 javagalaxy.com -->
Of course, you can also use comments supported by your JSP
scripting language within your scriptlets. For example, assuming Java
is the scripting language, you can have:
<%
//some comment
/**
yet another comment **/ %>
Can I stop JSP execution while in the midst of processing a
request?
Yes. Preemptive termination of request processing on an error
condition is a good way to maximize the throughput of a highvolume JSP engine. The trick (asuming Java is your scripting
language) is to use the return statement when you want to terminate
further processing. For example, consider:
<% if (request.getParameter("foo") != null) {
// generate some html or update bean property
} else {
/* output some error message or provide redirection back to the
input form after creating a memento bean updated with the 'valid'
form elements that were input. This bean can now be used by the
previous form to initialize the input elements that were valid then,
return from the body of the _jspService() method to terminate
further processing */
return;
}
%>
Is there a way to reference the "this" variable within a JSP
page?
Yes, there is. Under JSP 1.0, the page implicit object is equivalent
to "this", and returns a reference to the servlet generated by the JSP
page.
How do I perform browser redirection from a JSP page?
You can use the response implicit object to redirect the browser to a
different resource, as:
response.sendRedirect("http://www.exforsys.com/path/erro
r.html");
You can also physically alter the Location HTTP header attribute, as
shown below:
<%
response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_MOVED_PERMA
NENTLY);
String newLocn = "/newpath/index.html";
response.setHeader("Location",newLocn);
%>
You can also use the: <jsp:forward page="/newpage.jsp" /> Also
note that you can only use this before any output has been sent to
the client. I beleve this is the case with the response.sendRedirect()
method as well. If you want to pass any paramateres then you can
pass using
<jsp:forward
page="/servlet/login">
<jsp:param
name="username" value="HARI" /> </jsp:forward>
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How do I include static files within a JSP page?

Answer Static resources should always be included using the JSP
include directive. This way, the inclusion is performed just once
during the translation phase. The following example shows the
syntax:
<%@ include file="copyright.html" %>
Do note that you should always supply a relative URL for the file
attribute. Although you can also include static resources using the
action, this is not advisable as the inclusion is then performed for
each and every request.
What JSP lifecycle methods can I override?
You cannot override the _jspService() method within a JSP page.
You can however, override the jspInit() and jspDestroy() methods
within a JSP page. jspInit() can be useful for allocating resources like
database connections, network connections, and so forth for the JSP
page. It is good programming practice to free any allocated
resources within jspDestroy().
The jspInit() and jspDestroy() methods are each executed just once
during the lifecycle of a JSP page and are typically declared as JSP
declarations:
<%! public void jspInit() {
... }
%>
<%!
public void jspDestroy() {
... }
%>
Can a JSP page process HTML FORM data?
Yes. However, unlike servlets, you are not required to implement
HTTP-protocol specific methods like doGet() or doPost() within your
JSP page. You can obtain the data for the FORM input elements via
the request implicit object within a scriptlet or expression as:
<%
String item = request.getParameter("item");
int
howMany
=
new
Integer(request.getParameter("units")).intValue();
%>
or
<%= request.getParameter("item") %>
How do I mix JSP and SSI #include?
If you're just including raw HTML, use the #include directive as
usual inside your .jsp file.
<!--#include file="data.inc"-->
But it's a little trickier if you want the server to evaluate any JSP
code that's inside the included file. If your data.inc file contains jsp
code you will have to use <%@ vinclude="data.inc" %> The <!-#include file="data.inc"--> is used for including non-JSP files.
How can I implement a thread-safe JSP page?
You can make your JSPs thread-safe by having them implement
the SingleThreadModel interface. This is done by adding the
directive
<%@ page isThreadSafe="false" % > within your JSP page.
How do I include static files within a JSP page?
Static resources should always be included using the JSP include
directive. This way, the inclusion is performed just once during the
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translation phase. The following example shows the syntax: Do note

that you should always supply a relative URL for the file attribute.
Although you can also include static resources using the action, this
is not advisable as the inclusion is then performed for each and every
request.
How do you prevent the Creation of a Session in a JSP Page
and why?
By default, a JSP page will automatically create a session for the
request if one does not exist. However, sessions consume resources
and if it is not necessary to maintain a session, one should not be
created. For example, a marketing campaign may suggest the reader
visit a web page for more information. If it is anticipated that a lot of
traffic will hit that page, you may want to optimize the load on the
machine by not creating useless sessions.
What is the page directive is used to prevent a JSP page from
automatically creating a session:
<%@ page session="false">
Is it possible to share an HttpSession between a JSP and EJB?
What happens when I change a value in the HttpSession from
inside an EJB?
You can pass the HttpSession as parameter to an EJB
method, only if all objects in session are serializable.This has to be
consider as "passed-by-value", that means that it's read-only in the
EJB. If anything is altered from inside the EJB, it won't be reflected
back to the HttpSession of the Servlet Container.The "passbyreference" can be used between EJBs Remote Interfaces, as they
are remote references. While it IS possible to pass an HttpSession as
a parameter to an EJB object, it is considered to be "bad practice
(1)" in terms of object oriented design. This is because you are
creating an unnecessary coupling between back-end objects (ejbs)
and front-end objects (HttpSession). Create a higher-level of
abstraction for your ejb's api. Rather than passing the whole, fat,
HttpSession (which carries with it a bunch of http semantics), create
a class that acts as a value object (or structure) that holds all the
data you need to pass back and forth between front-end/back-end.
Consider the case where your ejb needs to support a non-http-based
client. This higher level of abstraction will be flexible enough to
support it. (1) Core J2EE design patterns (2001)
Can a JSP page instantiate a serialized bean?
No problem! The useBean action specifies the beanName
attribute, which can be used for indicating a serialized bean. For
example:
<jsp:useBean id="shop" type="shopping.CD" beanName="CD" />
<jsp:getProperty name="shop" property="album" />
A couple of important points to note. Although you would have to
name your serialized file "filename.ser", you only indicate "filename"
as the value for the beanName attribute. Also, you will have to place
your serialized file within the WEB-INFjspbeans directory for it to be
located by the JSP engine.
Can you make use of a ServletOutputStream object from
within a JSP page?
No. You are supposed to make use of only a JSPWriter object
(given to you in the form of the implicit object out) for replying to
clients. A JSPWriter can be viewed as a buffered version of the
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stream object returned by response.getWriter(), although from an

implementational perspective, it is not. A page author can always
disable the default buffering for any page using a page directive as:
<%@ page buffer="none" %>
Can we implements interface or extends class in JSP?
No , we can't implements interface or extends class in JSP
What are the steps required in adding a JSP Tag Libraries?
1. Create a TLD file and configure the required class Information.
2. Create the Java Implementation Source extending the JSP Tag Lib
Class (TagSupport).
3. Compile and package it as loosed class file or as a jar under lib
folder in Web Archive File for Class loading.
4. Place the TLD file under the WEB-INF folder.
5. Add reference to the tag library in the web.xml file.

Struts 1.1
1. Introduction to MVC
a. Overview of MVC Architecture
63
b. Applying MVC in Servlets and JSP
c. View on JSP
d. JSP Model 1 Architecture
e. JSP Model 2 Architecture
f. Limitation in traditional MVC approach
g. MVC Model 2 Architecture
h. The benefits
i. Application flow
2. Overview of Struts Framework
66
a. Introduction to Struts Framework
b. Struts Architecture
c. Front Controller Design Pattern
d. Controller servlet - ActionServlet
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e.
f.
g.
h.

Action objects
Action Form objects
Action mappings
Configuring web.xml file and struts-config.xml file

3. Struts
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

View components
Composite View
Building page from templates
Jsp:include Vs struts template mechanism
Bean tags
Html tags
Logic tags
Template tags

4. Struts
a.
b.
c.

Controller components
Action classes
ActionServlet
Struts data source

5. Advanced Struts
a. Accessing Application Resource File
b. Use of Tokens
c. Accessing Indexed properties
d. Forward Vs Redirect
e. Dynamic creating Action Forwards
6. Struts 1.1
a. DynaActionForm
b. DynaValidatorActionForm
Validating Input Data
Declarative approach
Using Struts Validator
Configuring the Validator
Specifying validation rules
Client side validation
c. Plugins
d. I18N (InternationalizatioN)
Specifying a resource bundle
Generating Locale specific messages
e. Tiles

Introduction to MVC(Model View Controler)

Struts : Struts is an open source framework from Jakartha Project
designed for developing the web applications with Java SERVLET API
and Java Server Pages Technologies.Struts conforms the Model View
Controller design pattern. Struts package provides unified reusable
components (such as action servlet) to build the user interface that
can be applied to any web connection. It encourages software
development following the MVC design pattern.
Overview of MVC Architecture
The MVC design pattern divides applications into three components:

The Model maintains the state and data that the application
represents .
The View allows the display of information about the model
to the user.

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The Controller allows the user to manipulate the application .

Users

Secur
i
t
y

UI Components
UI Process Components

Opera
t
Commun
i
i
ona
ca
l management
t
i
on

Service Interfaces
Business
Workflows

Business
Components

Data Access Logic

Components

Business
Entities

Service Agents

Services

Data Sources

In Struts, the view is handled by JSPs and presentation

components, the model is represented by Java Beans and the
controller uses Servlets to perform its action.
By developing a familiar Web-based shopping cart, you'll learn how
to utilize the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern and truly
separate presentation from content when using Java Server Pages.
Applying MVC in Servlets and JSP
Many web applications are JSP-only or Servlets-only. With JSP,
Java code is embedded in the HTML code; with Servlets the Java
code calls println methods to generate the HTML code. Both
approaches have their advantages and drawbacks; Struts gathers
their strengths to get the best of their association.
Below you will find one example on registration form processing
using MVC in Servlets and JSP:

Controller Servlet

If()
If()

User

Reg JSP
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Confirm.jsp

Error.jsp
Classification : INTERNAL

11
11
11

11
11
11

In the above application Reg.jsp act as view accepts I/P from

client and submits to Controller Servlet.
Controller Servlet validates the form data, if valid, stores the
data into DB
Based on the validation and DB operations Controller Servlet
decides to respond either Confirm.jsp or Error.jsp to clients
browser.
When the Error.jsp is responded, the page must include all
the list of errors with detailed description.
The above shown application architecture is the model for
MVC.
IF MVC Model 2 wants to be implemented in your application
business logic and model operations must be separated from
controller program.

View on JSP
The early JSP specification follows two approaches for
building applications using JSP technology. These two approaches are
called as JSP Model 1 and JSP Model 2 architectures.
JSP Model 1 Architecture

In Model 1 architecture the JSP page is alone responsible

for processing the incoming request and replying back to the client.
There is still separation of presentation from content, because all
data access is performed using beans. Although the JSP Model 1
Architecture is more suitable for simple applications, it may not be
desirable for complex implementations.
JSP Model 2 Architecture - MVC

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The Model 2 Architecture is an approach for serving

dynamic content, since it combines the use of both Servlets and JSP.
It takes advantages of the predominant strengths of both
technologies, using JSP to generate the presentation layer and
Servlets to perform process-intensive tasks. Here servlet acts as
controller and is in charge of request processing and the creation of
any beans or objects used by the JSP as well as deciding depending
on the users actions, which JSP page to forward the request to. Note
that there is no processing logic within the JSP page itself; it is
simply responsible for retrieving any objects or beans that may have
been previously created by the servlet, and extracting the dynamic
content from that servlet for insertion within static templates.
Limitation in traditional MVC approach
The main limitation in the traditional MVC approach is, in that
there is no separation of business logic (validation/ conditions/
anything related to business rules) from controller (is responsible for
controlling of the application flow by using static/dynamic request
dispatcher.
MVC Model 2 Architecture is Model View Controller

Servlet

Servlet

Controller

User

Pass

Validator
3

Login
Browser

Servlet
Model

JSP
View

Beans
11
11

11

11

Client submits login request to servlet application

Servlet application acts as controller it first decides to request
validator another servlet program which is responsible for not
null checking (business rule)
control comes to controller back and based on the validation
response, if the response is positive, servlet controller sends
the request to model
Model requests DB to verify whether the database is having
the same user name and password, If found login operation is
successful

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11
11
11

Beans are used to store if any data retrieved from the

database and kept into HTTPSession
Controller then gives response back to response JSP (view)
which uses the bean objects stored in HTTPSession object
and prepares presentation response on to the browser

Overview of Struts Framework

Introduction to Struts Framework
The goal of this project is to provide an open source framework
for building Java web applications. The core of the Struts framework
is a flexible control layer based on standard technologies like Java
Servlets, JavaBeans, Resource Bundles, and XML, as well as various
Jakarta Commons packages. Struts encourages application
architectures based on the Model 2 approach, a variation of the
classic Model-View-Controller (MVC) design paradigm.
Struts provides its own Controller component and integrates
with other technologies to provide the Model and the View.

For the Model, Struts can interact with standard data access technologies,
like JDBC and EJB, as well as most any third-party packages, like Hibernate,
iBATIS, or Object Relational Bridge.
For the View, Struts works well with Java Server Pages, including JSTL and
JSF, as well as Velocity Templates, XSLT, and other presentation systems.
For Controller, ActionServlet and ActionMapping - The Controller portion of
the application is focused on receiving requests from the client deciding
what business logic function is to be performed, and then delegating
responsibility for producing the next phase of the user interface to an
appropriate View component. In Struts, the primary component of the
Controller is a servlet of class ActionServlet. This servlet is configured by
defining a set of ActionMappings. An ActionMapping defines a path that is
matched against the request URI of the incoming request, and usually
specifies the fully qualified class name of an Action class. Actions
encapsulate the business logic, interpret the outcome, and ultimately
dispatch control to the appropriate View component to create the response.
The Struts project was launched in May 2000 by Craig McClanahan
to provide a standard MVC framework to the Java community. In
July 2001.
In the MVC design pattern, application flow is mediated by a
central Controller. The Controller delegates requests - in our case,
HTTP requests - to an appropriate handler. The handlers are tied to a
Model, and each handler acts as an adapter between the request and
the Model. The Model represents, or encapsulates, an application's
business logic or state. Control is usually then forwarded back
through the Controller to the appropriate View. The forwarding can
be determined by consulting a set of mappings, usually loaded from
a database or configuration file. This provides a loose coupling
between the View and Model, which can make applications
significantly easier to create and maintain.
Struts Architecture

Request.jsp
Action
Servlet

Strutsconfig.xml

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J2EE
Component
(EJB)
7

Success
Response
Error
Response

ActionForm
DB
Action
Legac
y code

Front Controller
Context
The presentation-tier request handling mechanism must control
and coordinate processing of each user across multiple requests.
Such control mechanisms may be managed in either a centralized or
decentralized manner.

Problem
The system requires a centralized access point for presentationtier request handling to support the integration of system services,
content retrieval, view management, and navigation. When the user
accesses the view directly without going through a centralized
mechanism,
Two problems may occur:
Each view is required to provide its own system services, often
resulting in duplicate code.
View navigation is left to the views. This may result in commingled
view content and view navigation.
Additionally, distributed control is more difficult to maintain, since
changes will often need to be made in numerous places.
Solution :
Use a controller as the initial point of contact for handling a
request. The controller manages the handling of the request,
including invoking security services such as authentication and
authorization, delegating business processing, managing the choice
of an appropriate view, handling errors, and managing the selection
of content creation strategies.
The controller provides a centralized entry point that controls
and manages Web request handling. By centralizing decision points
and controls, the controller also helps reduce the amount of Java
code, called scriptlets, embedded in the JavaServer Pages (JSP)
page.
Centralizing control in the controller and reducing business logic
in the view promotes code reuse across requests. It is a preferable
approach to the alternative-embedding code in multiple viewsbecause that approach may lead to a more error-prone, reuse-bycopy- and-paste environment.
Typically, a controller coordinates with a dispatcher component.
Dispatchers are responsible for view management and navigation.
Thus, a dispatcher chooses the next view for the user and vectors
control to the resource. Dispatchers may be encapsulated within the
controller directly or can be extracted into a separate component.
While the Front Controller pattern suggests centralizing the
handling of all requests, it does not limit the number of handlers in
the system, as does a Singleton. An application may use multiple
controllers in a system, each mapping to a set of distinct services.
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Structure
Below figure represents the Front Controller class diagram pattern.

Figure: Front Controller class diagram

Participants and Responsibilities
Below figure shows the sequence diagram representing the Front
Controller pattern. It depicts how the controller handles a request.

Figure: Front Controller sequence diagram

Controller : The controller is the initial contact point for handling
all requests in the system. The controller may delegate to a helper to
complete authentication and authorization of a user or to initiate
contact retrieval.
Dispatcher :
A dispatcher is responsible for view management and
navigation, managing the choice of the next view to present to the
user, and providing the mechanism for vectoring control to this
resource.
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A dispatcher can be encapsulated within a controller or can be a

separate component working in coordination. The dispatcher
provides either a static dispatching to the view or a more
sophisticated dynamic dispatching mechanism.
The dispatcher uses the Request Dispatcher object (supported in
the servlet specification) and encapsulates some additional
processing.
Helper :
A helper is responsible for helping a view or controller complete
its processing. Thus, helpers have numerous responsibilities,
including gathering data required by the view and storing this
intermediate model, in which case the helper is sometimes referred
to as a value bean. Additionally, helpers may adapt this data model
for use by the view. Helpers can service requests for data from the
view by simply providing access to the raw data or by formatting the
data as Web content.
A view may work with any number of helpers, which are
typically implemented as JavaBeans components (JSP 1.0+) and
custom tags (JSP 1.1+). Additionally, a helper may represent a
Command object, a delegate, or an XSL Transformer, which is used
in combination with a stylesheet to adapt and convert the model into
the appropriate form.
View : A view represents and displays information to the client. The
view retrieves information from a model. Helpers support views by
encapsulating and adapting the underlying data model for use in the
display.
Controller Servlet Action Servlet
For those of you familiar with MVC architecture, the ActionServlet
represents the C - the controller. The job of the controller is to:
process user requests,
determine what the user is trying to achieve according to the
request,
pull data from the model (if necessary) to be given to the
appropriate view, and
select the proper view to respond to the user.
The Struts controller delegates most of this grunt work to the
Request Processor and Action classes.
In addition to being the front controller for your
application, the ActionServlet instance also is responsible for
initialization and clean-up of resources. When the controller
initializes, it first loads the application config corresponding to the
"config" init-param. It then goes through an enumeration of all initparam elements, looking for those elements who's name starts with
config/. For each of these elements, Struts loads the configuration
file specified by the value of that init-param, and assigns a "prefix"
value to that module's ModuleConfig instance consisting of the piece
of the init-param name following "config/". For example, the
module prefix specified by the init-param config/foo would be
"foo". This is important to know, since this is how the controller
determines which module will be given control of processing the
request. To access the module foo, you would use a URL like:
http://localhost:8080/myApp/foo/someAction.do
For each request made of the controller, the method
process(HttpServletRequest,
HttpServletResponse) will be
called. This method simply determines which module should service
the request and then invokes that module's RequestProcessor's
process method, passing the same request and response.
Request Processor :
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The RequestProcessor is where the majority of the core

processing occurs for each request. Let's take a look at the helper
functions the process method invokes in-turn:
Determine the path that invoked us. This will be use
processPath
retrieve an ActionMapping.
processLocale

Select a locale for this request, if one hasn't alrea

selected, and place it in the request.

processConte
nt

Set the default content type (with optional character

for all responses if requested.

processNoCac
he

If appropriate, set the following response headers: "

"Cache-Control", and "Expires".

processPrepro
cess

This is one of the "hooks" the RequestProcessor makes

for subclasses to override. The default implementatio
returns true. If you subclass RequestProcessor and
processPreprocess you should either return true (
process should continue processing the request)
(indicating you have handled the request and the proce
return)

processMappi
ng

Determine the ActionMapping associated with this path.

processRoles

If the mapping has a role associated with it, en

requesting user is has the specified role. If they do not
error and stop processing of the request.

processAction
Form

Instantiate (if necessary) the ActionForm associated

mapping (if any) and place it into the appropriate scope

processPopula
te

Populate the ActionForm associated with this request, if

processValida
te

Perform validation (if requested) on the ActionForm a

with this request (if any).

processForwa
rd

If this mapping represents a forward, forward to

specified by the mapping.

processInclud
e

If this mapping represents an include, include the

invoking the path in this request.

processAction
Create

Instantiate an instance of the class specified by th

ActionMapping (if necessary).

processAction
Perform

This is the point at which your action's perform or

method will be called.

processForwa
rdConfig

Finally, the process method of the RequestProcessor

ActionForward returned by your Action class, and uses
the next resource (if any). Most often the ActionForwar
the presentation page that renders the response.

Action class
The Action class defines two methods that could be executed
depending on your servlet environment:
public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,
ActionForm form,
ServletRequest request,
ServletResponse response)
throws Exception;
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public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,

ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws Exception;
Since the majority of Struts projects are focused on building web
applications, most projects will only use the "HttpServletRequest"
version. A non-HTTP execute() method has been provided for
applications that are not specifically geared towards the HTTP
protocol.
The goal of an Action class is to process a request, via its execute
method, and return an ActionForward object that identifies where
control should be forwarded (e.g. a JSP, Tile definition, Velocity
template, or another Action) to provide the appropriate response. In
the MVC/Model 2 design pattern, a typical Action class will often
implement logic like the following in its execute method:
Validate the current state of the user's session (for example,
checking that the user has successfully logged on). If the
Action class finds that no logon exists, the request can be
forwarded to the presentation page that displays the
username and password prompts for logging on. This could
occur because a user tried to enter an application "in the
middle" (say, from a bookmark), or because the session has
timed out, and the servlet container created a new one.
If validation is not complete, validate the form bean
properties as needed. If a problem is found, store the
appropriate error message keys as a request attribute, and
forward control back to the input form so that the errors can
be corrected.
Perform the processing required to deal with this request
(such as saving a row into a database). This can be done by
logic code embedded within the Action class itself, but should
generally be performed by calling an appropriate method of a
business logic bean.
Update the server-side objects that will be used to create the
next page of the user interface (typically request scope or
session scope beans, depending on how long you need to
keep these items available).
Return an appropriate ActionForward object that identifies the
presentation page to be used to generate this response,
based on the newly updated beans. Typically, you will acquire
a reference to such an object by calling findForward on either
the ActionMapping object you received (if you are using a
logical name local to this mapping), or on the controller
servlet itself (if you are using a logical name global to the
application).
In Struts 1.0, Actions called a perform method instead of the
now-preferred execute method. These methods use the same
parameters and differ only in which exceptions they throw. The elder
perform method throws SerlvetException and IOException. The
new execute method simply throws Exception. The change was to
facilitate the Declarative Exception handling feature introduced in
Struts 1.1.

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The perform method may still be used in Struts 1.1 but is

deprecated. The Struts 1.1 method simply calls the new execute
method and wraps any Exception thrown as a ServletException.
Action Form class
An ActionForm represents an HTML form that the user interacts with
over one or more pages. You will provide properties to hold the state
of the form with getters and setters to access them. ActionForms can
be stored in either the session (default) or request scopes. If they're
in the session it's important to implement the form's reset method
to initialize the form before each use. Struts sets the ActionForm's
properties from the request parameters and sends the validated form
to the appropriate Action's execute method.
When you code your ActionForm beans, keep the following principles
in mind:

The ActionForm class itself requires no specific methods to be

implemented. It is used to identify the role these particular
beans play in the overall architecture. Typically, an
ActionForm bean will have only property getter and property
setter methods, with no business logic.
The ActionForm object also offers a standard validation
mechanism. If you override a "stub" method, and provide
error messages in the standard application resource, Struts
will automatically validate the input from the form (using your
method). See "Automatic Form Validation" for details. Of
course, you can also ignore the ActionForm validation and
provide your own in the Action object.
Define a property (with associated getXxx and setXxx
methods) for each field that is present in the form. The field
name and property name must match according to the usual
JavaBeans
conventions
(see
the
Javadoc
for
the
java.beans.Introspector class for a start on information about
this). For example, an input field named username will cause
the setUsername method to be called.
Buttons and other controls on your form can also be defined
as properties. This can help determine which button or
control was selected when the form was submitted.
Remember, the ActionForm is meant to represent your dataentry form, not just the data beans.
Think of your ActionForm beans as a firewall between HTTP
and the Action. Use the validate method to ensure all
required properties are present, and that they contain
reasonable values. An ActionForm that fails validation will not
even be presented to the Action for handling.
You may also place a bean instance on your form, and use
nested property references. For example, you might have a
"customer" bean on your ActionForm, and then refer to the
property "customer.name" in your presentation page. This
would correspond to the methods customer.getName() and
customer.setName(string Name) on your customer bean. See
the Tag Library Developer Guides for more about using nested
syntax with the Struts JSP tags.
Caution: If you nest an existing bean instance on your form,
think about the properties it exposes. Any public property on
an ActionForm that accepts a single String value can be set
with a query string. It may be useful to place beans that can

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affect the business state inside a thin "wrapper" that exposes

only the properties required. This wrapper can also provide a
filter to be sure runtime properties are not set to
inappropriate values.

Action class Design guidelines

Remember the following design guidelines when coding Action
classes:
Write code for a multi-threaded environment - The controller servlet creates only
one instance of your Action class, and uses this one instance to service all requests.
Thus, you need to write thread-safe Action classes. Follow the same guidelines you
would use to write thread-safe Servlets. Here are two general guidelines that will help
you write scalable, thread-safe Action classes:
Only Use Local Variables - The most important principle that aids in thread-safe
coding is to use only local variables, not instance variables, in your Action class. Local
variables are created on a stack that is assigned (by your JVM) to each request thread,
so there is no need to worry about sharing them. An Action can be factored into several
local methods, so long as all variables needed are passed as method parameters. This
assures thread safety, as the JVM handles such variables internally using the call stack
which is associated with a single Thread.
Conserve Resources - As a general rule, allocating scarce resources and keeping them
across requests from the same user (in the user's session) can cause scalability
problems. For example, if your application uses JDBC and you allocate a separate JDBC
connection for every user, you are probably going to run in some scalability issues when
your site suddenly shows up on Slashdot. You should strive to use pools and release
resources (such as database connections) prior to forwarding control to the appropriate
View component -- even if a bean method you have called throws an exception.

Don't throw it, catch it! - Ever used a commercial website only to have a stack trace or
exception thrown in your face after you've already typed in your credit card number and
clicked the purchase button? Let's just say it doesn't inspire confidence. Now is your chance
to deal with these application errors - in the Action class. If your application specific code
throws expections you should catch these exceptions in your Action class, log them in your
application's log (servlet.log("Error message", exception)) and return the appropriate
ActionForward.
It is wise to avoid creating lengthy and complex Action classes. If
you start to embed too much logic in the Action class itself, you will
begin to find the Action class hard to understand, maintain, and
impossible to reuse. Rather than creating overly complex Action
classes, it is generally a good practice to move most of the
persistence, and "business logic" to a separate application layer.
When an Action class becomes lengthy and procedural, it may be a
good time to refactor your application architecture and move some of
this logic to another conceptual layer; otherwise, you may be left
with an inflexible application which can only be accessed in a webapplication environment. Struts should be viewed as simply the
foundation for implementing MVC in your applications. Struts
provides you with a useful control layer, but it is not a fully featured
platform for building MVC applications, soup to nuts.
The MailReader example application included with Struts stretches
this design principle somewhat, because the business logic itself is
embedded in the Action classes. This should be considered
something of a bug in the design of the example, rather than an
intrinsic feature of the Struts architecture, or an approach to be
emulated. In order to demonstrate, in simple terms, the different
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ways Struts can be used, the MailReader application does not always
follow best practices.
Action mapping implementation
In order to operate successfully, the Struts controller servlet needs to
know several things about how each request URI should be mapped
to an appropriate Action class. The required knowledge has been
encapsulated in a Java class named ActionMapping, the most
important properties are as follows:
o
o
o
o

o
o

type - Fully qualified Java class name of the Action implementation class used by this
mapping.
name - The name of the form bean defined in the config file that this action will use.
path - The request URI path that is matched to select this mapping. See below for examples
of how matching works and how to use wildcards to match multiple request URIs.
unknown - Set to true if this action should be configured as the default for this application, to
handle all requests not handled by another action. Only one action can be defined as a
default within a single application.
validate - Set to true if the validate method of the action associated with this mapping should
be called.
forward - The request URI path to which control is passed when this mapping is invoked. This
is an alternative to declaring a type property.

Writing Action Mappings

How does the controller servlet learn about the mappings you
want? It would be possible (but tedious) to write a small Java class
that simply instantiated new ActionMapping instances, and called all
of the appropriate setter methods. To make this process easier,
Struts uses the Jakarta Commons Digester component to parse an
XML-based description of the desired mappings and create the
appropriate objects initialized to the appropriate default values. See
the Jakarta Commons website for more information about the
Digester.
The developer's responsibility is to create an XML file named strutsconfig.xml and place it in the WEB-INF directory of your
application. This format of this document is described by the
Document Type Definition (DTD) maintained at

http://jakarta.apache.org/struts/dtds/strutsconfig_1_2.dtd. This chapter covers the configuration elements

that you will typically write as part of developing your application.
There are several other elements that can be placed in the strutsconfig file to customize your application. See " Configuring
Applications" for more about the other elements in the Struts
configuration file.
The controller uses an internal copy of this document to parse the
configuration; an Internet connection is not required for operation.
The outermost XML element must be <struts-config>. Inside of the
<struts-config> element, there are three important elements that
are used to describe your actions:
<form-beans>
<global-forwards>
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 <action-mappings>
<form-beans>
This section contains your form bean definitions. Form beans are
descriptors that are used to create ActionForm instances at runtime.
You use a <form-bean> element for each form bean, which has the
following important attributes:
name: A unique identifier for this bean, which will be used to
reference it in corresponding action mappings. Usually, this is
also the name of the request or session attribute under which
this form bean will be stored.
type: The fully-qualified Java classname of the ActionForm
subclass to use with this form bean.
<global-forwards>
This section contains your global forward definitions. Forwards are
instances of the ActionForward class returned from an ActionForm's
execute method. These map logical names to specific resources
(typically JSPs), allowing you to change the resource without
changing references to it throughout your application. You use a
<forward> element for each forward definition, which has the
following important attributes:
name: The logical name for this forward. This is used in your
ActionForm's execute method to forward to the next
appropriate resource. Example: homepage
path: The context relative path to the resource. Example:
/index.jsp or /index.do
redirect: True or false (default). Should the ActionServlet
redirect to the resource instead of forward?
<action-mappings>
This section contains your action definitions. You use an <action>
element for each of the mappings you would like to define. Most
action elements will define at least the following attributes:
path: The application context-relative path to the action.
type: The fully qualified java classname of your Action class.
name: The name of your <form-bean> element to use with
this action
Other often-used attributes include:
parameter: A general-purpose attribute often used by
"standard" Actions to pass a required property.
roles: A comma-delimited list of the user security roles that
can access this mapping.
For a complete description of the elements that can be used with
the action element, see the Struts Configuration DTD and the

ActionMapping documentation.
Action Mapping Example
Here's a mapping entry based on the MailReader example
application. The MailReader application now uses DynaActionForms.
But in this example, we'll show a conventinal ActionForm instead, to
illustrate the usual workflow. Note that the entries for all the other
actions are left out:
<struts-config>
<form-beans>
<form-bean
name="logonForm"
type="org.apache.struts.webapp.example.LogonForm" />
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</form-beans>
<global-forwards
type="org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward">
<forward
name="logon"
path="/logon.jsp"
redirect="false" />
</global-forwards>
<action-mappings>
<action
path ="/logon"
type ="org.apache.struts.webapp.example.LogonAction"
name ="logonForm"
scope ="request"
input ="/logon.jsp"
unknown="false"
validate="true" />
</action-mappings>
</struts-config>
First the form bean is defined. A basic bean of class
"org.apache.struts.webapp.example.LogonForm" is mapped to the
logical name "logonForm". This name is used as a request attribute
name for the form bean.
The "global-forwards" section is used to create logical name
mappings for commonly used presentation pages. Each of these
forwards is available through a call to your action mapping instance,
i.e. mapping.findForward("logicalName").
As you can see, this mapping matches the path /logon (actually,
because the MailReader example application uses extension
mapping, the request URI you specify in a JSP page would end in
/logon.do). When a request that matches this path is received, an
instance of the LogonAction class will be created (the first time only)
and used. The controller servlet will look for a bean in request scope
under key logonForm, creating and saving a bean of the specified
class if needed.
Optional but very useful are the local "forward" elements. In
the MailReader example application, many actions include a local
"success" and/or "failure" forward as part of an action mapping.
<!-- Edit mail subscription -->
<action
path="/editSubscription"
type="org.apache.struts.webapp.example.EditSubscriptionAction"
name="subscriptionForm"
scope="request"
validate="false">
<forward
name="failure"
path="/mainMenu.jsp"/>
<forward
name="success"
path="/subscription.jsp"/>
</action>
Using just these two extra properties, the Action classes are
almost totally independent of the actual names of the presentation
pages. The pages can be renamed (for example) during a redesign,
with negligible impact on the Action classes themselves. If the names
of the "next" pages were hard coded into the Action classes, all of
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these classes would also need to be modified. Of course, you can

define whatever local forward properties makes sense for your own
application.
The Struts configuration file includes several other elements that you
can use to customize your application. See "Configuring
Applications" for details.
Using Action Mapping for pages
Fronting your pages with ActionMappings is essential when using
modules, since doing so is the only way you involve the controller in
the request -- and you want to! The controller puts the application
configuration in the request, which makes available all of your
module-specific configuration data (including which message
resources you are using, request-processor, datasources, and so
forth).
The simplest way to do this is to use the forward property of the
ActionMapping:
<action path="/view" forward="/view.jsp"/>
Configuring struts-config.xml file
The Building Controller Components chapter covered
writing the form-bean and action-mapping portions of the Struts
configuration file. These elements usually play an important role in
the development of a Struts application. The other elements in Struts
configuration file tend to be static: you set them once and leave
them alone.
These "static" configuration elements are:
controller
message-resources
plug-in
data-sources
Controller configuration
The <controller> element allows you to configure the
ActionServlet. Many of the controller parameters were previously
defined by servlet initialization parameters in your web.xml file but
have been moved to this section of struts-config.xml in order to
allow different modules in the same web application to be configured
differently. For full details on available parameters see the strutsconfig_1_2.dtd or the list below.
bufferSize - The size (in bytes) of the input buffer used
when processing file uploads. [4096] (optional)
className
Classname
of
configuration
bean.
[org.apache.struts.config.ControllerConfig] (optional)
contentType - Default content type (and optional character
encoding) to be set on each response. May be overridden by
the Action, JSP, or other resource to which the request is
forwarded. [text/html] (optional)
forwardPattern - Replacement pattern defining how the
"path" attribute of a <forward> element is mapped to a
context-relative URL when it starts with a slash (and when
the contextRelative property is false). This value may consist
of any combination of the following:
o $M - Replaced by the module prefix of this module.
o $P - Replaced by the "path" attribute of the selected
<forward> element.
o $$ - Causes a literal dollar sign to be rendered.
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$x - (Where "x" is any character not defined above)

Silently swallowed, reserved for future use.

If not specified, the default forwardPattern is consistent with

the previous behavior of forwards. [$M$P] (optional)

inputForward - Set to true if you want the input attribute of

<action> elements to be the name of a local or global
ActionForward, which will then be used to calculate the
ultimate URL. Set to false to treat the input parameter of
<action> elements as a module-relative path to the resource
to be used as the input form. [false] (optional)
locale - Set to true if you want a Locale object stored in the
user's session if not already present. [true] (optional)
maxFileSize - The maximum size (in bytes) of a file to be
accepted as a file upload. Can be expressed as a number
followed by a "K", "M", or "G", which are interpreted to mean
kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, respectively. [250M]
(optional)
multipartClass - The fully qualified Java class name of the
multipart request handler class to be used with this module.
[org.apache.struts.upload.CommonsMultipartRequestHandler]
(optional)
nocache - Set to true if you want the controller to add HTTP
headers for defeating caching to every response from this
module. [false] (optional)
pagePattern - Replacement pattern defining how the page
attribute of custom tags using it is mapped to a contextrelative URL of the corresponding resource. This value may
consist of any combination of the following:
o $M - Replaced by the module prefix of this module.
o $P - Replaced by the "path" attribute of the selected
<forward> element.
o $$ - Causes a literal dollar sign to be rendered.
o $x - (Where "x" is any character not defined above)
Silently swallowed, reserved for future use.

If not specified, the default pagePattern is consistent with the

previous behavior of URL calculation. [$M$P] (optional)
processorClass - The fully qualified Java class name of the
RequestProcessor subclass to be used with this module.
[org.apache.struts.action.RequestProcessor] (optional)
tempDir - Temporary working directory to use when
processing file uploads. [{the directory provided by the
servlet container}]
This example uses the default values for several controller
parameters. If you only want default behavior you can omit the
controller section altogether.
<controller
processorClass="org.apache.struts.action.RequestProcessor"
debug="0"
contentType="text/html"/>;
Message Resource configuration
Struts has built in support for internationalization (I18N). You can
define one or more <message-resources> elements for your
webapp; modules can define their own resource bundles. Different
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bundles can be used simultaneously in your application, the 'key'

attribute is used to specify the desired bundle.
className
Classname
of
configuration
bean.
[org.apache.struts.config.MessageResourcesConfig] (optional)
factory
Classname
of
MessageResourcesFactory.
[org.apache.struts.util.PropertyMessageResourcesFactory]
(optional)
key - ServletContext attribute key to store this bundle.
[org.apache.struts.action.MESSAGE] (optional)
null - Set to false to display missing resource keys in your
application like '???keyname???' instead of null. [true]
(optional)
parameter - Name of the resource bundle. (required)
Example configuration:
<message-resources
parameter="MyWebAppResources"
null="false" />
This would set up a message resource bundle provided in the file
MyWebAppResources.properties under the default key. Missing
resource keys would be displayed as '???keyname???'.
PlugIn configuration
Struts PlugIns are configured using the <plug-in> element within
the Struts configuration file. This element has only one valid
attribute, 'className', which is the fully qualified name of the Java
class which implements the org.apache.struts.action.PlugIn
interface.
For PlugIns that require configuration themselves, the nested <setproperty> element is available.
This is an example using the Tiles plugin:
<plug-in className="org.apache.struts.tiles.TilesPlugin" >
<set-property
property="definitions-config"
value="/WEB-INF/tiles-defs.xml"/>
</plug-in>
DataSource configuration
Besides the objects related to defining ActionMappings, the Struts
configuration may contain elements that create other useful objects.
The <data-sources> section can be used to specify a collection of
DataSources [javax.sql.DataSource] for the use of your application.
Typically, a DataSource represents a connection pool to a database
or other persistent store. As a convenience, the Struts DataSource
manager can be used to instantiate whatever standard pool your
application may need. Of course, if your persistence layer provides
for its own connections, then you do not need to specify a datasources element.
Since DataSource implementations vary in what properties need to
be set, unlike other Struts configuration elements, the data-source
element does not pre-define a slate of properties. Instead, the
generic set-property feature is used to set whatever properties
your implementation may require. Typically, these settings would
include:
A driver class name
A url to access the driver
A description
And other sundry properties.
<data-source type="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource">
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<!-- ... set-property elements ... -->

</data-source>
In Struts 1.2.0, the GenericDataSource has been removed,
and it is recommended that you use the Commons BasicDataSource
or other DataSource implementation instead. In practice, if you need
to use the DataSource manager, you should use whatever
DataSource implementation works best with your container or
database.
For examples of specifying a data-sources element and using the
DataSource with an Action,
The Struts configuration file
The Building Controller Components chapter covered writing
the form-bean and action-mapping portions of the Struts
configuration file. These elements usually play an important role in
the development of a Struts application. The other elements in Struts
configuration file tend to be static: you set them once and leave
them alone.
These "static" configuration elements are:
controller
message-resources
plug-in
data-sources
Controller Configuration
The <controller> element allows you to configure the
ActionServlet. Many of the controller parameters were previously
defined by servlet initialization parameters in your web.xml file but
have been moved to this section of struts-config.xml in order to
allow different modules in the same web application to be configured
differently. For full details on available parameters see the strutsconfig_1_2.dtd or the list below.
bufferSize - The size (in bytes) of the input buffer used
when processing file uploads. [4096] (optional)
className
Classname
of
configuration
bean.
[org.apache.struts.config.ControllerConfig] (optional)
contentType - Default content type (and optional character
encoding) to be set on each response. May be overridden by
the Action, JSP, or other resource to which the request is
forwarded. [text/html] (optional)
forwardPattern - Replacement pattern defining how the
"path" attribute of a <forward> element is mapped to a
context-relative URL when it starts with a slash (and when
the contextRelative property is false). This value may consist
of any combination of the following:
o $M - Replaced by the module prefix of this module.
o $P - Replaced by the "path" attribute of the selected
<forward> element.
o $$ - Causes a literal dollar sign to be rendered.
o $x - (Where "x" is any character not defined above)
Silently swallowed, reserved for future use.
If not specified, the default forwardPattern is consistent with
the previous behavior of forwards. [$M$P] (optional)
inputForward - Set to true if you want the input attribute of
<action> elements to be the name of a local or global
ActionForward, which will then be used to calculate the
ultimate URL. Set to false to treat the input parameter of
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<action> elements as a module-relative path to the resource

to be used as the input form. [false] (optional)
locale - Set to true if you want a Locale object stored in the
user's session if not already present. [true] (optional)
maxFileSize - The maximum size (in bytes) of a file to be
accepted as a file upload. Can be expressed as a number
followed by a "K", "M", or "G", which are interpreted to mean
kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, respectively. [250M]
(optional)
multipartClass - The fully qualified Java class name of the
multipart request handler class to be used with this module.
[org.apache.struts.upload.CommonsMultipartRequestHandler]
(optional)
nocache - Set to true if you want the controller to add HTTP
headers for defeating caching to every response from this
module. [false] (optional)
pagePattern - Replacement pattern defining how the page
attribute of custom tags using it is mapped to a contextrelative URL of the corresponding resource. This value may
consist of any combination of the following:
o $M - Replaced by the module prefix of this module.
o $P - Replaced by the "path" attribute of the selected
<forward> element.
o $$ - Causes a literal dollar sign to be rendered.
o $x - (Where "x" is any character not defined above)
Silently swallowed, reserved for future use.
If not specified, the default pagePattern is consistent with the
previous behavior of URL calculation. [$M$P] (optional)
processorClass - The fully qualified Java class name of the
RequestProcessor subclass to be used with this module.
[org.apache.struts.action.RequestProcessor] (optional)
tempDir - Temporary working directory to use when
processing file uploads. [{the directory provided by the
servlet container}]
This example uses the default values for several controller
parameters. If you only want default behavior you can omit the
controller section altogether.
<controller
processorClass="org.apache.struts.action.RequestProcessor"
debug="0"
contentType="text/html"/>;
Message Resources Configuration
Struts has built in support for internationalization (I18N). You
can define one or more <message-resources> elements for your
webapp; modules can define their own resource bundles. Different
bundles can be used simultaneously in your application, the 'key'
attribute is used to specify the desired bundle.
className
Classname
of
configuration
bean.
[org.apache.struts.config.MessageResourcesConfig] (optional)
factory
Classname
of
MessageResourcesFactory.
[org.apache.struts.util.PropertyMessageResourcesFactory]
(optional)
key - ServletContext attribute key to store this bundle.
[org.apache.struts.action.MESSAGE] (optional)

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 null - Set to false to display missing resource keys in your

application like '???keyname???' instead of null. [true]

(optional)
parameter - Name of the resource bundle. (required)
Example configuration:
<message-resources
parameter="MyWebAppResources"
null="false" />
This would set up a message resource bundle provided in the file
MyWebAppResources.properties under the default key.
Missing resource keys would be displayed as '???keyname???'.
PlugIn Configuration
Struts PlugIns are configured using the <plug-in> element within
the Struts configuration file. This element has only one valid
attribute, 'className', which is the fully qualified name of the Java
class which implements the org.apache.struts.action.PlugIn
interface.
For PlugIns that require configuration themselves, the nested <setproperty> element is available.
This is an example using the Tiles plugin:
<plug-in className="org.apache.struts.tiles.TilesPlugin" >
<set-property property="definitions-config" value="/WEBINF/tiles-defs.xml"/>
</plug-in>
Data Source Configuration
Besides the objects related to defining ActionMappings, the Struts
configuration may contain elements that create other useful objects.
The <data-sources> section can be used to specify a collection of
DataSources [javax.sql.DataSource] for the use of your application.
Typically, a DataSource represents a connection pool to a database
or other persistent store. As a convenience, the Struts DataSource
manager can be used to instantiate whatever standard pool your
application may need. Of course, if your persistence layer provides
for its own connections, then you do not need to specify a datasources element.
Since DataSource implementations vary in what properties need to
be set, unlike other Struts configuration elements, the data-source
element does not pre-define a slate of properties. Instead, the
generic set-property feature is used to set whatever properties
your implementation may require. Typically, these settings would
include:
A driver class name
A url to access the driver
A description
And other sundry properties.
<data-source type="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource">
<!-- ... set-property elements ... -->
</data-source>
In Struts 1.2.0, the GenericDataSource has been removed, and
it is recommended that you use the Commons BasicDataSource or
other DataSource implementation instead. In practice, if you need to
use the DataSource manager, you should use whatever DataSource
implementation works best with your container or database.
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For examples of specifying a data-sources element and using the

DataSource with an Action, see the Accessing a Database
HowTo.
Configuring your application for modules
Very little is required in order to start taking advantage of the Struts
module feature. Just go through the following steps:
1. Prepare a config file for each module.
2. Inform the controller of your module.
3. Use actions to refer to your pages.
Module Configuration Files
Back in Struts 1.0, a few "boot-strap" options were placed in the
web.xml file, and the bulk of the configuration was done in a single
struts-config.xml file. Obviously, this wasn't ideal for a team
environment, since multiple users had to share the same
configuration file.
In Struts 1.1, you have two options: you can list multiple
struts-config files as a comma-delimited list, or you can subdivide
a larger application into modules.
With the advent of modules, a given module has its own
configuration file. This means each team (each module would
presumably be developed by a single team) has their own
configuration file, and there should be a lot less contention when
trying to modify it.
Informing the Controller
In struts 1.0, you listed your configuration file as an
initialization parameter to the action servlet in web.xml. This is still
done in 1.1, but it's augmented a little. In order to tell the Struts
machinery about your different modules, you specify multiple config
initialization parameters, with a slight twist. You'll still use "config" to
tell the action servlet about your "default" module, however, for each
additional module, you will list an initialization parameter named
"config/module", where module is the name of your module (this
gets used when determining which URIs fall under a given module,
so choose something meaningful!). For example:
...
<init-param>
<param-name>config</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/conf/struts-default.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>config/module1</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/conf/struts-module1.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
...
This says I have two modules. One happens to be the "default"
module, which has no "/module" in it's name, and one named
"module1" (config/module1). I've told the controller it can find their
respective configurations under /WEB-INF/conf (which is where I put
all my configuration files). Pretty simple!
(My struts-default.xml would be equivalent to what most folks call
struts-config.xml. I just like the symmetry of having all my Struts
module files being named struts-<module>.xml)
If you'd like to vary where the pages for each module is stored, see
the forwardPattern setting for the Controller.
Switching Modules
There are two basic methods to switching from one module to
another. You can either use a forward (global or local) and specify
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the contextRelative attribute with a value of true, or you can use the
built-in org.apache.struts.actions.SwitchAction.
Here's an example of a global forward:
...
<struts-config>
...
<global-forwards>
<forward name="toModuleB"
contextRelative="true"
path="/moduleB/index.do"
redirect="true"/>
...
</global-forwards>
...
</struts-config>
You could do the same thing with a local forward declared in an
ActionMapping:
...
<struts-config>
...
<action-mappings>
...
<action ... >
<forward name="success"
contextRelative="true"
path="/moduleB/index.do"
redirect="true"/>
</action>
...
</action-mappings>
...
</struts-config>
Finally, you could use org.apache.struts.actions.SwitchAction,
like so:
...
<action-mappings>
<action path="/toModule"
type="org.apache.struts.actions.SwitchAction"/>
...
</action-mappings>
...
Now, to change to ModuleB, we would use a URI like this:
http://localhost:8080/toModule.do?
prefix=/moduleB&page=/index.do
If you are using the "default" module as well as "named" modules
(like "/moduleB"), you can switch back to the "default" module with
a URI like this:
http://localhost:8080/toModule.do?prefix=&page=/index.do
That's all there is to it! Happy module-switching!
The Web Application Deployment Descriptor
The final step in setting up the application is to configure the
application deployment descriptor (stored in file WEB-INF/web.xml)
to include all the Struts components that are required. Using the
deployment descriptor for the example application as a guide, we see
that the following entries need to be created or modified.

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Configure the Action Servlet Instance

Add an entry defining the action servlet itself, along with the
appropriate initialization parameters. Such an entry might look like
this:
<servlet>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>
org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet
</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>config</param-name>
<param-value>
/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml
</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
The initialization parameters supported by the controller servlet
are described below. (You can also find these details in the
Javadocs for the ActionServlet class.) Square brackets describe the
default values that are assumed if you do not provide a value for that
initialization parameter.
config - Context-relative path to the XML resource containing the configuration
information for the default module. This may also be a comma-delimited list of
configuration files. Each file is loaded in turn, and its objects are appended to the
internal
data
structure.
[/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml].
WARNING - If you define an object of the same name in more than
one configuration file, the last one loaded quietly wins.
config/${module} - Context-relative path to the XML resource containing the
configuration information for the application module that will use the specified prefix (/$
{module}). This can be repeated as many times as required for multiple application
modules. (Since Struts 1.1)
convertNull - Force simulation of the Struts 1.0 behavior when populating forms. If set
to true, the numeric Java wrapper class types (like java.lang.Integer) will default to null
(rather than 0). (Since Struts 1.1) [false]
rulesets - Comma-delimited list of fully qualified classnames of additional
org.apache.commons.digester.RuleSet instances that should be added to the Digester
that will be processing struts-config.xml files. By default, only the RuleSet for the
standard configuration elements is loaded. (Since Struts 1.1)
validating - Should we use a validating XML parser to process the configuration file
(strongly recommended)? [true]
WARNING - Struts will not operate correctly if you define more than
one <servlet> element for a controller servlet, or a subclass of the
standard controller servlet class. The controller servlet MUST be a
web application wide singleton.
Configure the Action Servlet Mapping
Note: The material in this section is not specific to Struts. The
configuration of servlet mappings is defined in the Java Servlet
Specification. This section describes the most common means of
configuring a Struts application.
There are two common approaches to defining the URLs that will be
processed by the controller servlet -- prefix matching and extension
matching. An appropriate mapping entry for each approach will be
described below.
Prefix matching means that you want all URLs that start (after the
context path part) with a particular value to be passed to this
servlet. Such an entry might look like this:
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<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/do/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
which means that a request URI to match the /logon path described
earlier might look like this:
http://www.mycompany.com/myapplication/do/logon
where /myapplication is the context path under which your
application is deployed.
Extension mapping, on the other hand, matches request URIs to the
action servlet based on the fact that the URI ends with a period
followed by a defined set of characters. For example, the JSP
processing servlet is mapped to the *.jsp pattern so that it is called
to process every JSP page that is requested. To use the *.do
extension (which implies "do something"), the mapping entry would
look like this:
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
and a request URI to match the /logon path described earlier
might look like this:
http://www.mycompany.com/myapplication/logon.do
WARNING - Struts will not operate correctly if you define more than
one <servlet-mapping> element for the controller servlet.
WARNING - If you are using the new module support in Struts 1.1,
you should be aware that only extension mapping is supported.
Configure the Struts Tag Libraries
Next, you must add an entry defining the Struts tag library.
The struts-bean taglib contains tags useful in accessing beans and
their properties, as well as defining new beans (based on these
accesses) that are accessible to the remainder of the page via
scripting variables and page scope attributes. Convenient
mechanisms to create new beans based on the value of request
cookies, headers, and parameters are also provided.
The struts-html taglib contains tags used to create struts input
forms, as well as other tags generally useful in the creation of HTMLbased user interfaces.
The struts-logic taglib contains tags that are useful in managing
conditional generation of output text, looping over object collections
for repetitive generation of output text, and application flow
management.
The struts-tiles taglib contains tags used for combining various view
components, called "tiles", into a final composite view.
The struts-nested taglib is an extension of other struts taglibs that
allows the use of nested beans.
Below is how you would define all taglibs for use within your
application. In practice, you would only specify the taglibs that your
application uses:
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/tags/struts-bean
</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld
</taglib-location>
</taglib>
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/tags/struts-html
</taglib-uri>
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<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld
</taglib-location>
</taglib>
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/tags/struts-logic
</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld
</taglib-location>
</taglib>
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/tags/struts-tiles
</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-tiles.tld
</taglib-location>
</taglib>
This tells the JSP system where to find the tag library descriptor
for this library (in your application's WEB-INF directory, instead of
out on the Internet somewhere).
Configure the Struts Tag Libraries (Servlet 2.3)
Servlet 2.3 Users only: The Servlet 2.3 specification simplifies the
deployment and configuration of tag libraries. The instructions above
will work on older containers as well as 2.3 containers (Struts only
requires a servlet 2.2 container); however, if you're using a 2.3
container such as Tomcat 4.x, you can take advantage of a simplified
deployment.
All that's required to install the struts tag libraries is to copy
struts.jar into your /WEB-INF/lib directory and reference the tags in
your code like this:
<%@
taglib
prefix="html" %>

uri=http://struts.apache.org/tags-html

Note that you must use the full uri defined in the various struts
tlds so that the container knows where to find the tag's class files.
You don't have to alter your web.xml file or copy tlds into any
application directories.
Add Struts Components To Your Application
To use Struts, you must copy the .tld files that you require into
your WEB-INF directory, and copy struts.jar (and all of the
commons-*.jar files) into your WEB-INF/lib directory.
Struts Bean Tags
This tag library contains tags useful in accessing beans and their
properties, as well as defining new beans (based on these accesses)
that are accessible to the remainder of the page via scripting
variables and page scope attributes. Convenient mechanisms to
create new beans based on the value of request cookies, headers,
and parameters are also provided.
Many of the tags in this tag library will throw a JspException at
runtime when they are utilized incorrectly (such as when you specify
an invalid combination of tag attributes). JSP allows you to declare
an "error page" in the <%@ page %> directive. If you wish to process
the actual exception that caused the problem, it is passed to the
error
page
as
a
request
attribute
under
key
org.apache.struts.action.EXCEPTION.
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If you are viewing this page from within the Struts Documentation
Application (or online at http://struts.apache.org/), you can
learn more about using these tags in the Bean Tags Developer's
Guide.
Tag Name
Description
cookie
Define a scripting variable based on the value(s) of the
specified request cookie.
define
Define a scripting variable based on the value(s) of the
specified bean property.
header Load the response from a dynamic application request and
make it available as a bean
include
Render an internationalized message string to the
response.
message
Expose a specified item from the page context as a
bean.
page Define a scripting variable based on the value(s) of the
specified request parameter.
parameter Load a web application resource and make it available
as a bean.
resource
Define a bean containing the number of elements in a
Collection or Map.
size
Expose a named Struts internal configuration object as
a bean.
struts
Render the value of the specified bean property to the
current JspWriter.

Struts
The core of the Struts framework is a flexible control layer based
on
standard
technologies
like
Java
Servlets,
JavaBeans,
ResourceBundles, and XML, as well as various Jakarta Commons
packages. Struts encourages application architectures based on the
Model 2 approach, a variation of the classic Model-View-Controller
(MVC) design paradigm.
Struts provides its own Controller component and integrates
with other technologies to provide the Model and the View. For the
Model, Struts can interact with standard data access technologies,
like JDBC and EJB, as well as most any third-party packages, like
Hibernate, iBATIS, or Object Relational Bridge. For the View, Struts
works well with JavaServer Pages, including JSTL and JSF, as well as
Velocity Templates, XSLT, and other presentation systems.
The Struts framework provides the invisible underpinnings
every professional web application needs to survive. Struts helps you
create an extensible development environment for your application,
based on published standards and proven design patterns.
What is the difference between Struts 1.0 and Struts 1.1
The new features added to Struts 1.1 are 1. RequestProcessor
class 2. Method perform() replaced by execute() in Struts base
Action Class 3. Changes to web.xml and struts-config.xml
4.Declarative exception handling 5.Dynamic ActionForms 6.Plug-ins
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7.Multiple Application Modules 8.Nested Tags 9.The Struts Validator

10.Change to the ORO package 11.Change to Commons logging
12.Removal
of
Admin
actions
13.
Deprecation
of
the
GenericDataSource
Explain Struts navigation flow
A client requests a path that matches the Action URI pattern.
The container passes the request to the ActionServlet. If this is a
modular application, the ActionServlet selects the appropriate
module. The ActionServlet looks up the mapping for the path. If the
mapping specifies a form bean, the ActionServlet sees if there is one
already or creates one. If a form bean is in play, the ActionServlet
resets and populates it from the HTTP request. If the mapping has
the validate property set to true, it calls validate on the form bean. If
it fails, the servlet forwards to the path specified by the input
property and this control flow ends. If the mapping specifies an
Action type, it is reused if it already exists or instantiated.
The Actions perform or execute method is called and passed
the instantiated form bean (or null). The Action may populate the
form bean, call business objects, and do whatever else is needed.
The Action returns an ActionForward to the ActionServlet. If the
ActionForward is to another Action URI, we begin again; otherwise,
its off to a display page or some other resource. Most often, it is a
JSP, in which case Jasper, or the equivalent (not Struts), renders the
page.
What
is
the
difference
between
ActionForm
and
DynaActionForm
In struts 1.0, action form is used to populate the html tags in
jsp using struts custom tag.when the java code changes, the change
in action class is needed. To avoid the chages in struts 1.1 dyna
action form is introduced.This can be used to develop using xml.The
dyna action form bloats up with the struts-config.xml based
definetion.
What is DispatchAction
The DispatchAction class is used to group related actions into
one class. DispatchAction is an abstract class, so you must override
it to use it. It extends the Action class.
It should be noted that you dont have to use the DispatchAction to
group multiple actions into one Action class.
You could just use a hidden field that you inspect to delegate to
member() methods inside of your action.
How to call ejb from Struts
use the Service Locator patter to look up the ejbs
Or You can use InitialContext and get the home interface.
What are the various Struts tag libraries
struts-html tag library - used for creating dynamic HTML user
interfaces and forms. struts-bean tag library - provides substantial
enhancements to the basic capability provided by .
struts-logic tag library - can manage conditional generation of
output text, looping over object collections for repetitive generation
of output text, and application flow management.
struts-template tag library - contains tags that are useful in
creating dynamic JSP templates for pages which share a common
format.
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What
is
the
difference
between
ActionErrors
and
ActionMessages
The difference between the classes is zero -- all behavior in
ActionErrors was pushed up into ActionMessages and all behavior in
ActionError was pushed up into ActionMessage. This was done in the
attempt to clearly signal that these classes can be used to pass any
kind of messages from the controller to the view -- errors being only
one kind of message
How you will handle errors and exceptions using Struts
There are various ways to handle exception:
1) To handle errors server side validation can be used using
ActionErrors classes can be used.
2) The exceptions can be wrapped across different layers to show a
user showable exception.
3)using validators
How you will save the data across different pages for a
particular client request using Struts
Several ways. The similar to the ways session tracking is enabled.
Using cookies, URL-rewriting, SSLSession, and possibilty threw in the
database.
What we will define in Struts-config.xml file. And explain
their purpose
The main control file in the Struts framework is the strutsconfig.xml XML file, where action mappings are specified. This file's
structure is described by the struts-config DTD file, which is defined
at http://jakarta.apache.org/struts/. A copy of the DTD can be found
on the /docs/dtds subdirectory of the framework's installation root
directory. The top-level element is struts-config. Basically, it consists
of the following elements:
data-sourcesA
set
of
data-source
elements,
describing
parameters needed to instantiate JDBC 2.0 Standard Extension
DataSource objects
form-beansA set of form-bean elements that describe the form
beans that this application uses
global-forwardsA set of forward elements describing general
available forward URIs
action-mappingsA set of action elements describing a request-toaction mapping
What
is
the
purpose
of
tiles-def.xml
file,
resourcebundle.properties file, validation.xml file
The Tiles Framework is an advanced version of that comes
bundled with the Struts Webapp framework. Its purpose is reduce
the duplication between jsp pages as well as make layouts flexible
and easy to maintain. It integrates with Struts using the concept of
named views or definitions.
What is Action Class. What are the methods in Action class
Action class is request handler in Struts. we will extend the Action
class and over ride the execute() method in which we will specify the
business logic to be performed.
Explain about token feature in Struts
Tokens are used to check for invalid path for by the uer:
1) if the user presses back button and submits the same page
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2)or if the user refreshes the page which will result to the resubmit
of the previous action and might lead to unstabality..
to solve the abv probs we use tokens
1) in previous action type saveTokens(HttpServletreuest)
2) in current action check for duplication bu
if(!isValidToken())
What part of MVC does Struts represent
Bad question. Struts is a framework which supports the MVC pattern.
What are the core classes of struts?
The core classes of struts are ActionForm, Action, ActionMapping,
ActionForward etc.
What are the Important Components of Struts?
1. Action Servlet
2. Action Classes
3. Action Form
4. Validator Framework
5. Message Resources
6. Struts Configuration XML Files
7. View components like JSP
What is Struts?
Struts is a web page development framework and an open source
software that helps developers build web applications quickly and
easily. Struts combines Java Servlets, Java Server Pages, custom
tags, and message resources into a unified framework. It is a
cooperative, synergistic platform, suitable for development teams,
independent developers, and everyone between.
How is the MVC design pattern used in Struts framework?
In the MVC design pattern, application flow is mediated by a
central Controller. The Controller delegates requests to an
appropriate handler. The handlers are tied to a Model, and each
handler acts as an adapter between the request and the Model. The
Model represents, or encapsulates, an application's business logic or
state. Control is usually then forwarded back through the Controller
to the appropriate View. The forwarding can be determined by
consulting a set of mappings, usually loaded from a database or
configuration file. This provides a loose coupling between the View
and Model, which can make an application significantly easier to
create and maintain.
Controller--Servlet controller which supplied by Struts itself; View --what you can see on the screen, a JSP page and presentation
components; Model --- System state and a business logic JavaBeans.
Who makes the Struts?
Struts is hosted by the Apache Software Foundation(ASF) as part
of its Jakarta project, like Tomcat, Ant and Velocity.
Why it called Struts?
Because the designers want to remind us of the invisible
underpinnings that hold up our houses, buildings, bridges, and
ourselves when we are on stilts. This excellent description of Struts
reflect the role the Struts plays in developing web applications.
Do we need to pay the Struts if being used in commercial
purpose?
No. Struts is available for commercial use at no charge under the
Apache Software License. You can also integrate the Struts
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components into your own framework just as if they were writtern in

house without any red tape, fees, or other hassles
What are the core classes of Struts?
Action, ActionForm, ActionServlet, ActionMapping, ActionForward
are basic classes of Structs.
What is the design role played by Struts?
The role played by Structs is controller in
Model/View/Controller(MVC) style. The View is played by JSP and
Model is played by JDBC or generic data source classes. The Struts
controller is a set of programmable components that allow
developers to define exactly how the application interacts with the
user.
How Struts control data flow?
Struts implements the MVC/Layers pattern through the use of
ActionForwards and ActionMappings to keep control-flow decisions
out of presentation layer.
What configuration files are used in Struts?
--ApplicationResourcesl.properties
--struts-config.xml
These two files are used to bridge the gap between the Controller
and the Model.
What helpers in the form of JSP pages are provided in Struts
framework?
--struts-html.tld
--struts-bean.tld
--struts-logic.tld
Is Struts efficient?
--The
Struts
is
not
only
thread-safe
but
threaddependent(instantiates each Action once and allows other requests
to be threaded through the original object.
--ActionForm beans minimize subclass code and shorten subclass
hierarchies
--The Struts tag libraries provide general-purpose functionality
--The Struts components are reusable by the application
--The Struts localization strategies reduce the need for redundant
JSPs
--The Struts is designed with an open architecture--subclass
available
--The Struts is lightweight (5 core packages, 5 tag libraries)
--The Struts is open source and well documented (code to be
examined easily)
--The Struts is model neutral
What is Jakarta Struts Framework? - Jakarta Struts is open
source implementation of MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern for
the development of web based applications. Jakarta Struts is robust
architecture and can be used for the development of application of
any size. Struts framework makes it much easier to design scalable,
reliable Web applications with Java.
What is ActionServlet?
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The class org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet is the called

the ActionServlet. In the the Jakarta Struts Framework this class
plays the role of controller. All the requests to the server goes
through the controller. Controller is responsible for handling all the
requests.
How you will make available any Message Resources
Definitions file to the Struts Framework Environment?
Message Resources Definitions file are simple .properties files and
these files contains the messages that can be used in the struts
project. Message Resources Definitions files can be added to the
struts-config.xml file through <message-resources /> tag.
Example:
<message-resources

parameter=MessageResources

/>

What is Action Class?

The Action Class is part of the Model and is a wrapper around the
business logic. The purpose of Action Class is to translate the
HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use the Action, we need
to Subclass and overwrite the execute() method. In the Action
Class all the database/business processing are done. It is advisable
to perform all the database related stuffs in the Action Class. The
ActionServlet (commad) passes the parameterized class to Action
Form using the execute() method. The return type of the execute
method is ActionForward which is used by the Struts Framework to
forward the request to the file as per the value of the returned
ActionForward object.
Write code of any Action Class?
Here is the code of Action Class that returns the ActionForward
object.
1. import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
2. import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
3. import org.apache.struts.action.Action;
4. import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
5. import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward;
6. import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
7.
8. public class TestAction extends Action
9. {
10. public ActionForward execute(
11.
ActionMapping mapping,
12.
ActionForm form,
13.
HttpServletRequest request,
14.
HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception
15. {
16.
return mapping.findForward(\"testAction\");
17. }
18. }
What is ActionForm?
An ActionForm is a JavaBean that extends
org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm. ActionForm maintains the
session state for web application and the ActionForm object is
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automatically populated on the server side with data entered

from a form on the client side.
What is Struts Validator Framework?
Struts Framework provides the functionality to validate the
form data. It can be use to validate the data on the users
browser as well as on the server side. Struts Framework emits
the java scripts and it can be used validate the form data on the
client browser. Server side validation of form can be
accomplished by sub classing your From Bean with
DynaValidatorForm class. The Validator framework was developed
by David Winterfeldt as third-party add-on to Struts. Now the
Validator framework is a part of Jakarta Commons project and it
can be used with or without Struts. The Validator framework
comes integrated with the Struts Framework and can be used
without
doing
any
extra
settings.
Give the Details of XML files used in Validator Framework?
The Validator Framework uses two XML configuration files
validator-rules.xml and validation.xml. The validator-rules.xml
defines the standard validation routines, these are reusable and
used in validation.xml. to define the form specific validations. The
validation.xml defines the validations applied to a form bean.
How you will display validation fail errors on jsp page? The
following tag displays all the errors:
<html:errors/>
How you will enable front-end validation based on the xml in
validation.xml? The <html:javascript> tag to allow front-end
validation based on the xml in validation.xml. For example the
code:
<html:javascript
formName=logonForm
dynamicJavascript=true
staticJavascript=true
/>
generates the client side java script for the form logonForm as
defined in the validation.xml file. The <html:javascript> when
added in the jsp file generates the client site validation script.

Struts Flow-How Struts Works?

Struts Flow start with ActionServlet then call to process() method of RequestProcessor.
Step 1. Load ActionServlet using load-on-startup and do the following tasks.
Any struts web application contain the ActionServlet configuration in web.xml file.
On load-on-startup the servlet container Instantiate the ActionServlet .
First Task by ActionServlet :
The ActionServlet takes the Struts Config file name as an init-param.
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At startup, in the init() method, the ActionServlet reads the Struts Config file and load
into memory.
Second Task by ActionServlet :
If the user types http://localhost:8080/app/submitForm.do in the browser URL bar, the
URL will be intercepted and processed by the ActionServlet since the URL has a
pattern *.do, with a suffix of "do". Because servlet-mapping is
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
Third Task by ActionServlet : Then ActionServlet delegates the request handling to
another class called RequestProcessor by invoking its process() method.
<servlet>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>config</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
Step 2. ActionServlet calls process() method of RequestProcessor.
The RequestProcessor does the following in its process() method:
a) The RequestProcessor looks up the configuration file for the URL pattern
/submitForm (if the URL is http://localhost:8080/app/submitForm.do). and and finds the
XML block (ActionMapping).
ActionMapping from struts-config.xml
<action path="/submitForm"
type="com.techfaq.emp.EmpAction"
name="EmpForm"
scope="request"
validate="true"
input="EmpForm.jsp">
<forward name="success"
path="success.jsp"/>
<forward name="failure" path="failure.jsp" />
</action>
b) The RequestProcessor instantiates the EmpForm and puts it in appropriate scope
either session or request.
The RequestProcessor determines the appropriate scope by looking at the scope
attribute in the same ActionMapping.
c) RequestProcessor iterates through the HTTP request parameters and populates the
EmpForm.
d) the RequestProcessor checks for the validateattribute in the ActionMapping.
If the validate is set to true, the RequestProcessor invokes the validate() method on the
EmpForm instance.
This is the method where you can put all the html form data validations.
If Validate fail the RequestProcessor looks for the input attribute and return to JSP
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page mentioned in input tag.

If Validate pass goto next step.
e) The RequestProcessor instantiates the Action class specified in the ActionMapping
(EmpAction) and invokes the execute() method on the EmpAction instance.
signature of the execute method is
public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,
ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception
{
//your logic
return mapping.findForward("success");
}
f) In return mapping.findForward("success")
RequestProcessor looks for the success attribute and forward to JSP page mentioned
in success tag. i.e success.jsp.
In return mapping.findForward("failure")
RequestProcessor looks for the failure attribute and forward to JSP page mentioned in
failure tag. i.e. failure.jsp

EJB Enterprise Java Beans

Agenda
What is an EJB
Bean Basics
Component Contract
Bean Varieties
Session Beans
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Entity Beans
Message Driven Beans
What is an EJB ?
Bean is a component
A server-side component
Contains business logic that operates on some temporary data or
permanent database
Is customizable to the target environment
Is re-usable
Is truly platform-independent
So, what is an EJB?
Ready-to-use Java component
Being Java implies portability, inter-operability
Can be assembled into a distributed multi-tier application
Handles threading, transactions
Manages state and resources
Simplifies the development of complex enterprise applications
Benefits
Pure Java implies portability
exchange components without giving away the source.
Provides interoperability
assemble components from anywhere, can all work together.
Operational Benefits from EJB
Transaction management service
Distributed Transaction support
Portability
Scalability
Integration with CORBA possible
Support from multiple vendors
What Does EJB Really Define?
Component architecture
Specification to write components using Java
Specification to component server developers
Contract between developer roles in a
application project

components-based

The basis of components used in distributed transaction-oriented

enterprise applications.
The Componentized Application :
Application now consists of several re-usable components.
Instances of components created at run-time for a client.
Common object for all instances of the component, usually called
the Factory Object
EJB calls it Home Object
Common place where client can locate this Home Object
Objects located from a remote client through JNDI (Java Naming
and Directory Interface) service.
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Application Server provides

JNDI based naming service
Implementation of Bean, Home and Remote
Complete Life Cycle Management
Resource pooling - beans, db connections, threads...
Object persistence
Transaction management
Secured access to beans
Scalability and availability
EJB: Core of J2EE
Architecture

Business logic

JSP
Servlets

HTML
client

http

Bea
ns

rmi

J2EE Server

Client

Java

EJB Component
server
The Architecture Scenario
Application Responsibilities
-Create individual business and web components.
-Assemble these components into an application.
-Deploy application on an application server.
-Run application on target environment.
EJB Architecture Roles : Appointed for Responsibilities
Six roles in application development and deployment life cycle
Bean Provider
Application Assembler
Server Provider
Container Provider
Deployer
System Administrator
Each role performed by a different party.
Product of one role compatible with another.
Creating the Bean Instance
Look up for the Home Object through JNDI
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Get the reference

Call create() method
The server generates the code for remote access using RMI
(Remote Method Invocation).
The RMI code in the form of stub and skeleton:
:
establishes connection,
marshals/unmarshals
places remote method calls
Bean Instance

Component Server

Bean Instance created

Bean

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Component Contract :

Client-view contract

Bean Instance

Component contract
EJB-jar file

Component
Contract

Container

Client
Client View
Contract

Component Server

EJB-jar

Deployment
Deployment descriptor
descriptor
Client-view contract :
Contract between client and container
Uniform application development model for greater re-use of
components
View sharing by local and remote programs
The Client can be:
another EJB deployed in same or another container
a Java program, an applet or a Servlet
mapped to non-Java clients like CORBA clients
Component contract :
Between an EJB and the container it is hosted by
This contract needs responsibilities to be shared by:
the bean provider
the container provider
Container providers
responsibilities
Bean providers
responsibilities
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Bean providers responsibility :

Implement business methods in the bean
Implement
ejbCreate, ejbPostCreate and ejbRemove methods,
and ejbFind method (in the case of bean managed persistence)
Define home and remote interfaces of the bean
Implement container callbacks defined in the
javax.ejb.Session
bean interface
optionally the javax.ejb.SessionSynchronization interface
Implement container callbacks defined in
javax.ejb.EntityBean
interfaces for entities
Avoid programming practices that interfere with containers runtime
management of bean instances
Container providers responsibility :
Delegate client method invocations to the business methods
Invoke appropriate methods during an EJB object creation, removal
and lookup
Provide classes that implement the home and remote interfaces of
the bean
Invoke
javax.ejb.SessionBean
interface
and
SessionSynchronization interface callbacks at appropriate
times
Invoke javax.ejb.EntityBean interface for entities and callbacks at
appropriate times
Implement persistence for entity beans with container managed
persistence
Provide javax.ejb.SessionContext and javax.ejb.EntityContext for
session and entity bean instances, obtain the information from
container
Provide JNDI context with the beans environment to the bean
instances
Manage transaction, security and exception for beans
Ejb-jar file
Standard format used by EJB tools for packaging (assembling)
beans along with declarative information
Contract between bean provider and application assembler, and
between application assembler and application deployer
The file includes:
Java class files of the beans alo
Finally, the Big Picture

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Bean Varieties
Three Types of Beans:
Session Beans - Short lived and last during a session.
Entity Beans
- Long lived and persist throughout.
Message Driven Beans Asynchronous Message Consumers
Asynchronous.
Session Beans
A session object is a non-persistent object that implements some
business logic running on the server.
Executes on behalf of a single client.
Can be transaction aware.
Does not represent directly shared data in the database, although it
may access and update such data.
Is relatively short-lived.
Is removed when the EJB container crashes. The client has to reestablish a new session object to continue computation
Types of Session Beans
There are two types of session beans:
Stateless
Stateful
Message Consumers
Clients view of a Session Bean :
A client accesses a session object through the session beans
Remote Interface or Local Interface.
Each session object has an identity which, in general, does not
survive a crash
Locating a session beans home interface
Remote Home interface
Context initialContext = new InitialContext();
CartHome cartHome = (CartHome)
javax.rmi.PortableRemoteObject.narrow(initialContext.lookup(java:c
omp/env/ejb/cart), CartHome.class);
Local Home Interface
Context initialContext = new InitialContext();
CartHome
cartHome
=
(CartHome)
initialContext.lookup(java:comp/env/ejb/cart);
JNDI : used to locate Remote Objects created by bean.
portableRemoteObject Class : It uses an Object return by
Lookup( ).
narrow( ) -> Call the create( ) of HomeInterface.
IntialContext Class :
Lookup( ) -> Searches and locate the distributed Objects.
Session Beans Local Home Interface :
object that implements is called a session EJBLocalHome object.
Create a new session object.
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Remove a session object.

Session Beans Remote Home Interface
object that implements is called a session EJBHome object.
Create a session object
Remove a session object
Session Beans Local Interface
Instances of a session beans remote interface are called session
EJBObjects
business logic methods of the object.
Session Beans Local Home Interface
instances of a session beans local interface are called session
EJBLocalObjects
business logic methods of the object
Creating an EJB Object
Home Interface defines one or more create() methods
Arguments of the create methods are typically used to initialize the
state of the created session object
public interface CartHome extends javax.ejb.EJBHome
{
Cart create(String customerName, String account)
throws RemoteException, BadAccountException,
CreateException;
}
cartHome.create(John, 7506);
EJBObject or EJBLocalObject
Client never directly accesses instances of a Session Beans class
Client uses Session Beans Remote Interface or Remote Home
Interface to access its instance
The class that implements the Session Beans Remote Interface or
Remote Home Interface is provided by the container.
Session Object Identity
Session Objects are meant to be private resources of the client that
created them
Session Objects, from the clients perspective, appear anonymous
Session Beans Home Interface must not define finder methods
Session Object Identity
Stateful Session Beans :
A stateful session object has a unique identity that is assigned by
the container at the time of creation.
A client can determine if two object references refer to the same
session object by invoking the isIdentical(EJBObject otherEJBObject)
method on one of the references.
Stateless Session Beans :
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All session objects of the same stateless session bean, within the
same home have the same object identity assigned by the container.
isIdentical(EJBObject otherEJBObject) method always returns true.

Container Responsibilities :
Manages the lifecycle of session bean instances.
Notifies instances when bean action may be necessary .
Provides necessary services to ensure session bean implementation
is scalable and can support several clients.
Activation and Passivation :
Session bean container may temporarily transfer state of an idle
stateful session bean instance to some form of secondary storage.
Transfer from working set to secondary storage is called instance
passivation.
Transfer back from the secondary storage to the instance variables
is called instance activation.

Entity Beans
Long Live Entity Beans!
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A component that represents an object-oriented view of some

entities stored in a persistent storage like a database or an
enterprise application.
From its creation until its destruction, an entity object lives in a
container.
Transparent to the client, the Container provides security,
concurrency, transactions, persistence, and other services to support
the Entity Beans functioning
Cainer Managed Persistence versus Bean Managed Persistence
Multiple clients can access an entity object concurrently
Container hosting the Entity Bean synchronizes access to the entity
objects state using transactions
Each entity object has an identity which usually survives a
transaction crash
Object identity is implemented by the container with help from the
enterprise bean class
Multiple enterprise beans can be deployed in a Container
Remote Clients :
Accesses an entity bean through the entity beans remote and
remote home interfaces
Implements EJBObject and EJBHome Interfaces
Location Independent
Potentially Expensive, Network Latency
Useful for coarse grained component access
Local Clients :
Local client is a client that is collocated with the entity bean and
which may be tightly coupled to the bean.
Implements EJBLocalObject and EJBLocalHome Interfaces
Same JVM
Enterprise bean can-not be deployed on a node different from that
of its client Restricts distribution of components.
Better supports fine-grained component access
Locating the Entity Bean :
Location of EJB Container is usually transparent to Client
Client locates Entity Beans Home Interface using JNDI
Example
Context initialContext = new InitialContext();
AccountHome accountHome = (AccountHome)
initialContext.lookup(java:comp/env/ejb/accounts);
Entity Beans Remote Home Interface
Container provides the implementation of the Remote Home
Interface for each Entity Bean deployed in the container
Container makes the Remote Home Interface of all Entity Beans
deployed in it accessible to Clients through JNDI
The object that implements an Entity Beans Remote Home
Interface is called an EJBHome object
Entity Beans Remote Home Interface
Create new entity objects within the home
Find existing entity objects within the home
Remove an entity object from the home
Create Methods :
Entity Beans Remote Home Interface can define multiple create()
methods, each defining a way of creating an entity object
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Arguments of create() initialize the state of the entity object

Return type of a create() method is Entity Beans Remote Interface
The throws clause of every create() method includes the
java.rmi.RemoteException and javax.ejb.CreateException
finder Methods
Entity Beans Home Interface defines many finder methods
Name of each finder method starts with the prefix find
Arguments of a finder method are used by the Entity Bean
implementation to locate requested entity objects
Return type of a finder method must be the Entity Beans Remote
Interface, or a collection of Remote Interfaces
The throws clause of every finder method includes the
java.rmi.RemoteException and javax.ejb.FinderException
Entity Beans Remote Interface
Client accesses an entity object through Entity Beans Remote
Interface
Entity beans Remote Interface must extend javax.ejb.EJBObject
interface
Remote Interface defines business methods which are callable by
clients
The container provides the implementation of the methods defined
in the javax.ejb.EJBObject interface
Only business methods are delegated to the instances of the
enterprise bean class
Entity Beans Local Home Interface
must extend the javax.ejb.EJBLocalHome interface
Each method must be one of the:
Create methods
Find methods
Home methods
Entity Beans Local Interface
Local client can access an entity object through the entity beans
local interface.
must extend the javax.ejb.EJBLocalObject interface.
defines the business methods callable by local clients.
Persistence Management
Data access protocol for transferring state of the entity between the
Entity Bean instances and the database is referred to as object
persistence
There are two ways to manage this persistence during an
applications lifetime
Bean-managed
Container-managed
Bean Managed Persistence :
Entity Bean provider writes database access calls directly into the
enterprise bean class
Container Managed Persistence
Bean Provider need not write database calls in the bean
Container providers tools generate database access calls at
deployment time
Advantage: Entity Bean can be mostly independent from the data
source in which the entity is stored
Disadvantage: Sophisticated tools are needed at deployment time
to map Entity Bean fields to data source
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EJB QL
Need for standardizing queries
Why not SQL?
EJB QL: EJB Query Language
Specification language
Based on the CMP Data Model (Abstract Persistence Schema)
Compiled to a target language: SQL
EJB QL Example
SELECT OBJECT(l) From OrderBean o, in(o.lineItems) l

SELECT l.LINEITEM_ID FROM LINEITEMEJBTABLE l, ORDEREJBTABLE

o WHERE (l.ORDER_ID = o.ORDER_ID )
SELECT OBJECT(o) FROM OrderBean o WHERE o.creditCard.expires
= '03/05'"

SELECT
o.ORDER_ID
FROM
CREDITCARDEJBTABLE
a_1,
ORDEREJBTABLE
o
WHERE
((a_1.EXPIRES='03/05'
AND
o.CREDITCARD_ID = a_1.CREDITCARD_ID ))
EJB QL Example
SELECT c.address
FROM CustomerBeanSchema c
WHERE c.iD=?1 AND c.firstName=?2
SELECT ADDRESS.ID
FROM ADDRESS, CUSTOMER
WHERE CUSTOMER.CUSTOMERID=?
AND CUSTOMER.FIRSTNAME=?
AND CUSTOMER.CUSTOMERID = ADDRESS.CUSTOMERID
EJB QL: Deployment Descriptor
<query>
<description>Method finds large orders</description>
<query-method>
<method-name>findAllCustomers</method-name>
<method-params/>
</query-method>
<ejb-ql>SELECT OBJECT(c) FROM CustomerBeanSchema
c</ejb-ql>
</query>
Home Business Methods
Methods in the Home Interface
Implementation provided by Bean Provider
ejbHome<method> in the Bean
Exposed to the Client View
Not specific to any Bean instance
Select Methods
Defined as abstract method in the Bean class
ejbSelect<method>
Special type of a query method
Specified using a EJB QL statement
Not exposed to the Client View
Usually called from a business method

with

matching

Example of EJB 1.1 CMP Bean

public class AccountBean implements EntityBean {
// Bean Instance Variables
public long account_number;
public java.lang.String customer_name;
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public double balance;

// Business Methods
public void credit ( double amount ) {
balance += amount;
}
public void debit ( double amount ) {
balance -= amount;
}
}
Example of EJB 2.0 CMP Bean
public abstract class AccountBean implements EntityBean {
// Virtual Fields
public abstract long getAccount_number();
public
abstract
void
setAccount_number(long
account_number);
public abstract java.lang.String getCustomer_name();
public
abstract
void
setCustomer_name(String
customer_name);
public abstract double getBalance();
public abstract void setBalance(double balance);
// Business Method
public void credit ( double amount ) {
double balance = getBalance();
balance += amount;
setBalance(balance);
}
}
Abstract Schema : Deployment Descriptor
<abstract-schema-name>CustomerBeanSchema</abstract-schemaname>
<cmp-field>
<description>id of the customer</description>
<field-name>iD</field-name>
</cmp-field>
<cmp-field>
<description>First name of the customer</description>
<field-name>firstName</field-name>
</cmp-field>
<cmp-field>
<description>Last name of the customer</description>
<field-name>lastName</field-name>
</cmp-field>
<primkey-field>iD</primkey-field>
Container Managed Relationships :
Container Managed Relationships <cmr-field>
Bean-Bean, Bean-Dependent, Dependent-Dependent
Defined using Abstract Accessor Methods
Unidirectional or Bi-directional
LineItem Product
Student Course
Cardinality
One to One
One to Many
Many to One
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Many to Many
Example Entity Bean: Order
public abstract OrderBean extends Entity Bean {
// Virtual Fileds <cmp-fields>
public abstract Long getOrderID();
public abstract void setOrderID(Long orderID);
// Virtual Fields <cmr-fields>
public abstract Address getShipingAddress();
public abstract void setShipingAddress (Address address);
public abstract Collection getLineItems();
public abstract void setLineItems (Collection lineItems);
}
Example Entity Bean: Product
public abstract OrderBean extends Entity Bean {
// Virtual Fields <cmp-field>
public abstract Long getProductID();
public abstract void setProductID(Long orderID);
// Virtual Fields <cmp-field>
public abstract String getProductCategory();
public abstract void setProductCategory (String category);
// NO Relationship Fields
}
Relationships: Deployment Descriptor
<ejb-relation>
<description>ONE-TO-ONE: Customer and
Address</description>
<ejb-relation-name>Customer-Address</ejb-relationname>
<ejb-relationship-role>
<ejb-relationship-role-name> customer has one addresss
</ejb-relationship-role-name>
<multiplicity>one</multiplicity>
<relationship-role-source>
<ejb-name>CustomerBean</ejb-name>
</relationship-role-source>
<cmr-field>
<cmr-field-name>address</cmr-field-name>
</cmr-field>
</ejb-relationship-role>
<ejb-relationship-role>
<ejb-relationship-role-name>Address belong to the
Customer </ejb-relationship-role-name>
<multiplicity>one</multiplicity>
<cascade-delete/>
<relationship-role-source>
<ejb-name>AddressBean</ejb-name>
</relationship-role-source>
</ejb-relationship-role>
</ejb-relation>

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EJB
What is the difference between normal Java object and EJB
Java Object:it's a reusable componet
EJB:is reusable and deployable component which can be deployed in
any container
EJB : is a distributed component used to develop business
applications. Container provides runtime environment for EJBs.
EJB is an Java object implemented according EJB specification.
Deployability is a feature.
What is the difference between JavaBean and EJB
Java Beans : is intra-process component,
JavaBeans is particularly well-suited for asynchronous, intraapplication communications among software
EJB : is an Inter-Process component
What is EJB ?
Enterprise Java Bean is a specification
scalable,transactional
and
multi-user
secure
applications. It provides a consistant component
creating distributed n-tier middleware.
Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) is a technology that
platform.
EJBs are server-side components. EJB are used
distributed, transactional and secure applications
technology.

for server-side
enterprise-level
architecture for
based on J2EE
to develop the
based on Java

What is Session Bean. What are the various types of Session

Bean
SessionBeans: They are usually associated with one client. Each
session bean is created and destroyed by the particular EJB client
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that is associated with it. These beans do not survive after system
shutdown.
These Session Beans are of two types:
Stateful Session Beans:They maintain conversational state
between subsequest calls by a client
b) Stateful Session Beans : These beans have internal states. They
can be stored (getHandle()) and restored (getEJBObject()) across
client sessions.Since they can be persistence, they are also called as
Persistence Session Beans.
Stateless Session Bean:Consider this as a servlet equivalent in
EJB. It is just used to service clients regardless of state and does not
maintain any state.
a) Stateless Session Beans : These beans do not have internal
States. They need not be passivated.
They can be pooled into
service multiple clients.

What is the difference between Stateful session bean and

Stateless session bean
Stateful:
Stateful s.Beans have the passivated and Active state which the Stateless bean does not
have.
Stateful beans are also Persistent session beans. They are designed to service business
processes that span multiple method requests or transactions.
Stateful session beans remembers the previous requests and reponses.
Stateful session beans does not have pooling concept.
Stateful Session Beans can retain their state on behave of an individual client.
Stateful Session Beans can be passivated and reuses them for many clients.
Stateful Session Bean has higher performance over stateless sessiob bean as they are
pooled by the application server.
Stateless:
Stateless Session Beans are designed to service business process that last only for a
single method call or request.
Stateless session beans do not remember the previous request and responses.
Stattless session bean instances are pooled.
Stateless Session Beans donot maintain states.
Stateless Session Beans, client specific data has to be pushed to the bean for each
method invocation which result in increase of network traffic.
What is the life cycle of Stateful session bean
Stateful Session Bean has three states. Does not exists, Method
Ready and Passivated states.
Like Stateless beans, when the Stateful Session Bean hasnt
been instantiated yet (so it is not an instance in memory) is it in the
Does not exists state.
Once a container creates one or more instances of a Stateful
Session Bean it sets them in a Method Ready state. In this state it
can serve requests from its clients. Like Stateless Session Beans, a
new instance is created (Class.newInstance()), the context is passed
(setSessionContext()) and finally the bean is created with
ejbCreate().
During the life of a Stateful Session Bean, there are periods
of inactivity. In these periods, the container can set the bean to the
Passivate state. This happens through the ejbPassivate() method.
From the Passivate state the bean can be moved back to the Method
Ready state, via ejbActivate() method, or can go directly to the Does
Not Exists state with ejbRemove().
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What is the life cycle of Stateless session bean

Stateless session bean has only two states: Does Not Exists and
Method Ready Pool.
A bean has not yet instantiated (so it is not an instance in
memory) when it is in the Does Not Exists state.
When the EJB container needs one or more beans, it creates
and set them in the Method Ready Pool state. This happens through
the creation of a new instance (Class.newInstance()), then it is set
its context (setSessionContext()) and finally calls the ejbCreate()
method.
The ejbRemove() method is called to move a bean from the
Method Ready Pool back to Does Not Exists state.
What are the call back methods in Session bean
Session bean callback methods differ whether it is Stateless or
stateful Session bean. Here they are.
Stateless Session Bean :1. setSessionContext()
2. ejbCreate()
3. ejbRemove()
Stateful Session Bean :1. setSessionContext()
2. ejbCreate()
3. ejbPassivate()
4. ejbActivate()
5. ejbRemove()
When you will chose Stateful session bean and Stateless
session bean
Stateful session bean is used when we need to maintain the client
state . Example of statefull session is Shoping cart site where we
need to maintain the client state .
stateless session bean will not have a client state it will be in pool.
To maintain the state of the bean we prefer stateful session bean and
example is to get mini statement in
ATM we need sessions to be maintained.
What is Entity Bean. What are the various types of Entity
Bean
Entity bean represents the real data which is stored in the persistent
storage like Database or file system. For example, There is a table in
Database
called
Credit_card.
This
table
contains
credit_card_no,first_name, last_name, ssn as colums and there are
100 rows in the table. Here each row is represented by one instance
of the entity bean and it is found by an unique key (primary key)
credit_card_no.
There are two types of entity beans.
1) Container Managed Persistence(CMP)
2) Bean Managed Presistence(BMP)
What is the difference between CMP and BMP
CMP means Container Managed Persistence. When we write
CMP bean , we dont need to write any JDBC code to connect to
Database. The container will take care of connection our enitty beans
fields with database. The Container manages the persistence of the
bean. Absolutely no database access code is written inside the bean
class.
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BMP means Bean Managed Persistence. When we write BMP

bean, it is programmer responsiblity to write JDBC code to connect
to Database.
What is the lifecycle of Entity Bean
The following steps describe the life cycle of an entity bean instance
An entity bean instances life starts when the container creates
the instance using newInstance and then initialises it using
setEntityContext.
The instance enters the pool of available instances. Each entity
bean has its own pool. While the instance is in the available pool, the
instance is not associated with any particular entity object identity.
Any of these pooled instances may be used to execute finder
(ejbFind) or home (ejbHome) methods.
An instance transitions from the pooled state to the ready state
when the container selects that instance to service a client call to an
entity object. There are two possible transitions from the pooled to
the ready state: through the creation of an entity (ejbCreate and
ejbPostCreate) or through the activation of an entity (ejbActivate).
When an entity bean instance is in the ready state, the instance
is associated with a specific entity object identity. While the instance
is in the ready state, the container can synchronize the instance with
its representation in the underlying data source whenever it
determines the need to using ejbLoad and ejbStore methods.
Business methods can also be invoked zero or more times on an
instance. An ejbSelect method can be called by a business method,
ejbLoad or ejbStore method.
The container can choose to passivate an entity bean
instance within a transaction. To passivate an instance, the container
first invokes the ejbStore method to allow the instance to prepare
itself for the synchronization of the database state with the
instances state, and then the container invokes the ejbPassivate
method to return the instance to the pooled state.
There are three possible transitions from the ready to the pooled
state: through the ejbPassivate method, through the ejbRemove
method (when the entity is removed), and because of a transaction
rollback for ejbCreate, ejbPostCreate,or ejbRemove.
The container can remove an instance in the pool by calling the
unsetEntityContext() method on the instance.
What are the call back methods in Entity bean
Entity Bean:
1. setEntityContext()
2. ejbCreate()
3. ejbPostCreate()
4. ejbActivate()
5. ejbPassivate()
6. ejbRemove()
7. unsetEntityContext()
When you will chose CMP and BMP
BMP
- Bean managed persistence
- Developer has to write persistence code for ejbLoad(),ejbStore()
for entity beans
- Should follow this approach only when its bare necessity to write
your own persistence logic.Usually container managed persistence is
quite sufficient and less error prone.
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CMP
- Container managed persistence
- Developer maps the bean fields with the database fields in the
deployment descriptors.
- Developer need not provide persistence logic (JDBC) within the
bean class.
- Containiner manages the bean field to DB field synchronization.
The point is only ENTITY beans can have theier pesristence
mechanism as CMP or BMP. Session beans, which usually contains
workflow or business logic should never have persistence
code.Incase you choose to write persistence within your session
bean, its usefull to note that the persistence is managed by the
container BMP.Session beans cannot be CMP and its not possibel to
provide field mapping for session bean.
BMPs are much harder to develop and maintain than CMPs.All
other things are being equal,choose CMPs over BMPs for pure
maintainability.
There are limitations in the types of the data sources that
may be supported for CMPs by a container provide.Support for non
JDBC type data sources,such as CICS,are not supported by the
current CMP mapping and invocation schema.Therefore accessing
these would require a BMP.
Complex queries might not be possible with the basic EJBQL
for CMPs.So prefer BMPs for complex queries.
If relations between entity beans are established then CMPs
may be necessary.CMR has ability to define manage relationships
between entity beans.
Container will tyr to optimize the SQL code for the CMPs,so
they may be scalable entity beans than the BMPs.
BMPs may be inappropriate for larger and more performance
sesitive applications.
What are advantages and disadvantages of CMP and BMP
CMP: Container managed persistence
Advantages:
1)Easy to develop and maintain.
2)Relationships can be maintained between different entities.
3)Optimization of SQL code will be done.
4)Larger and more performance applications can be done.
Disadvantages:
1)Will not support for some nonJDBC data sources,i.e,CICS.
2)Complex queries cannot be developed with EJBQL.
BMP:: Bean managed persistence
Advantages:
1)Support for nonJDBC data sources.
2)Complex queries can be build.
Disadvantages:
1)Hard to develop and maintain.
2)We cannot maintain the relationships between different entities.
3)Optimization of SQL code cannot be done by the container,because
bean it self contains the code.
4)Not appropriate for larger and complex applications.
What is difference between EJB 1.1 and EJB 2.0
EJB 2.0 adds the local beans, which are accessible only from within
the JVM where beans are running in.
In EJB 1.1, we had to implement remote client views for all these
beans, even if we had no remote clients.
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What is Message Driven Bean

Message Driven Bean (MDB) is an enterprise bean which runs inside
the EJB container and it acts as Listener for the JMS asynchronous
message . It does not have Home and Remote interface as Session
or Entity bean. It is called by container when container receives JMS
asynchronous message. MDB has to implement MessageListener
which has a method onMessage(Message msg). When the container
calls the MDB it passes the message to onMesage() method and then
MDB process that message.
What is the life cycle of MDB
The lifetime of an MDB instance is controlled by the container. Only
two states exist: Does not exist and Ready , as illustrated in the
following figure:
The life of an MDB instance starts when the container invokes
newInstance() on the MDB class to create a new instance. Next, the
container calls setMessageDrivenContext() followed by ejbCreate()
on the instance. The bean then enters the Ready state and is ready
to consume messages.
When a message arrives for the bean, the container invokes
the onMessage() method of one of the available instances, passing a
Message object in argument. Message s can be consumed and
processed concurrently by using multiple instances of the same type.
The container invokes ejbRemove() on the bean instance
when it no longer needs the instance. The bean instance can perform
clean up operations here.
What is local interface. How values will be passed
If Client and EJB classes are in the same machine ( Same JVM) then
we can use Local linterface instead of Remote interface. Since Client
and EJB are in same JVM, values are passed by referance.
What is the difference between local interface and remote
interface
We can describe the following common rules for choosing whether to
use remote client view or local client view:
When you will potentially use a distributed environment (if your
enterprise bean should be independent of its deployment place), you
should obviously choose remote client view.
Use remote client view when you need to be sure that
parameters passed between your EJB and the client (and/or other
enterprise beans) should be passed "by value" instead of "by
reference." With pass-by-value, the bean will have its own copy of
the data, completely separated from the copy of the data at the
client. With local client view, you can do pass-by-reference, which
means your bean, as well as the client, will work directly with one
copy of the data. Any changes made by the bean will be seen by the
client and vice versa. Pass-by-reference eliminates time/system
expenses for copying data variables, which provides a performance
advantage.
If you create an entity bean, you need to remember that it is
usually used with a local client view. If your entity bean needs to
provide access to a client outside of the existing JVM (i.e., a remote
client), you typically use a session bean with a remote client view.
This is the so-called Session Facade pattern, the goal of which is that
the session bean provides the remote client access to the entity
bean.
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If you want to use container-managed relationship (CMR) in

your enterprise bean, you must expose local interfaces, and thus use
local client view. This is mentioned in the EJB specification.
Enterprise beans that are tightly coupled logically are good
candidates for using local client view. In other words, if one
enterprise bean is always associated with another, it is perfectly
appropriate to co-locate them (i.e., deploy them both in one JVM)
and organize them through a local interface.
What is EJB Query Language
EJB QL is somewat similar to SQL. But ejb ql is used to retrieve data
from bean objects where as sql is used to retrieve data from tables.
What is ACID
ACID is releated to transactions. It is an acronyam of Atomic,
Consistent, Isolation and Durable. Transaction must following the
above four properties to be a better one
Atomic: It means a transaction must execute all or nothing at all.
Consistent: Consistency is a transactional characteristic that must
be enforced by both the transactional system and the application
developer
Isolation: Transaation must be allowed to run itselft without the
interference of the other process or transactions.
Durable: Durablity means that all the data changes that made by
the transaction must be written in some type of physical storage
before the transaction is successfully completed. This ensures that
transacitons are not lost even if the system crashes.

What are the various isolation levels in a transaction and

differences between them
There are three isolation levels in Transaction. They are
1. Dirty reads
2.Non repeatable reads
3. Phantom reads.
Dirrty Reads: If transaction A updates a record in database
followed by the transaction B reading the record then the transaction
A performs a rollback on its update operation, the result that
transaction B had read is invalid as it has been rolled back by
transaction A.
NonRepeatable Reads :If transaction A reads a record, followed by
transaction B updating the same record, then transaction A reads the
same record a second time, transaction A has read two different
values for the same record.
Phantom Reads :If transaction A performs a query on the database
with a particular search criteria (WHERE clause), followed by
transaction B creating new records that satisfy the search criteria,
followed by transaction A repeating its query, transaction A sees
new, phantom records in the results of the second query.
What are the various transaction attributes and differences
between them
There are six transaction attributes that are supported in EJB.
1. Required
- T1---T1
0---T1
2. RequiresNew T1---T2
0---T1
3. Mandatory - T1---T1
0---Error
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4. Supports

- T1---T1
0---0
5. NotSupported - T1---0
0---0
6. Never - T1---Error
0---0
What is the difference between activation and passivation
Activation and Passivation is appilicable for only Stateful session
bean and Entity bean.
When Bean instance is not used for a while by client then EJB
Container removes it from memory and puts it in secondary storage
(often disk) so that the memory can be reused. This is called
Passivation.
When Client calls the bean instance again then Container takes
the passivated bean from secondary storage and puts it in memory
to serve the client request. This is called Activation.
What is Instance pooling
pooling of instances.
in stateless session beans and Entity Beans server maintains a pool
of instances.whenever server got a request from client, it takes one
instance from the pool and serves the client request.
What is the difference between HTTPSession and Stateful
Session Bean
From a logical point of view, a Servlet/JSP session is similar to an
EJB session. Using a session, in fact, a client can connect to a server
and maintain his state.
But, is important to understand, that the session is maintained in
different ways and, in theory, for different scopes.
A session in a Servlet, is maintained by the Servlet Container
through the HttpSession object, that is acquired through the request
object. You cannot really instantiate a new HttpSession object, and it
does not contains any business logic, but is more of a place where to
store objects.
A session in EJB is maintained using the SessionBeans. You
design beans that can contain business logic, and that can be used
by the clients. You have two different session beans: Stateful and
Stateless. The first one is somehow connected with a single client. It
maintains the state for that client, can be used only by that client
and when the client "dies" then the session bean is "lost".
A Stateless Session Bean does not maintain any state and
there is no guarantee that the same client will use the same
stateless bean, even for two calls one after the other. The lifecycle of
a Stateless Session EJB is slightly different from the one of a Stateful
Session EJB. Is EJB Containers responsability to take care of knowing
exactly how to track each session and redirect the request from a
client to the correct instance of a Session Bean. The way this is done
is vendor dependant, and is part of the contract.
What is the difference between find and select methods in
EJB
select method is not there in EJBs
A select method is similar to a finder method for Entity Beans, they
both use EJB-QL to define the semantics of the method.
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They differ in that an ejbSelect method(s) are not exposed to the

client and the ejbSelect method(s) can return values that are defined
as cmp-types or cmr-types.
What are the optional clauses in EJB QL
Three optional clauses are available in EJB Ql.
1. SELECT
2. FROM
3. WHERE
The EJB QL must always contain SELECT and FROM clauses.
The WHERE clause is optional.
The FROM clause provides declarations for the identification variables
based on abstract schema name, for navigating through the schema.
The SELECT clause uses these identification variables to define the
return type of the query, and the WHERE clause defines the
conditional query.
What is handle in EJB
To get hold the session state of the Stateful Session bean.
A handle is an abstraction of a network reference to an EJB object. A
handle is intended to be used as a "robust" persistent reference to
an EJB object.
What is the difference between JNDI context, Initial context,
session context and ejb context
JNDI Context Provides a mechanism to lookup resources on the
network
Initial Context constructor provides the initial context.
Session Context has all the information a session bean would
require from the container
Entity Context has all the information that an Entity bean would
need from a container
Ejb Context contains the information that is common to both the
session and entity bean.
What is the difference between sessioncontext and
entitycontext
Session Context Contains information that a Session Bean would
require from the container
Entity Context contains the information that an Entity Bean would
require from a container
What is the difference between EAR, JAR and WAR file
In J2EE application modules are packaged as EAR, JAR and WAR
based on their functionality
JAR: Java Archive File
EJB modules which contains enterprise java beans class files and EJB
deployment descriptor are packed as JAR files with .jar extenstion
WAR : Web Archive File
Web modules which contains Servlet class files,JSP FIles,supporting
files, GIF and HTML files are packaged as JAR file with .war( web
achive) extension
EAR : Enterprise File
All above files(.jar and .war) are packaged as JAR file with .ear
( enterprise archive) extension and deployed into Application Server.
What is deployment descriptor
Deployment Descriptor is a XML document with .xml extenion. It
basically descripes the deployment settings of an application or
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module or the component. At runtime J2EE server reads the

deployment descriptor and understands it and then acts upon the
component or module based the information mentioned in descriptor.
For example EJB module has a deployment descriptor ejbjar.xml where we mention whether it is session or entity or mesage
driven bean and where is the home, remore and Bean classes are
located and what type of transaction etc. In a simple word, without
deployment descritor the Container ( EJB/Servlet/JSP container) will
not know what to do with that module.
Deployment Descriptor is a file located in the WEB-INF directory that
controls the behaviour of Servlets and JSP.
The file is called Web.xml and contains
xmlHeader
Web.xml

DOCTYPE

Sevlet name

Web-appelements ------

Servlet Class
Init-parm

Servlet Configuration :
<web-app>
<Servlet>
<Servlet-name>Admin</Servlet-name>
<Servlet-Class>com.ds.AdminServlet</Servlet-class>
</Servlet>
<init-param>
<param-value>
</param-value>
<param-name> admin.com</param-name>
</init-param>
<Servlet-mapping>
<Servlet-name>Admin</Servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/Admin</url-pattern>
</Servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

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One of the common interview question is "What are differences

between Comparator and Comparable". or "How will you sort
collection of employee objects by its id or name". For that we
can use two interfaces, i.e., Comparator and Comparable. Before
we actually see differences,let me give you brief introduction of
both.
Comparable interface

Class whose objects to be sorted must implement this

interface. In this, we have to implement compareTo(Object)
method. For example:
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public class Country implements Comparable<Country>{

@Override
public int compareTo(Country country) {
return (this.countryId < country.countryId ) ? -1:
(this.countryId > country.countryId ) ? 1:0 ;
}}

If any class implements comparable inteface then collection of

that object can be sorted automatically using Collection.sort()
or Arrays.sort().Object will be sort on the basis of compareTo
method in that class. Objects which implement Comparable in
Java can be used as keys in a SortedMap like TreeMap or SortedSet
like TreeSet without implementing any other interface.
Comparator interface

The class whose objects to be sorted do not need to implement

this interface. Some third class can implement this interface to
sort. E.g., CountrySortByIdComparator class can implement
Comparator interface to sort collection of country object by id.
For example:
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public class CountrySortByIdComparator implements
Comparator<Country>{
@Override
public int compare(Country country1, Country country2) {
return (country1.getCountryId() <
country2.getCountryId() ) ? -1:
(country1.getCountryId() >
country2.getCountryId() ) ? 1:0 ;
}
}

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Using Comparator interface, we can write different sorting based

on different attributes of objects to be sorted. You can use
anonymous comparator to compare at particular line of code.
For example:
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Country
Country
Country
Country

indiaCountry=new Country(1, "India");

chinaCountry=new Country(4, "China");
nepalCountry=new Country(3, "Nepal");
bhutanCountry=new Country(2, "Bhutan");

List<Country> listOfCountries = new ArrayList<Country>();

listOfCountries.add(indiaCountry);
listOfCountries.add(chinaCountry);
listOfCountries.add(nepalCountry);
listOfCountries.add(bhutanCountry);
//Sort by countryName
Collections.sort(listOfCountries,new Comparator<Country>() {
@Override
public int compare(Country o1, Country o2) {
return
o1.getCountryName().compareTo(o2.getCountryName());
}
});
Comparator vs Comparable

Package
Parameter

Sorting logic

Implementation

Sorting method

Comparable

Comparator
Sorting logic is in separate
Sorting logic must be in
class. Hence we can write
same class whose objects
different sorting based on
are being sorted. Hence
different attributes of objects
this is called natural
be sorted. E.g. Sorting using
ordering of objects
id,name etc.
Class whose objects to be
sorted do not need to
Class whose objects to be implement this interface. Som
sorted must implement this other class can implement this
interface. e.g Country
interface. E.g.class needs to implement CountrySortByIdComparato
comparable to collection of class can implement
Comparator interface to sort
country object by id
collection of country object b
id
int compareTo(Object
o1)

int compare(Object
o1,Object o2)

This method compares this

object with o1 object and
returns a integer. Its value
has following meaning
1. positive this
object is greater

This method compares

o1 and o2 objects. and
returns a integer.Its
value has following

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Parameter

Comparable
than o1
2. zero this object
equals to o1
3. negative this
object is less than
o1

Collections.sort(List)

Calling method

Comparator
meaning.

1. positive o1 is greate
than o2
2. zero o1 equals to o2
3. negative o1 is less
than o1
Collections.sort(List,
Comparator)

Here objects will be sorted Here objects will be sorted on

on the basis of CompareTo the basis of Compare method
method
in Comparator

Java.lang.Comparable Java.util.Comparator
Java code

For Comparable
We will create class country having attribute id and name. This
class will implement Comparable interface and implement
CompareTo method to sort collection of country object by id.
1. Country.java

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package org.arpit.javapostsforlearning;
//If this.cuntryId < country.countryId:then compare method will
return -1
//If this.countryId > country.countryId:then compare method will
return 1
//If this.countryId==country.countryId:then compare method will
return 0
public class Country implements Comparable<Country>{
int countryId;
String countryName;
public Country(int countryId, String countryName) {
super();
this.countryId = countryId;
this.countryName = countryName;
}
@Override
public int compareTo(Country country) {
return (this.countryId < country.countryId ) ? -1:
(this.countryId > country.countryId ) ? 1:0 ;
}
public int getCountryId() {
return countryId;
}
public void setCountryId(int countryId) {
this.countryId = countryId;
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}
public String getCountryName() {
return countryName;
}
public void setCountryName(String countryName) {
this.countryName = countryName;
}
}
2.ComparatorMain.java

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package org.arpit.javapostsforlearning;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
public class ComparableMain {
/**
* @author Arpit Mandliya
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
Country indiaCountry=new Country(1, "India");
Country chinaCountry=new Country(4, "China");
Country nepalCountry=new Country(3, "Nepal");
Country bhutanCountry=new Country(2, "Bhutan");
List<Country> listOfCountries = new
ArrayList<Country>();
listOfCountries.add(indiaCountry);
listOfCountries.add(chinaCountry);
listOfCountries.add(nepalCountry);
listOfCountries.add(bhutanCountry);
System.out.println("Before Sort : ");
for (int i = 0; i < listOfCountries.size(); i++) {
Country country=(Country) listOfCountries.get(i);
System.out.println("Country Id: "+country.getCountryId()
+"||"+"Country name: "+country.getCountryName());
}
Collections.sort(listOfCountries);
System.out.println("After Sort : ");
for (int i = 0; i < listOfCountries.size(); i++) {
Country country=(Country) listOfCountries.get(i);
System.out.println("Country Id: "+country.getCountryId()+"||
"+"Country name: "+country.getCountryName());
}
}
}
Output

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Before Sort :
Country Id: 1||Country name: India
Country Id: 4||Country name: China
Country Id: 3||Country name: Nepal
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Country Id:
After Sort
Country Id:
Country Id:
Country Id:
Country Id:

2||Country name: Bhutan

:
1|| Country name: India
2|| Country name: Bhutan
3|| Country name: Nepal
4|| Country name: China
For Comparator

We will create class country having attribute id and name and

will create another class CountrySortByIdComparator which will
implement Comparator interface and implement a compare
method to sort collection of country object by id and we will
also see how to use anonymous comparator.
1.Country.java

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package org.arpit.javapostsforlearning;
public class Country{
int countryId;
String countryName;
public Country(int countryId, String countryName) {
super();
this.countryId = countryId;
this.countryName = countryName;
}
public int getCountryId() {
return countryId;
}
public void setCountryId(int countryId) {
this.countryId = countryId;
}
public String getCountryName() {
return countryName;
}
public void setCountryName(String countryName) {
this.countryName = countryName;
}
}
2.CountrySortbyIdComparator.java

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package org.arpit.javapostsforlearning;
import java.util.Comparator;
//If country1.getCountryId()<country2.getCountryId():then
compare method will return -1
//If country1.getCountryId()>country2.getCountryId():then
compare method will return 1
//If country1.getCountryId()==country2.getCountryId():then
compare method will return 0
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Classification : INTERNAL

public class CountrySortByIdComparator implements

Comparator<Country>{
@Override
public int compare(Country country1, Country country2) {
return (country1.getCountryId() <
country2.getCountryId() ) ? -1: (country1.getCountryId() >
country2.getCountryId() ) ? 1:0 ;
}
}
3.ComparatorMain.java

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package org.arpit.javapostsforlearning;
import
import
import
import

java.util.ArrayList;
java.util.Collections;
java.util.Comparator;
java.util.List;

public class ComparatorMain {

/**
* @author Arpit Mandliya
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
Country indiaCountry=new Country(1, "India");
Country chinaCountry=new Country(4, "China");
Country nepalCountry=new Country(3, "Nepal");
Country bhutanCountry=new Country(2, "Bhutan");
List<Country> listOfCountries = new
ArrayList<Country>();
listOfCountries.add(indiaCountry);
listOfCountries.add(chinaCountry);
listOfCountries.add(nepalCountry);
listOfCountries.add(bhutanCountry);
System.out.println("Before Sort by id : ");
for (int i = 0; i < listOfCountries.size(); i++) {
Country country=(Country) listOfCountries.get(i);
System.out.println("Country Id: "+country.getCountryId()
+"||"+"Country name: "+country.getCountryName());
}
Collections.sort(listOfCountries,new
CountrySortByIdComparator());
System.out.println("After Sort by id: ");
for (int i = 0; i < listOfCountries.size(); i++) {
Country country=(Country) listOfCountries.get(i);
System.out.println("Country Id: "+country.getCountryId()+"||
"+"Country name: "+country.getCountryName());
}
//Sort by countryName
Collections.sort(listOfCountries,new
Comparator<Country>() {
@Override
public int compare(Country o1, Country o2) {
return o1.getCountryName().compareTo(o2.getCountryName());
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Classification : INTERNAL

}
});
System.out.println("After Sort by name: ");
for (int i = 0; i < listOfCountries.size(); i++) {
Country country=(Country) listOfCountries.get(i);
System.out.println("Country Id: "+country.getCountryId()+"||
"+"Country name: "+country.getCountryName());
}
}
}
Output:

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Before Sort by id :
Country Id: 1||Country name: India
Country Id: 4||Country name: China
Country Id: 3||Country name: Nepal
Country Id: 2||Country name: Bhutan
After Sort by id:
Country Id: 1|| Country name: India
Country Id: 2|| Country name: Bhutan
Country Id: 3|| Country name: Nepal
Country Id: 4|| Country name: China
After Sort by name:
Country Id: 2|| Country name: Bhutan
Country Id: 4|| Country name: China
Country Id: 1|| Country name: India
Country Id: 3|| Country name: Nepal
License

Struts Flow-How Struts Works?

Struts Flow start with ActionServlet then call to process() method of RequestProcessor.
Step 1. Load ActionServlet using load-on-startup and do the following tasks.
Any struts web application contain the ActionServlet configuration in web.xml file.
On load-on-startup the servlet container Instantiate the ActionServlet .
First Task by ActionServlet :
The ActionServlet takes the Struts Config file name as an init-param.
At startup, in the init() method, the ActionServlet reads the Struts Config file and load
into memory.
Second Task by ActionServlet :
If the user types http://localhost:8080/app/submitForm.do in the browser URL bar, the
URL will be intercepted and processed by the ActionServlet since the URL has a
pattern *.do, with a suffix of "do". Because servlet-mapping is
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
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</servlet-mapping>
Third Task by ActionServlet : Then ActionServlet delegates the request handling to
another class called RequestProcessor by invoking its process() method.
<servlet>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>config</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
Step 2. ActionServlet calls process() method of RequestProcessor.
The RequestProcessor does the following in its process() method:
a) The RequestProcessor looks up the configuration file for the URL pattern
/submitForm (if the URL is http://localhost:8080/app/submitForm.do). and and finds the
XML block (ActionMapping).
ActionMapping from struts-config.xml
<action path="/submitForm"
type="com.techfaq.emp.EmpAction"
name="EmpForm"
scope="request"
validate="true"
input="EmpForm.jsp">
<forward name="success"
path="success.jsp"/>
<forward name="failure" path="failure.jsp" />
</action>
b) The RequestProcessor instantiates the EmpForm and puts it in appropriate scope
either session or request.
The RequestProcessor determines the appropriate scope by looking at the scope
attribute in the same ActionMapping.
c) RequestProcessor iterates through the HTTP request parameters and populates the
EmpForm.
d) the RequestProcessor checks for the validateattribute in the ActionMapping.
If the validate is set to true, the RequestProcessor invokes the validate() method on the
EmpForm instance.
This is the method where you can put all the html form data validations.
If Validate fail the RequestProcessor looks for the input attribute and return to JSP
page mentioned in input tag.
If Validate pass goto next step.
e) The RequestProcessor instantiates the Action class specified in the ActionMapping
(EmpAction) and invokes the execute() method on the EmpAction instance.
signature of the execute method is
public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,
ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception
{
//your logic
return mapping.findForward("success");
}
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f) In return mapping.findForward("success")
RequestProcessor looks for the success attribute and forward to JSP page mentioned
in success tag. i.e success.jsp.
In return mapping.findForward("failure")
RequestProcessor looks for the failure attribute and forward to JSP page mentioned in
failure tag. i.e. failure.jsp

Java 1.5 features

1)Generics
2)EnhancedForLoop
3)AutoboxingUnboxing
4)Enums
5)Varags
6)StaticImport
7)MetadataAnnotations
8)GarbageCollectors
9) Java Concurrent package

Details of each change in java 1.5Generics

This long-awaited enhancement to the type system allows a type or method to
operate on objects of various types while providing compile-time type safety. It
adds compile-time type safety to the Collections Framework and eliminates the
drudgery of casting. Refer to JSR 14.
Generics provides a way for you to communicate the type of a collection to
the compiler, so that it can be checked. Once the compiler knows the element
type of the collection, the compiler can check that you have used the collection
consistently and can insert the correct casts on values being taken out of the
collection.
Example
static void expurgate(Collection; c) {
for (Iterator; i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext(); )
if (i.next().length() == 4)
i.remove();
}
The java.util.Collections class has been outfitted with wrapper classes that
provide guaranteed run-time type safety. They are similar in structure to the
synchronized and unmodifiable wrappers. These checked collection wrappers
are very useful for debugging. Suppose you have a set of strings, s, into which
some legacy code is mysteriously inserting an integer. Without the wrapper, you
will not find out about the problem until you read the problem element from the
set, and an automatically generated cast to String fails. At this point, it is too
late to determine the source of the problem. If, however, you replace the
declaration:
Set s = new HashSet();
Enhanced for Loop
This new language construct eliminates the drudgery and error-proneness of
iterators and index variables when iterating over collections and arrays. Refer to
JSR 201 .
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Iterating over a collection is uglier than it needs to be. Consider the following
method, which takes a collection of timer tasks and cancels them:
void cancelAll(Collection; c) {
for (Iterator; i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext(); )
i.next().cancel();
}
The iterator is just clutter. Furthermore, it is an opportunity for error. The
iterator variable occurs three times in each loop: that is two chances to get it
wrong. The for-each construct gets rid of the clutter and the opportunity for
error. Here is how the example looks with the for-each construct:
void cancelAll(Collection ; c) {
for (TimerTask t : c)
t.cancel();
}
When you see the colon (:) read it as in. The loop above reads as for each
TimerTask t in c. As you can see, the for-each construct combines beautifully
with generics. It preserves all of the type safety, while removing the remaining
clutter. Because you don't have to declare the iterator, you don't have to provide
a generic declaration for it. (The compiler does this for you behind your back,
but you need not concern yourself with it.
Autoboxing/Unboxing
This facility eliminates the drudgery of manual conversion between primitive
types (such as int) and wrapper types (such as Integer). Refer to JSR 201 .
As any Java programmer knows, you cant put an int (or other primitive
value) into a collection. Collections can only hold object references, so you
have to box primitive values into the appropriate wrapper class (which is
Integer in the case of int). When you take the object out of the collection, you
get the Integer that you put in; if you need an int, you must unbox the Integer
using the intValue method. All of this boxing and unboxing is a pain, and
clutters up your code. The autoboxing and unboxing feature automates the
process, eliminating the pain and the clutter.
The following example illustrates autoboxing and unboxing, along with
generics and the for-each loop. In a mere ten lines of code, it computes and
prints an alphabetized frequency table of the words appearing on the command
line.
import java.util.*;
// Prints a frequency table of the words on the command line
public class Frequency {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map m = new TreeMap();
for (String word : args) {
Integer freq = m.get(word);
m.put(word, (freq == null ? 1 : freq + 1));
}
System.out.println(m);
}
}
java Frequency if it is to be it is up to me to do the watusi
{be=1, do=1, if=1, is=2, it=2, me=1, the=1, to=3, up=1, watusi=1}
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Typesafe Enums
This flexible object-oriented enumerated type facility allows you to create
enumerated types with arbitrary methods and fields. It provides all the benefits
of the Typesafe Enum pattern ("Effective Java," Item 21) without the verbosity
and the error-proneness. Refer to JSR 201.
In prior releases, the standard way to represent an enumerated type was the int
Enum pattern:
// int Enum Pattern - has severe problems!
public static final int SEASON_WINTER = 0;
public static final int SEASON_SPRING = 1;
public static final int SEASON_SUMMER = 2;
public static final int SEASON_FALL = 3;
This pattern has many problems, such as:
Not typesafe - Since a season is just an int you can pass in any other int
value where a season is required, or add two seasons together (which
makes no sense).

No namespace - You must prefix constants of an int enum with a string

(in this case SEASON_) to avoid collisions with other int enum types.

Brittleness - Because int enums are compile-time constants, they are

compiled into clients that use them. If a new constant is added between
two existing constants or the order is changed, clients must be
recompiled. If they are not, they will still run, but their behavior will be
undefined.

Printed values are uninformative - Because they are just ints, if you
print one out all
you get is a number, which tells you nothing about
what it represents, or even what type it is.

It is possible to get around these problems by using the Typesafe Enum

pattern (see Effective Java Item 21), but this pattern has its own problems: It is
quite verbose, hence error prone, and its enum constants cannot be used in
switch statements.
In 5.0, the Java programming language gets linguistic support for
enumerated types. In their simplest form, these enums look just like their C, C+
+, and C# counterparts:
enum Season { WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL }
All enums implicitly extend java.lang.Enum. Since Java does not support
multiple inheritance, an enum cannot extend anything else. The constructor for
an enum type must be package-private or private access. It automatically
creates the constants that are defined at the beginning of the enum body. You
cannot invoke an enum constructor yourself.
Varargs
This facility eliminates the need for manually boxing up argument lists into an
array when invoking methods that accept variable-length argument lists. Refer
to JSR 201.
In past releases, a method that took an arbitrary number of values required
you to create an array and put the values into the array prior to invoking the
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method. For example, here is how one used the MessageFormat class to format
a message:
Object[] arguments = {
new Integer(7),
new Date(),
"a disturbance in the Force"
};
String result = MessageFormat.format(
"At {1,time} on {1,date}, there was {2} on planet "
+ "{0,number,integer}.", arguments);
It is still true that multiple arguments must be passed in an array, but the
varargs feature automates and hides the process. Furthermore, it is upward
compatible with preexisting APIs. So, for example, the MessageFormat.format
method now has this declaration:
public static String format(String pattern, Object... arguments);
Static Import
This facility lets you avoid qualifying static members with class names
without the shortcomings of the "Constant Interface antipattern." Refer to JSR
201.
In order to access static members, it is necessary to qualify references with the
class they came from. For example, one must say:
double r = Math.cos(Math.PI * theta);
In order to get around this, people sometimes put static members into an
interface and inherit from that interface. This is a bad idea. In fact, it's such a
bad idea that there's a name for it: the Constant Interface Antipattern (see
Effective Java Item 17). The problem is that a class's use of the static members
of another class is a mere implementation detail. When a class implements an
interface, it becomes part of the class's public API. Implementation details
should not leak into public APIs.
The static import construct allows unqualified access to static members
without inheriting from the type containing the static members. Instead, the
program imports the members, either individually:
import static java.lang.Math.PI;
or en masse:
import static java.lang.Math.*;
Once the static members have been imported, they may be used without
qualification:
double r = cos(PI * theta);
Metadata (Annotations)
Annotations provide data about a program that is not part of the program itself.
They have no direct effect on the operation of the code they annotate.
Annotations have a number of uses, among them:
Information for the compiler Annotations can be used by the
compiler to detect errors or suppress warnings.
Compiler-time and deployment-time processing Software tools
can process annotation information to generate code, XML files, and so
forth.
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Runtime processing Some annotations are available to be examined

at runtime.

Annotations can be applied to a program's declarations of classes, fields,

methods, and other program elements.
The annotation appears first, often (by convention) on its own line, and may
include elements with named or unnamed values:
@Author(
name = "Benjamin Franklin",
date = "3/27/2003"
)
class MyClass() { }
or
@SuppressWarnings(value = "unchecked")
void myMethod() { }
There are three annotation types that are predefined by the language
specification itself: @Deprecated, @Override,
and @SuppressWarnings[example - @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")].
Annotation Processing
The more advanced uses of annotations include writing an annotation
processor that can read a Java program and take actions based on its
annotations. It might, for example, generate auxiliary source code, relieving the
programmer of having to create boilerplate code that always follows predictable
patterns. To facilitate this task, release 5.0 of the JDK includes an annotation
processing tool, called apt. In release 6 of the JDK, the functionality of apt is a
standard part of the Java compiler.
To make annotation information available at runtime, the annotation type itself
must be annotated with @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME), as follows:
import java.lang.annotation.*;
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface AnnotationForRuntime {
// Elements that give information
// for runtime processing
}

Java 1.6 features

Highlights of Technology Changes in Java SE 6

Choose a technology for links to further information.

Collections Framework
Deployment (Java Web Start and Java Plug-in)
Drag and Drop
Instrumentation
Internationalization Support
I/O Support

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JAR (Java Archive Files) - An annotated list of changes between the

5.0 and 6.0 releases to APIs, the jar command, and the jar/zip
implementation.

Scripting Language Support

JDBC 4.0 API
Java Compiler API
Pluggable Annotations
Native PKI, Java GSS, Kerberos and LDAP support.
Integrated Web Services.
Lot more enhancements.

Or

Collections Framework
The primary theme of the API changes was better bidirectional collection access.
These new collection interfaces are provided:

Deque - a double ended queue, supporting element insertion and

removal at both ends. Extends the Queue interface.
BlockingDeque - a Deque with operations that wait for the deque to
become non-empty when retrieving an element, and wait for space to
become available in the deque when storing an element. Extends both
the Deque and BlockingQueue interfaces. (This interface is part of
java.util.concurrent.)
NavigableSet - a SortedSet extended with navigation methods
reporting closest matches for given search targets. A NavigableSet may
be accessed and traversed in either ascending or descending order. This
interface is intended to supersede the SortedSet interface.
NavigableMap - a SortedMap extended with navigation methods
returning the closest matches for given search targets. A NavigableMap
may be accessed and traversed in either ascending or descending key
order. This interface is intended to supersede the SortedMap interface.
ConcurrentNavigableMap - a ConcurrentMap that is also a
NavigableMap. (This interface is part of java.util.concurrent.)

The following concrete implementation classes have been

added:

ArrayDeque - efficient resizable-array implementation of the Deque

interface.
ConcurrentSkipListSet - concurrent scalable skip list
implementation of the NavigableSet interface.

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ConcurrentSkipListMap - concurrent scalable skip list

implementation of the ConcurrentNavigableMap interface.
LinkedBlockingDeque - concurrent scalable optionally bounded FIFO
blocking deque backed by linked nodes.
AbstractMap.SimpleEntry - simple mutable implementation of
Map.Entry
AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry
implementation of Map.Entry

- simple immutable

These existing classes have been retrofitted to implement new

interfaces:

LinkedList - retrofitted to implement the Deque interface.

TreeSet - retrofitted to implement the NavigableSet interface.
TreeMap - retrofitted to implement the NavigableMap interface.

Two new methods were added to the Collections utility class:

newSetFromMap(Map) - creates a general purpose Set

implementation from a general purpose Map implementation.
There is no IdentityHashSet class, but instead, just use

Set<Object> identityHashSet=
Collections.newSetFromMap(
new IdentityHashMap<Object, Boolean>());
asLifoQueue(Deque) - returns a view of a Deque as a Last-in-firstout (Lifo) Queue.

The Arrays utility class now has methods copyOf and copyOfRange that
can efficiently resize, truncate, or copy subarrays for arrays of all types.
Before:
int[] newArray = new int[newLength];
System.arraycopy(oldArray, 0, newArray, 0, oldArray.length);

After:
int[] newArray = Arrays.copyOf(a, newLength);

Drag and Drop

Improve Swing's drag-and-drop support

1. Collections Framework Enhancements:

Java SE 6 API provides bi-directional collection access. New
collection interfaces includes Deque, NavigableSet, NavigableMap.
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Deque: A linear collection that supports element insertion

and removal at both ends. The name deque is short for "double
ended queue".This interface defines methods to access the
elements at both ends of the deque. Methods are provided to
insert, remove, and examine the element. Each of these
methods exists in two forms: one throws an exception if the
operation fails, the other returns a special value (either
null or false, depending on the operation)

2.java.io Enhancements:
New class Console is added and it contains methods to access
a character-based console device. The readPassword()methods
disable echoing thus they are suitable for retrieval of sensitive
data such as passwords. The method System.console ()returns
the unique console associated with the Java Virtual Machine.
Increased Developer Productivity

3. GUI
- JFC and Swing integration with desktop by using Windows
API.
-Java 2D integration with desktop such as using desktop antialiasing font settings
- Splash screen direct support and can be shown before JVM
started
- System tray support with ability to add icons, tool tips, and
pop-up menus to the Windows or any other system tray (such
as Gnome).

4. Security Features and Enhancements:

- Native platform Security (GSS/Kerberos) integration.
- Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS) login
module that employs LDAP authentication
-New Smart Card I/O API
5. JavaTM API for XML Processing (JAXP):

The Java API for XML Processing (JAXP) enables

applications to parse, transform, validate and query XML
documents using an API that is independent of a particular XML
processor implementation. JAXP provides a pluggability layer to
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enable vendors to provide their own implementations without

introducing dependencies in application code. Using this
software, application and tool developers can build fullyfunctional XML-enabled Java applications for e-commerce,
application integration, and web publishing.
The Java Platform, Standard Edition version 6.0 includes JAXP
1.4. JAXP 1.4 is a maintenance release of JAXP 1.3 with
support for the Streaming API for XML (StAX).
6. JDBC 4.0 Enhancements :
Java SE 6 includes several enhancements to the Java
Database Connectivity (JDBC) API. These enhancements will be
released as JDBC version 4.0. The main objectives of the new
JDBC features are to provide a simpler design and better
developer experience
The major features added in JDBC 4.0 include:
1.Auto-loading of JDBC driver class
2.Connection management enhancements
3.Support for RowId SQL type
4.DataSet implementation of SQL using Annotations
5.SQL exception handling enhancements

7. Auto-Loading of JDBC Driver

In JDBC 4.0, we no longer need to explicitly load JDBC drivers
using Class.forName(). When the method getConnection is
called, the DriverManager will attempt to locate a suitable
driver from among the JDBC drivers that were loaded at
initialization and those loaded explicitly using the same class
loader as the current application.
The DriverManager methods getConnection and getDrivers
have been enhanced to support the Java SE Service Provider
mechanism (SPM). According to SPM, a service is defined as a
well-known set of interfaces and abstract classes, and a service
provider is a specific implementation of a service. It also
specifies that the service provider configuration files are stored
in the META-INF/services directory. JDBC 4.0 drivers must
include the file META-INF/services/java.sql.Driver. This file
contains the name of the JDBC drivers implementation of
java.sql.Driver. For example, to load the JDBC driver to connect
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to a Apache Derby database, the METAINF/services/java.sql.Driver file would contain the following
entry:
org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver
We can simply call:
Connection conn =
DriverManager.getConnection(jdbcUrl, jdbcUser,
jdbcPassword);In JDBC 4.0, we dont need the Class.forName()
line.
2.Connection management enhancements:
Prior to JDBC 4.0, we relied on the JDBC URL to define a data
source connection. Now with JDBC 4.0, we can get a
connection to any data source by simply supplying a set of
parameters (such as host name and port number) to a
standard connection factory mechanism. New methods were
added to Connection and Statement interfaces to permit
improved connection state tracking and greater flexibility when
managing Statement objects in pool environments. The
metadata facility (JSR-175) is used to manage the active
connections. We can also get metadata information, such as
the state of active connections, and can specify a connection as
standard (Connection, in the case of stand-alone applications),
pooled (PooledConnection), or even as a distributed connection
(XAConnection) for XA transactions. Note that we dont use the
XAConnection interface directly. Its used by the transaction
manager inside a Java EE application server such as WebLogic,
WebSphere, or JBoss.

3.Support for RowId SQL type:

The RowID interface was added to JDBC 4.0 to support the
ROWID data type which is supported by databases such as
Oracle and DB2. RowId is useful in cases where there are
multiple records that dont have a unique identifier column and
you need to store the query output in a Collection (such
Hashtable) that doesnt allow duplicates. We can use
ResultSets getRowId() method to get a RowId and
PreparedStatements setRowId() method to use the RowId in a
query.
An important thing to remember about the RowId object is that
its value is not portable between data sources and should be
considered as specific to the data source when using the set or
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update methods in PreparedStatement and ResultSet

respectively. So, it shouldnt be shared between different
Connection and ResultSet objects.

4.Annotation-Based SQL Queries:

The JDBC 4.0 specification leverages annotations (added in
Java SE 5) to allow developers to associate a SQL query with a
Java class without writing a lot of code to achieve this
association. Also, by using the Generics (JSR 014) and
metadata (JSR 175) APIs, we can associate the SQL queries
with Java objects specifying query input and output
parameters. We can also bind the query results to Java classes
to speed the processing of query output. We dont need to
write all the code we usually write to populate the query result
into a Java object. There are two main annotations when
specifying SQL queries in Java code: Select and Update.
Heres an example of Select annotation to get all the active
loans from the loan database:
interface LoanAppDetailsQuery extends BaseQuery {
@Select(SELECT * FROM LoanDetais where LoanStatus = A)
DataSet<LoanApplication> getAllActiveLoans();
}
public DataSet<LoanAppDetails> getAllActiveLoans() throws
Exception {
// Get Connection
Connection conn = getConnection();
LoanAppDetailsQuery query = null;
DataSet<LoanAppDetails> loanDetails = null;
query = QueryObjectFactory.createQueryObject(
LoanAppDetailsQuery.class, conn);
loanDetails = query.getAllActiveLoans();
return loanDetails;
}
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Example of Update annotation:

interface LoanAppDetailsQuery extends BaseQuery {
@Update(sql=update LoanDetails set LoanStatus = ?1
where loanId = ?2)
boolean updateLoanStatus(String loanStatus, int loanId);
}
5.SQL Exception Handling Enhancements:
-

Support for causal relationships

Support for enhanced for-each loop

Ex1:
We can use getNextException() method in
SQLException to iterate through the exception chain. Heres
some sample code to process SQLException causal
relationships:
catch(SQLException ex) {
while(ex != null) {
LOG.error(SQL State: + ex.getSQLState());
LOG.error(Error Code: + ex.getErrorCode());
LOG.error(Message: + ex.getMessage());
Throwable t = ex.getCause();
while(t != null) {
LOG.error(Cause: + t);
t = t.getCause();
}
ex = ex.getNextException();
}
}
Ex2:
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code snippet showing the enhanced for-each loop feature

added in SQLException.
catch(SQLException ex) {
for(Throwable e : ex ) {
LOG.error(Error occurred: + e);
}
}

Java 1.7 features

Strings in switch Statement

Type Inference for Generic Instance Creation
Multiple Exception Handling
Support for Dynamic Languages
Try with Resources
Java nio Package
Binary Literals, underscore in literals
Diamond Syntax
Automatic null Handling

JDBC in Java 1.7

JDBC contained in Java 1.7 / Java SE 7 is JDBC 4.1 that is
newly getting introduced. JDBC 4.1 is more efficient when
compared to JDBC 4.0.
Language Enhancements in JDBC 1.7
Java 1.7 introduces many language enhancements:
Integral Types as Binary Literals In Java 1.7 / Java SE 7,
the integral types namely byte, short, int and long can also be
expressed with the binary number system. To specify these
integral types as binary literals, add the prefix 0B or 0b to
number. For example, here is a byte literal represented as 8-bit
binary number:

byte sampleByte = (byte)0b01001101;

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Underscores Between Digits in Numeric Literal In Java

1.7 and all later versions, _ can be used in-between digits in
any numeric literal. _ can be used to group the digits similar
to what , does when a bigger number is specified. But _ can
be specified only between digits and not in the beginning or
end of the number. Example:

long SSN = 819_44_9789L;

String Object as Expression in Switch Statement So far

only integral types are used as expressions in switch
statement. But Java 1.7 permits usage of String object as a
valid expression. Example:
public void sampleMethod(String sampleString)
{
switch (sampleString)
{
case "ONE":
System.out.println(Entered ONE);
break;
case "TWO":
System.out.println(Entered TWO);
break;
case "THREE":
System.out.println(Entered THREE);
break;
default:
System.out.println(Entered string other than ONE, TWO,
THREE);
}
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In this example, the switch expression contains a string called

sampleString. The value of this string is matched with every
case label and when the string content matches with case label
then the corresponding case gets executed.
Automatic Type Inference during the Generic Instance
Creation In Java 1.7 while creating a generic instance,
empty parameters namely <> can be specified instead of
specifying the exact type arguments. However, this is
permitted only in cases where the compiler can infer the
appropriate type arguments. For example, in Java 1.7 you can
specify:
Map> sampleMap = new HashMap<>();

Thus HashMap<> can be specified instead of HashMap>. This

<> empty parameters of Java 1.7 are named as diamond
operator.
Try Statement defining Resources Java 1.7 introduces all
new try-with-resources statement using which declaration and
initialization of one or more resources can happen. But only the
resources that implement the interface
java.lang.AutoCloseable can be declared. Example:
try (BufferedReader sampleBufferedReader = new
BufferedReader(
FileReader(samplePath)))
{
return sampleBufferedReader.readLine();
}

In this code snippet, sampleBufferedReader instance is created

within the try statement. Note that the example does not
include a finally block that contains a code to close
sampleBufferedReader as in Java 1.6 or earlier versions. Java
1.7 automatically closes the resources that are instantiated
within the try-with-resources statement as shown above.
Catch Block Handling Multiple Exceptions In Java 1.5
and Java 1.6, a catch block can handle only one type of
exception. But in Java 1.7 and later versions, a single catch
block can handle multiple exceptions. Here is an example
showing catch blocks in Java 1.6:
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try
{
//
}
catch(SQLException exp1)
{
throw exp1;
}
catch(IOException exp2)
{
throw exp2;
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutofBoundsException exp3)
{
throw exp3;
}

Te same code snippet can be modified in Java 1.7 as:

try
{
//
}
catch(SQLException | IOException |
ArrayIndexOutofBoundsException exp1)
{
throw exp1;
}

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Suppress Warnings - When declaring varargs method that

includes parameterized types, if the body of the varargs
method does not throw any exceptions like ClassCastException
(which occurs due to improper handling of the varargs formal
parameter) then the warnings can be suppressed in Java 1.7
by three different ways: (1) Add annotation @SafeVarargs to
static method declarations and non constructor method
declarations (2) Add annotation
@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "varargs"}) to varargs
method declaration (3) Directly use compiler option Xlint:varargs.
By suppressing the warnings in varargs method, occurrence of
unchecked warnings can be prevented at compile time thus
preventing Heap Pollution.
Java Virtual Machine Enhancements in Java 1.7
Java SE 7 / Java 1.7 newly introduce a JVM instruction called
invokedynamic instruction. Using invokedynamic
instruction, the dynamic types programming language
implementation becomes simpler. Thus Java 1.7 enables JVM
support for the non-java languages.

EJB Deployment descriptor :

META-INF

Ejb-jar.xml
Weblogic-ejb-jar.xml

<ejb-jar>
<enterprise-bean>
</Session>
<ejb-name>Statefulfinacialcalcu</ejb-name>
<home>fincal.stateful.fincalc</home>
<remote> fincal.stateful.fincalc </remote>
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<ejb-Class> fincal.stateful.fincalcEJB <ejb-Class>

<session-type> Stateful </session-type>
<transaction-type> Container </transaction-type>
</Session>
</enterprise-bean>
<assembly-descriptor>
<container-transaction>
<method>
<ejb-name> Statefulfinacialcalcu </ejb-name>
<method-name> * </method-name>
</method>
<transaction-attribute> supports </transaction-attribute>
</container-transaction>
<assembly-descriptor>
<ejb-jar>
weblogic-ejb-jar.xml
<weblogic-ejb-jar>
<weblogic-enterprise-bean>
<ejb-name> Statefulfinacialcalcu </ejb-name>
<jndi-name> statefulfinacalc </jndi-name>
</weblogic-enterprise-bean>
</weblogic-ejb-jar>
What is CMR
CMR - Container Managed Relationships allows the developer to
declare various types of relationships between the entity beans
What is the difference between CMP 1.1 and CMP 2.0
CMR and sub classing of the CMP bean by the container
What is the difference between optimistic locking and
pessimistic locking
Optimistic locking assumes that no one would read or change the
data while changes are being by a bean
Pessimistic locking would rather lock down the data so that no one
can access it
What is lazy loading
Lazy loading is a characteristic of an application when the actual
loading and instantiation of a class is delayed until the point just
before the instance is actually used. The goal is to only dedicate
memory resources when necessary by only loading and instantiating
an object at the point when it is absolutely needed.
Tools such as Eclipse have popularized the lazy-loading
approach as they use the facility to control the load and initialization
of heavyweight plug-ins. This gives the double bonus of speeding up
the initial load time for the application, as not all plug-ins are loaded
straightaway; ensuring efficiency as only the plug-ins that are used
are loaded at all.
Is Decorator an EJB design pattern
No , If i throw a custom ApplicationException from a business
method in Entity bean which is participating in a transaction, would
the transaction be rolled back by container. Does container rolls back
transaction only in case of SystemExceptions
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Yes, the rollback will occur For declarative transactions, container

will rollback on systemException. Container has no way to know
whether a speicific application exception is serious enough to roll
back the participated transaction. Use setRollbackOnly() to doom the
transaction.
What are simple rules that a Primary key class has to follow
Implement the equals and hashcode methods.
What is abstract schema
CMP uses abstract schema to map to the physical database
What is re-entrant. Is session beans reentrant. Is entity
beans reentrant
Re-entrant means where Bean A calls methods of Bean B and then
Bean B turns around and calls methods of Bean A. The above all
within a single thread of control. This is also called as loopback.
Entity beans are the only one bean that is reentrant. Neither
Session bean nor Message Driven Bean are reentrant. When Entity
bean, we have to declare in the deployment descriptor whether it is
reentrant ( true or false).
Why an onMessage call in Message-driven bean is always a
seperate transaction
The MDB is stateless and inherently each message is unique with
respect to the MDB.
Each message needs to be processed independently. Hence the need
for separate transactions
Does Stateful Session bean support instance pooling
All Beans support Instance Pooling
statefull session bean does not maintain instance pooling,
stateless session beans and entity beans can maintain instance
pooling
Why does EJB needs two interfaces(Home and Remote
Interface)
Home is to provide Lookup from JNDI while Remote is to provide
Object Instantiated
Can I invoke Runtime.gc() in an EJB
No
Can a Session Bean be defined without ejbCreate() method
No
Why are ejbActivate() and ejb Passivate() included for
stateless session bean even though they are never required
as it is nonconversational bean
To have a consistent interface, so that there is no different
interface that you need to implement for Stateful Session Bean and
Stateless Session Bean. Both Stateless and Stateful Session Bean
implement javax.ejb.SessionBean and this would not be possible if
stateless session bean is to remove ejbActivate and ejbPassivate
from the interface. You could argue that the two (stateful and
stateless) are so different that they should have their own interface
but Sun did not think so. They made both session beans implement
the same interface and provided deployment descriptor to denote
which one is it that you are deploying.
With EJB 1.1 specs, why is unsetSessionContext() not
provided in Session Beans, like unsetEntityContext() in Entity Beans
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This was the answer Provided by some one... According to

Mohan this one is not correct. Please see Mohan's reply below and
more in the comments section.
ejbRemove() is called for session beans every time the container
destroyes the bean. So you can use this method to do the stuff you
typically would do in unsetEntityContext(). For entity beans
ejbRemove() is only called if the user explicitly deletes the bean. I
think that is the reason why the engineers at SUN invented the
unsetEntityContext() for this kind of bean.
What is the difference between ejbStore() and ejbLoad()
When the EJB container needs to synchronize the instance
variables of an entity bean with the corresponding values stored in a
database, it invokes the ejbLoad and ejbStore methods. The ejbLoad
method refreshes the instance variables from the database, and the
ejbStore method writes the variables to the database. The client
cannot call ejbLoad and ejbStore.
What
is
the
difference
between
ejbCreate()
and
ejbPostCreate()
Session and Message Driven Bean will have only ejbCreate()
method and no ejbPostCreate() method. Entity bean will have both
ejbCreate() and ejbPostCreate() methods.
The ejbPostCreate method returns void, and it has the same
input parameters as the ejbCreate method. If we want to set a
relationship field to initialize the bean instance, we should do so in
the ejbPostCreate method. we cannot set a relationship field in the
ejbCreate method.
The ejbPostCreate() allows the bean to do any post-create
processing before it begins serving client requests. For every
ejbCreate() there must be a matching (matching arguments)
ejbPostCreate() method.
Is stateless Sessiob bean create() method contains any
parameters
No. This method must not contain any input parameters and cannot
be overloaded as well.
How can i retrieve from inside my Bean(Stateless session and
Entity CMP) the user name which i am serving (the user name
of user just logged in my web application)
Inside an EJB you may retrieve the "Caller" name, that is the
login id by invoking: sessionContext.getCallerIdentity().getName()
where sessionContext is the instance of "SessionContext"
(setSessionContext) passed to the Session Bean, or the instance of
"EntityContext" (setEntityContext) passed to the Entity Bean.
What is EJB architecture(components)
EJB Architecture consists of :
a) EJB Server
b) EJB containers that run on these servers,
c) Home Objects, Remote EJB Objects and Enterprise Beans that run
within these containers,
d) EJB Clients and
e) Auxillary systems like JNDI (Java Naming and Directory
Interface), JTS(Java Transaction Service) and security services.
If my session bean with single method insert record into
2 entity beans, how can I know that the process is done in same
transaction (the attributes for these beans are Required)
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If your method in the session bean is already running under a

transaction the calls to any other bean which have been deployed
with trans-attribute 'Required' will be executed within the same
transaction context.
So if your session bean is using container-managed
transactions and your method is deployed with 'Required',
'RequiresNew' or 'Mandatory', you can safely assume that the calls to
your entity beans are handled under same transaction. If you're not
running in a transaction, a separate transaction will be set up for
each call to your entity beans.
If your session bean is using bean-managed transactions, you can
ensure that the calls are handled in the same transaction by :
javax.transaction.UserTransaction tran= null;
try{
tran=ctx.getUserTransaction();
tran.begin();
myBeanHome1.create(....);
myBeanHome2.create(...);
tran.commit();
}catch(...){}
You may want to check if you're already running in a transaction by
calling tran.getStatus().
Is there a way to get the original exception object from inside
a nested or wrapped Exception (for example an EJBException
or RemoteException)
Absolutely yes, but the way to do that depends on the Exception,
since there are no standards for that. Some examples: When you
have
an
javax.ejb.EJBException,
you
can
use
the
getCausedByException() that returns a java.lang.Exception. A
java.rmi.RemoteException there is a public field called detail of type
java.lang.Throwable With a java.sql.SQLException you need to use
the
method
getNextException()
to
get
the
chained
java.sql.SQLException.
When
you
have
an
java.lang.reflect.InvocationtargetException, you can get the thrown
target java.lang.Throwable using the getTargetException() method.
Can undefined primary keys are possible with Entity beans?If
so, what type is defined?
Yes,undefined primary keys are possible with Entity Beans.The
type is defined as java.lang.Object.
When two entity beans are said to be identical?Which method
is used to compare identical or not?
Two Entity Beans are said to be Identical,if they have the same
home inteface and their primary keys are the same.To test for this
,you must use the component inteface's isIdentical() method.
Why CMP beans are abstract classes?
We have to provide abstract data to object mapping that maps
the fields in our bean to a batabase, and abstract methods methods
that corelate these fields.
Is instance pooling necessary for entity beans?
One of the fundamental concepts of Entity Beans is that they
are the pooled objects.Instance pooling is the service of the
container that allows the container to reuse bean instances,as
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opposed to creating new ones every time a request for a bean is

made.This is a perfomance optimizatio done by the container.
What is the difference b/w sendRedirect()
and <jsp:
forward>?
sendredirect will happen on clint side & request , rsponse will be
newly created, for forward action it is server side action & request,
response is passed & not modified or destroyed.
How the abstract classes in CMP are converted into concrete
classes?
EJB2.0 allows developer to create only abstract classes and at the
time of deployement the container creates concrete classes of the
abstract. It is easy for container to read abstract classes and
appropriately generate concrete classes.

Questions

1)A developer successfully creating and tests a stateful bean following

deployment, intermittent
"NullpointerException" begin to occur, particularly when the server is
hardly loaded. What most likely to
related problem.
a) setSessionContext
b) ejbCreate
c) ejbPassivate d)
beforeCompletion e) ejbLoad
2)2 example implementations os Proxy are RMI & EJb
3)If an RMI parameter implements java.rmi.Remote, how is it passed
"on-the-wire?"
Choice 1 : It can never be passed.
Choice 2 : It is passed by value.
Choice 3
:
It cannot be passed because it implements
java.rmi.Remote.
Choice 4 :
It cannot be passed unless it ALSO implements
java.io.Serializable.
Choice 5 : It is passed by reference.
ans)2
4)public synchronized void txTest(int i) {
System.out.println("Integer is: " + i); }
What is the outcome of attempting to compile and execute the method
above, assuming it is implemented
in a stateful session bean?
Choice 1 : Run-time error when bean is created
Choice 2 : The method will run, violating the EJB specification.
Choice 3 : Compile-time error for bean implementation class
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Choice 4 : Compile-time error for remote interface

Choice 5
:
Run-time error when the method is executed
ans)2
5)What is the CORBA naming service equivalent of JNDI?
Choice 1 : Interface Definition Language
Choice 2 : COS Naming
Choice 3 : Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
Choice 4 :
Interoperable Inter-Orb Protocol
Choice 5 :
Computer Naming Service
ans)2
6)InitialContext ic = new InitialContext();
TestHome th = (TestHome)
ic.lookup("testBean/TestBean");
TestRemote beanA = th.create();
TestRemote beanB = th.create();
TestRemote beanC = th.create();
beanC.remove();
TestRemote beanD = th.create();
TestRemote beanE = th.create();
beanC = th.create();
Given the above code, container passivates which bean instance first
if the container limited the bean pool size to four beans and used a
"least-recently-used" algorithm to passivate?
Choice 1 : Bean A
Choice 2 : Bean B
Choice 3 : Bean C
Choice 4 : Bean D
Choice 5 : Bean E
7)Which one of the following phenomena is NOT addressed by readconsistency?
A.Phantom read b.Cached read c.Dirty read d.Non-repeatable read
e.Fuzzy read ans)b,e
8)Which one of the following methods is generally called in both
ejbLoad() and ejbStore()?
a getEJBObject() b getHandle() c remove() d getEJBHome() e
getPrimaryKey() ans)e
9)public void ejbCreate(int i) {
System.out.println("ejbCreate(i)"); }
Given a currently working stateless session bean, what will be the
outcome upon deploying and executing the bean if you added the
above unique method to the implementation class of a stateless session
bean (and made no other changes)?
a Compile time error during stub/skeleton generation
b Compile time error for home interface
c Code will compile without errors.
d Compile time error for remote interface
e Compile time error for bean implementation
ans)a
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10)Given the above code in your stateless session bean business

method implementation, and the transaction is container-managed with
a Transaction Attribute of TX_SUPPORTS, which one of the following
is the first error generated?
a Error when compiling home interface
b Error while generating stubs and skeletons
c NullPointerException during deployment
d Runtime error
e Compile-time error for the bean implementation
ans)b
11)Which one of the following is the result of attempting to deploy a
stateless session bean and execute one of the method M when the bean
implementation contains the method M NOT defined in the remote
interface?
a Compile time error for remote interface
b Compile time error for bean implementation
c Compile time error during stub/skeleton generation
d Code will compile without errors.
e Compile time error for home interface
ans)d
12)Which one of the following characteristics is NOT true of RMI and
Enterprise Java Beans?
a They must execute within the confines of a Java virtual machine
(JVM).
b They serialize objects for distribution.
c They require .class files to generate stubs and skeletons.
d They do not require IDL.
e They specify the use of the IIOP wire protocol for distribution.
ans)a
13. Which one of the following is the result of attempting to deploy a
stateless session bean and execute one of the method M when the bean
implementation contains the method M NOT defined in the remote
interface?
a Compile time error for remote interface
b Compile time error for bean implementation
c Compile time error during stub/skeleton generation
d Code will compile without errors.
e Compile time error for home interface
14. If a unique constraint for primary keys is not enabled in a database,
multiple rows of data with the same primary key could exist in a table.
Entity beans that represent the data from the table described above are
likely to throw which exception?
a NoSuchEntityException
b FinderException
c ObjectNotFoundException
d RemoveException
e NullPointerException
15. A developer needs to deploy an Enterprise Java Bean, specifically an
entity bean, but is unsure if the bean container is able to create and
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provide a transaction context. Which attribute below will allow

successful deployment of the bean?
a BeanManaged
b RequiresNew
c Mandatory
d Required
e Supports
16. What is the outcome of attempting to compile and execute the
method above, assuming it is implemented in a stateful session bean?
a Compile-time error for remote interface
b Run-time error when bean is created
c Compile-time error for bean implementation class
d The method will run, violating the EJB specification.
e Run-time error when the method is executed
17. Which one of the following is the result of attempting to deploy a
stateless session bean and execute one of the method M when the bean
implementation contains the method M NOT defined in the remote
interface?
a Compile time error for remote interface
b Compile time error for bean implementation
c Compile time error during stub/skeleton generation
d Code will compile without errors.
e Compile time error for home interface
18. If a unique constraint for primary keys is not enabled in a database,
multiple rows of data with the same primary key could exist in a table.
Entity beans that represent the data from the table described above are
likely to throw which exception?
a NoSuchEntityException
b FinderException
c ObjectNotFoundException
d RemoveException
e NullPointerException
19. There are two Enterprise Java Beans, A and B. A method in "A"
named "Am" begins execution, reads a value v from the database and
sets a variable "X" to value v, which is one hundred. "Am" adds fifty to
the variable X and updates the database with the new value of X. "Am"
calls "Bm", which is a method in B. "Bm" begins executing. "Bm" reads
an additional value from the database. Based on the value, "Bm"
determines that a business rule has been violated and aborts the
transaction. Control is returned to "Am".Requirement: If "Bm" aborts
the transaction, it is imperative that the original value be read from the
database and stored in variable X.
Given the scenario above, which Transaction Attributes will most likely
meet the requirements stated?
a A-RequiresNew, B-Mandatory
b A-Mandatory,
B-RequiresNew
c A-RequiresNew, B-Supports
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d A-NotSupported, B-RequiresNew
e A-RequiresNew, B-RequiresNew
20.) If an RMI parameter implements java.rmi.Remote, how is it passed
"on-the-wire?"
Choice 1 : It can never be passed.
Choice 2 : It is passed by value.
Choice 3 : It cannot be passed because it implements java.rmi.Remote.
Choice 4 : (Correct) It cannot be passed unless it ALSO implements
java.io.Serializable.
Choice 5 : It is passed by reference.
21.) public synchronized void txTest(int i) {
System.out.println("Integer is: " + i); }
What is the outcome of attempting to compile and execute the method
above, assuming it is implemented in a stateful session bean?
Choice 1 : Run-time error when bean is created
Choice 2 : The method will run, violating the EJB specification.
Choice 3 : (Correct) Compile-time error for bean implementation class
Choice 4 : Compile-time error for remote interface
Choice 5 : Run-time error when the method is executed
22.) What is the CORBA naming service equivalent of JNDI?
Choice 1 : Interface Definition Language
Choice 2 : (Correct) COS Naming
Choice 3 : Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
Choice 4 : Interoperable Inter-Orb Protocol
Choice 5 : Computer Naming Service

InitialContext ic = new InitialContext();

TestHome th = (TestHome)
ic.lookup("testBean/TestBean");
TestRemote beanA = th.create();
TestRemote beanB = th.create();
TestRemote beanC = th.create();
beanC.remove();
TestRemote beanD = th.create();
TestRemote beanE = th.create();
beanC = th.create();
Given the above code, container passivates which bean instance first if
the container limited the bean pool size to four beans and used a "leastrecently-used" algorithm to passivate?
Choice 1
Bean A
Choice 2
Bean B
Choice 3
Bean C
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Choice 4 (Correct, Since only Statefull session bean and Entity Bean
can be passivated, and Entitybean can not call as th.create() normally, I
take it as statefull session bean)
Bean D
Choice 5
Bean E
------------------------Which one of the following phenomena is NOT addressedby readconsistency?
a Phantom read (Correct)
b Cached read
c Dirty read
d Non-repeatable read
e Fuzzy read
-------------------------Which one of the following methods is generally called
in both
ejbLoad() and ejbStore()?
a getEJBObject()
b getHandle()
c remove()
d getEJBHome()
e getPrimaryKey() (Correct)

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