List of Experiments

S.No
.

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

1.

MEASUREMENT OF LINEAR DISPLACEMENT USING INDUCTIVE

TRANSDUCERS.

2.

DESIGN OF RTD BRIDGE

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

MEASUREMENT OF ANGULAR VELOCITY AND MAGNETIC FIELD

USING PROXIMITY SENSOR / HALL EFFECT TRANSDUCER
LIQUID
LEVEL
MEASUREMENT
USING
CAPACITIVE
TRANSDUCERS
MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT INTENSITY USING OPTICAL
TRANSDUCERS
LINEARIZATION OF THERMISTOR
PIEZO
ELECTRIC
ACCELEROMETER
FOR
VIBRATION
MEASUREMENT
CHARACTERISTIC
OF
STRAIN
GAUGE
FOR
FORCE
MEASUREMENT
DESIGN OF LINEAR AND ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT USING
RESISTIVE TRANSDUCERS
DIGITAL TRANSDUCER SHAFT ANGLE ENCODER

PAGE
NO.

Block Diagram:

Linear
Displacement

LVDT
switch

Signal
conditioning
unit

Display

Model Graph:

Output voltage
(mV)

Displacement
(mm)

Output voltage

Ex. No: 1
Date:
MEASUREMENT OF LINEAR DISPLACEMENT USING INDUCTIVE
TRANSDUCERS
Aim:
To measure the linear displacement using inductive transducer and draw its
characteristics curve.
Apparatus Required:
S. No
Name
1
LVDT trainer kit
2
Multimeter
3
Patch cords

Range Quantity
1
1
Few

Theory:
The LVDT consists of a primary winding and two secondary windings. It is the
common mutual inductance element. This can be considered to be a versatile
transducer element for most of the electromechanical measuring system with regards
to resolution, hysteresis, dynamic response, transient characteristics, linearity and life.
With the windings, a ferromagnetic core also is there in middle of them. AC
carries excitation of frequency 60 to 2000Hz and magnitude of 3 to 15 volts is applied
to the primary. The symmetrically spaced secondary are connected externally in series
opposing circuit. Motion of the non contacting magnetic core varies the mutual
inductance of each secondary to primary which determines the voltage induced from
primary to secondary. If the core is centered between the secondary windings, the
voltage induced in each secondary is identical and 180 o out of phase, so there is no
net output. If the core is moved off the center, the mutual coupling of primary with one
secondary will be greater than with the other and a differential voltage will appear
across the secondaries in series. For off center displacements within the range of
operation, this voltage is essentially a linear function of displacement. The phase shift
between excitation and the output varies the frequency of excitation.
Tabulation:
3

S. No

Push side reading

Displacement
Indicated

Pull side reading

Displacement
Indicated

reading (mm)

reading (mm)

voltage(mv)

Procedure:
1. Switch ON the power supply.
2. Bring the core to null position by adjusting the potentiometer knob.
4

voltage(mv)

3. Adjust the knob in positive direction such that the LVDT scale moves in steps of
1cm.
4. Measure the corresponding output voltage.
5. Repeat the above procedure for negative displacement.
Prerequisite Questions:
1. Define transducer.
2. List the types of transducers.
3. Recall the principle of inductive transducer.
4. Define mutual inductance
5. State self inductance.
6. What is meant by transformer?
7. Mention the importance of signal conditioning unit in measurement.
Inference:

Viva Questions
6

1. Define LVDT.
2. Write the equation of output voltage at different position.
3. State the principle of LVDT.
4. List the merits and demerits of LVDT.
5. Mention the applications of LVDT.
6. What is meant by residual voltage?

ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE
INFERENCE
RECORD
VIVA
TOTAL

MAX.MARKS
30
30
10
30
100

MARKS

Result:
Thus the operation and characteristics of Linear Variable Differential
Transformer (LVDT) was performed and studied

Block Diagram of RTD

Thermometer

Temperature
bath

7
RTD sensor

Signal
conditioning
unit

Display

Design of RTD:

Resistance ()

Model Graph:

Ex. No: 2

Temperature (oC)

Date:
DESIGN OF RTD BRIDGE
8

Aim:
To design the RTD bridge for temperature measurement and draw the
characteristics curve.
Apparatus Required:
S.No
Name
1
RTD
2
Thermometer
3
Multimeter
Electric
4
heater

Range Quantity
1
1
1
-

Theory:
Resistance Thermometer
Resistance thermometer use conductive elements like Nickel and Copper or
tungsten and Nickel-Iron alloys. The variation of resistance R with temperature T for
most metallic materials can be represented by an equation of the form
RT = Ro (1 + a1T + a2T2++ anTn)
Where Ro is the resistance at T = 0oC
The changes in resistance for different metals are given in the form of a graph.
For engineering purposes and also if range of variations of temperature is narrow,
then
RT = Ro (1 + ())
RT = Ro (1 + t)
Where is the temperature coefficient at to and Ro is the resistance at to.
Mostly RTD instruments used Wheatstone bridge circuit for measurement purpose.
Bridge contains RTD at one arm and other remaining three arms connected with
standard resistances. Bridge is generally a resistance measuring device which
converts the resistance of RTD into electrical signal.
Tabulation: For RTD
S. No

Temperture(C)

Resistance ()
9

Output Voltage (v)

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the design and supply is turned ON.
2. A resistance thermometer is placed in the vessel of water which is heated to
100oC
3. Readings for every 5o rise is noted and they are tabulated.
4. Plot the graph between temperature and resistance for tabulations.
10

Prerequisite Questions:
1. Identify the types of transducers.
2. Recall the principle of resistive transducers
3. What are the different transducers used for temperature measurement.
4. Define accuracy and precision
5. Mention the importance of Wheatstone bridge.
Inference:

ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE
INFERENCE
RECORD
VIVA
TOTAL

MAX.MARKS
30
30
10
30
100

Result:
Thus the design and characteristic of RTD was studied and verified.

11

MARKS

Viva Questions
1. What is a Thermistor?
2. Identify the different materials used for RTD.
3. What is positive temperature coefficient?
4. Point out the temperature range of resistance thermometer.
5. Define sensitivity.
12

6. Define self-heating error of thermometer.

7. What are the applications of RTD?
8. Mention the are the features of RTD
9. Compare RTD with thermistor.
10. What is meant by lead resistance compensation?
11. Point out the different approximation methods of resistance thermometer.

Diagram:
Angular Velocity:

13

Magnetic Field:

Ex. No. 3
Date:
MEASUREMENT OF ANGULAR VELOCITY AND MAGNETIC FIELD USING
PROXIMITY SENSOR/HALL EFFECT TRANSDUCER
14

Aim:
To measure the angular velocity and magnetic field using Hall Effect
transducer.
Apparatus Required:
S.No
Name
1
Hall effect kit
2
Tachometer
3
Multimeter
Electric
4
heater

Range Quantity
1
1
1
-

Theory:
Angular Velocity:
This method of measuring speed of rotation consists of mounting an opaque
disc on the rotating shaft. The disc has a number of equidistant holes on its periphery
at one side of the disc a light source is fixed and at the other end of the disc and
online with the light source, a light sensor such as a phototube of some semi
conducting tube is placed when the light sensor, opaque position of the disc is
between the light source and the light sensor, the latter is illuminated and produce no
output. But when a hole appears between the two, the light falling upon the sensor
produces the output pulse.
The frequency at which these pulses are produced depends upon the number
of holes fixed. The pulse rate is a function of speed of section. The pulse rate can be
measured by an electronic counter which can be directly calibrated in terms of speed
in rpm.
velocity is defined as the time rate of change of angle

Tabulation:
S.No

South pole
Displacement Voltage (mv)
(mm)

North pole
Displacement Voltage (mv)
(mm)

15

 = / t
where

is the angle of rotation.

The relationship between angular velocity and linear velocity is defined as

16

Magnetic Field:
A number of transducers can be designed using a hall effect. This is possessed by
certain metals and semiconductors. When a hall element is subjected to magnetic
field in one direction, an electric current in another direction which is perpendicular to
the direction of magnetic flux, then an electric potential is generated in the third
direction, which is mutually perpendicular to other two directions.
A semiconductor hall element can be used to transduce magnetic flux into a
voltage. The flat surface of the semiconductor plate is kept perpendicular to magnetic
field to be transducer. A known fixed field current is passed through side of the plate.
Then the voltage generated across the mutually perpendicular surface is proportional
to flux density. This element gives a continuous output proportional to magnetic flux
variation.
Procedure:
1. Switch ON the power supply.
2. Plug the power chord in the main AC.
3. Place the magnet near the sensor.
4. Vary the load from 0.5A and note down the DC output voltage.
5. Tabulate the readings.
6. Plot the graph between input AC and output DC.

17

Prerequisite Questions:
1. Identify the types of transducers.
2. Recall the concept of proximity switch
3. What are the different transducers used for speed measurement.
4. Define angular velocity.
5. Define Hall Effect.
6. What is precision rectifier?
18

Inference:

Result:

ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE
INFERENCE
RECORD
VIVA
TOTAL

MAX.MARKS
30
30
10
30
100

MARKS

Thus the measurement of angular velocity and magnetic field was done and
verified.

19

Viva Questions
1. Define Angular velocity and Magnetic field.
2. List the techniques used for the measurement of angular velocity and magnetic
field.
3. Write the relationship between the angular velocity and speed.
4. Mention the advantages of the Hall Effect transducers.
5. List the elements used for Hall Effect transducers.
20

6. What is the principle of Hall Effect transducers?

7. Indicate the applications of Hall Effect transducers
8. What is the principle of proximity sensors?
9. Indicate the applications of proximity sensors.

Diagram

21

Tabulation 1:
S. No Liquid

Level

(Linear Capacitance (F)

displacement)

Capacitance (F)

Model Graph

Ex. No: 4
Date:
LIQUID LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING CAPACITIVE TRANSDUCERS
Displacement (cm)
22

Aim:
To study the characteristics of the capacitive pick up with respect to
capacitance.
Apparatus Required:
S.No
1
2
3
4

Name
Range
Quantity
Capacitive pick up (1T13-19CE)
1
Multimeter
1
DC power chord
1
Level tank
1

Theory:
A potential rotational meter is used for the measurement by changing the
capacitance rate of the capacitor. The resulting capacitance edge can be converted to
a electrical signal by a variety of capacitance. However the mechanical simplicity is an
alternative feature in the number of applications
The operation of capacitance transducer is based on the principle of parallel
plate capacitor
C=A/d
The change of capacitance depends on
1. Change in overlapping area (A)
2. Change in distance between plates (d)
3. Change in distance

Tabulation 2:
Liquid Level
S. No

(Displacement)
(mm)
23

Voltage
(volts)

Voltage (volts)

Model Graph

Liquid Level (Displacement) (mm)

Procedure:
1.

Switch On the 1TB plate one unit.

2.

Switch should be in down.

3.

Connect the multimeter meter in capacitance mode across T2 and T3.

4.

Position the points to zero degree on the protractor.

5.

Now gradually rotate the pointers over the protractor with 20 revolution of
angular displacement upto a maximum angular displacement of 180 .
24

Prerequisite Questions:
1. Define capacitance.
2. Recall the principle of variable capacitance transducers.
3. What are the different transducers used for liquid level measurement.
4. What is capacitance pick-up?
5. List the three types of variable capacitance transducers.
6. Identify the applications of variable capacitance transducers
7. Compare variable capacitance and variable resistance transducers
Inference:

ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE
INFERENCE
RECORD
VIVA
TOTAL

MAX.MARKS
30
30
10
30
100

MARKS

Result:
Thus the characteristics of the capacitive pick up with respect to capacitance
are verified.

25

Viva Questions
1. List the techniques used for the measurement of liquid level.
2. Write the relationship between the capacitance and liquid level.
3. Which type of capacitance transducers can be used for liquid level
measurement?
4. Mention the advantages of the capacitance transducers.
5. Define dielectric.
6. What is the principle of variable dielectric capacitance transducers?
26

7. Indicate the applications of capacitance transducers.

8. List the drawbacks of capacitance transducers.
9. Which type of capacitance transducers can be used for non contact type liquid
level measurement?

Circuit Diagram:

Current controller
AC
supply

Lamp

LDR

27

Ohmmeter

Block Diagram
Optical
source

Signal
Conditioning

Optical
Detector

Tabulation 1
Light Dependent Resistor
S. No

Distance(cm)

Sensor output voltage(v)

8V
10V

6V

Ex. No: 5
Date:
MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT INTENSITY USING OPTICAL TRANSDUCERS
Aim:
To study the step response characteristics of Light Dependent Resistor (LDR),
Photodiode and Phototransistor.
Apparatus Required:
S.No.
1

Name
LDR

28

Range

Quantity

Digital multimeter

Theory:
Light Dependent Resistor
LDR is a device which consists of semiconductor or a thin film deposited on an
insulated substrate with ohmic contacts fixed at both ends. When light falls on this
semiconductor, its conductivity which is proportional to concentration of carrier present
increases. This decreases the resistance of the material.
Photodiode
Photodiode are semiconductor light sensor that generates a current as voltage
whenever the PN junction in the semiconductor is illuminated by light. The term
Photodiode can be broadly defined to include even solar batteries but it usually refers
to sensors.
Phototransistor
Phototransistors are photodiode amplifier combinations integrated within a
single silicon chip. These are combined to overcome the major fault of photodiode
unity gain. Many applications demand a greater output signal from

Tabulation 2
Light Dependent Resistor

29

S. No

Sensor output resistance()

6V
8V
10V

Distance(cm)

Model Graph

10V
8V
Resistance()

Voltage (V)

6V

6V
8V
10V
Distance (cm)

Distance (cm)

photo detector than can be generated by photodiode alone. While not required for
operation of device as photo detector a base connection is often provided allowing the
designer the option of using base current to bias the transistor. The typical gain of a
pho transistor can range from 100 to over 1500. They are often employed as detector
element for opto isolation transmission.
30

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per given in the circuit diagram.
2. By increasing the light intensity in suitable steps, the readings in meter is noted
down.
3. The results are tabulated.
4. Graph is plotted between resistance and distance
Prerequisite Questions:
1. What is the principle of diode?
2. Define transistor.
3. What is meant by resistor?
4. Recall the principle of photo transducers.
5. List the types of transducers.
6. List the three types of transistors.
7. Identify the applications of diodes and transistors.
8. Define light intensity.

Tabulation 3
Photodiode
S. No

Distance (cm)

Sensor output voltage(v)

8V
10V

6V

31

Model Graph

10V
8V

Voltage (V)

6V

Distance (cm)

32

Tabulation 4
Phototransistor
S. No

Distance(cm)

Sensor output voltage(v)

8V
10V

6V

33

Model Graph

10V
8V

Voltage(V)

6V

Distance (cm)

Inference:

34

ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE
INFERENCE
RECORD
VIVA
TOTAL

MAX.MARKS
30
30
10
30
100

MARKS

Result:
Thus the step response characteristics of Light Dependent Resistor (LDR),
Photodiode and Phototransistor were studied.

35

Viva Questions
1. Define LDR, Photodiode, and Phototransistor.
2. State the principle of LDR, Photodiode and Phototransistor.
3. List the types of diodes and transistors
4. Name the application of LDR, photodiode and phototransistor.
5. What is meant by photoconductive cells?

36

Circuit Diagram:

37

Ex. No: 6
Date:
LINEARIZATION OF THERMISTOR
Aim
To design a circuit for linearizing the response of thermistor.
Apparatus Required

S.No

Name

Range

Quantity

Thermistor

Resistor

Water bath

Thermometer

38

S. No

Op-Amp (IC741)

RPS

7
8

Temperature(
ThermistorC)

Output before

linearization(V)-

Multimeter

1
2
Output after
1 (V)
linearization
1

Theory
Thermistor is the contraction of Thermal Resistor. They are generally
composed of semi conductor materials. Although the temperature coefficient of units
(which exhibits) an increase in value of resistance with increase in temperature are
available.
Most of the thermistors have negative temperature coefficient of resistance i.e.
their resistance decreases with increase in temperature chance in resistance makes
the Thermistor extremely useful for precision temperature measurement control and
compensation.
They are widely used in applications which involve measurement in the range
of -60oC to 15oC, the resistance of thermistors is highly sensitive to temperature
measurement and compensation.
Tabulation:

39

Procedure:
1. Rigup the bridge circuit without the compensation resistance and nullify the
bridge circuit.
2. Raise the temperature of water bath and note down the output voltage at
temperature with interval at 5oC
3. Repeat the steps with compensation resistance.
4. Plot the graph.
Prerequisite Questions:
1. Define negative temperature coefficient.
2. List the different temperature transducer.
3. Define accuracy and sensitivity.
4. Define linearity.
5. What is meant by compensation?
6. What are the drawbacks of thermistors?
7. Define calibration.
Inference:

40

ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE
INFERENCE
RECORD
VIVA
TOTAL

MAX.MARKS
30
30
10
30
100

MARKS

Result:
Thus the linearization circuit for thermistor was designed and verified.

41

Viva Questions
1. State the principle of thermistor.
2. Identify the shapes of thermistors.
3. Name the materials used for thermistors.
4. Mention the features of thermistors.
5. Point out the temperature range for thermistors.
6. What is the range of resistance in thermistors?
7. Define sensitivity.
8. Indicate the need for linearization in thermistors.
9. List the applications of thermistors.
10. What are the different methods available for thermistor linearization?
11. Did the resistance placed in parallel with the thermistor improve the linearity
characteristic of the sensor? Why?

42

Output Voltage in V

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH

43

Acceleration in m/s2

Ex. No: 7
Date:
PIEZO ELECTRIC ACCELEROMETER FOR VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

Aim:
To measure force or pressure by means of piezo electric transducer

Apparatus Required:
S.No

Name

Range

Quantity

Piezo Electric Transducer

Multimeter

Hammer

Theory:
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure
pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electric charge.
Depending on how a piezoelectric material is cut, three main modes of operation can
be distinguished: transverse, longitudinal, and shear.

44

A piezo electric material is one in which an electric potential appears across

certain surfaces of a crystal if the dimensions of the crystal are changed by the
application of a mechanical force. This potential is produced by the displacement of
changes. The effect is reversible, i.e., conversely, if a varying potential is applied to
the proper axis of the crystal, it will change the dimensions of the crystal thereby
deforming it. This effect is known as piezo- electric effect.

TABULATION:

Acceleration (m/s2)

Output Voltage (V)

45

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Then switch on the instruments by socket switch and the display glows to
indicate the Instrument is ON.
3. Then allow the instrument by ON position per 10 min for initial warm-up.
4. Apply dynamic force/load on the sensor by tapping gently over the sensor
or on the Base during a small nylon/wooden hammer (Max. load
accelerated).
5.

The display will show reading corresponding to the load applied.

6.

Keep taking at same frequency you will notice that the display reading will
be stable at particular reading.

Prerequisite Questions:
1. Define force
2. State pressure
3. Define acceleration.
4. Show the relationship between velocity and acceleration
5. List the units used for pressure.
6. Name the units used for force.
7. What is the principle behind the transducer?
46

8. Classify the transducers.

Inference:

Result:

ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE
INFERENCE
RECORD
VIVA
TOTAL

MAX.MARKS
30
30
10
30
100

MARKS

Thus the force or pressure by means of piezo electric transducer was studied
and measured.

47

VIVA QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

What is piezoelectric effect?

What is optic axis?
What is electric axis?
What is mechanical axis?
What are the advantages of piezoelectric transducer?
What are the limitations of piezoelectric transducer?
What are the applications of piezoelectric transducer?
What are substances exhibiting piezoelectric effect?

48

DIAGRAM:
Strain Gauge
Carrier (base)
Terminal
Strain gauge
Terminal
Wire grid

Load Cell

Load

Column

Strain Gauge

49

Base

Ex. No: 8
Date:

CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAIN GAUGE FOR FORCE

MEASUREMENT
Aim:
To study the characteristics of strain gauge load cell.

Apparatus Required:
S.N

Name

o
1

Strain gauge and Load cell with Signal conditioning

Unit

Range

Quantity

Weights in grams

As required

Multimeter

Theory:
If a metal conductor is strained or compressed, its resistance changes,
because of the fact that both length and diameter of the conductor changes. When a
gauge is subjected to a positive strain, its length increases while its area of cross
section decreases. Since the resistance of a conductor is proportional to its length and

50

inversely proportional to its area of cross section, the resistance of the gauge
increases with positive strain.

Formula:

outputvoltage
weight
Sensitivity =
(v/gm)
To find the change in R,
V0 =

v s R

2 R

Where,
Vs Supply voltage in V.
R Change in resistance ()

TABULATION:
S.
No

Weight (kg)
Actual weight (kg)
Measured weight (kg)

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

MODEL GRAPH:
51

Output voltage
(mV)

%error

Output voltage (v)

Measured Weight (Kg)

Weight (gm)
Actual Weight (kg)

gf - gauge factor = 2.
R Initial resistance ()
R = 2VoR/Vs
Strain, = (1/gf) * (R/R)

Procedure:
1. connect the strain gauge with signal conditioning unit as shown in diagram
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. For No load condition, the bridge is balanced and the output voltage is noted.
4. Apply the weights on the pan say 100gm, 200gm, 300gm
5. Note the corresponding output voltage in digital multimeter for increasing and
decreasing weights.
6. Tabulate the readings.
7. Plot the graph for output voltage of strain gauge and weights applied.
Prerequisite Questions:
52

1. Define force.
2. Define resistance.
3. Give the relationship between stress and strain.
4. List the different types of transducers.
5. Compare active and passive transducers.
6. List the different types of bridges used for measurements.

Inference:

53

54

ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE
INFERENCE
RECORD
VIVA
TOTAL

MAX.MARKS
30
30
10
30
100

MARKS

Result:
Thus the characteristics of strain gauge Load cell was studied and
experimentally verified.

55

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is gauge factor?

2. What are the different types of strain gauge?
3. What are the factors to be considered for bonded strain gauge?
4. What is strain?
5. What is youngs modulus?
6. Mention the applications of strain gauge.
7. What are the types of load cell?
8. What are the materials used for load cell?
9. What are the advantages of load cells?
10. What is signal conditioning?
11. What are the parameters to be considered to design a load cell?

56

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

+
DCRPS
(0-30)V

50/
2A

(0-10)
V

V
_

MC

Output voltage (v)

MODEL GRAPH
Displacement Vs Output Voltage Characteristics:

57

Displacement (mm)

Output voltage (v)

Loading Effect

Ex. No: 9
Date:
Displacement (mm)

DESIGN OF LINEAR AND ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT USING

RESISTIVE TRANSDUCERS
Aim:
a. To study the displacement vs output voltage characteristics of a
potentiometer transducer.
b. To study the loading effect on potentiometer

Apparatus Required:
S.No

Name

Range

Quantity

Potentiometer

50/ 2A

RPS

(0-30)V

Voltmeter

(0-10) V MC

FET Voltmeter

(0-10) V MC

58

Theory:
A resistive potentiometer or POT consists of a resistive element provided with a
sliding contact. This sliding contact is called as wiper. The motion of sliding element
may be the translatory used as displacement transducer. There are three types.
1. Linear type
2. Rotatory type
3. Helipot
The helipot has the both translatory and rotational type of motion. They are used to
measure the displacement. The circuit diagram shows the potentiometer divides the
circuit. They produce an output voltage which is a fraction of input

TABULATION: 1
Displacement VS Output voltage characteristics
S. No

Displacement (mm)

Output Voltage (v)

Resistance ()

TABULATION: 2
Angular Displacement VS Output voltage characteristics
S. No

Angular Displacement
(mm)

Output Voltage (v)

59

Resistance ()

voltage. Thus input voltage is divided. The potential divider is a device for dividing
potential in a ratio determined by the position of the sliding contact.
eo = xi/xt ei
Where eo output voltage (V)
ei input voltage (V)
xi - Displacement (m)
xt Total length of POT (m)

Procedure:
To study the displacement Vs Output voltage characteristics:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON power supply.
3. Set the supply voltage as +5V
4. Vary the wiper of the potentiometer from zero displacement in equal steps (say
0mm, 10mm, 20mm etc)
5. Note down the output voltage for every 10mm of displacement.
6. Tabulate the readings.
7. Plot the graph for output voltage Vs input displacement.
To study the Loading effect:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram replacing that voltmeter by FET
voltmeter.
60

2. Repeat the above procedure using FET voltmeter.

3. Plot the graph for output voltage Vs input displacement.
Prerequisite Questions:

1. Define transducers
2. State the principle behind potentiometer.
3. List the different types of potentiometer.
4. Define sensitivity.
5. Recall standardization of potentiometer.
Inference:

Model Calculations:

61

62

ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE
INFERENCE
RECORD
VIVA
TOTAL

MAX.MARKS MARKS
30
30
10
30
100

Result:
Thus the displacement vs output voltage characteristics of a potentiometer
transducer was studied and also the loading effect on potentiometer was studied.

63

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is a potentiometer?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of potentiometer?
3. What is loading effect?
4. What is the transfer function of potentiometer?
5. Give the applications of potentiometer.

64

65

Diagram:

66

Ex. No: 10
Date:

DIGITAL TRANSDUCER SHAFT ANGLE ENCODER

Aim:
To study the motor speed and position control using QEP sensor using
MOSFET DC-DC chopper circuit.

Apparatus Required:
S.No
Name
Range Quantity
1.
MOSFET module 16MHz
1
2.
Chopper
1
3.
PMDC motor

Theory:
This module consists of four member of IRF MOSFET with necessary heat link
and rubber circuit from single phase bridge DC-DC chopper circuit. This module
consists of built in OPTO ISOLATOR from PWM isolating driver IC for gate driving
circuit PWM signals from external controller can be fed to this module through suitable
pin connector.
This module develops DC-DC for quadrant chopper PWM signal for MOSFET
power circuit and also this module reads QEP sensor output and decides the signal
based for speed and position control of DC motor is done. In this module Keypad
sequence from left to right.
PMDC MOTOR
This setup consists of 12v DC PMDC motor and QEP sensor is connected in the
motor shaft as feedback device.

Model Graph
67

Open loop forward

Actual point
Set point

Close loop reverse

Actual point
Set point

Procedure:
68

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Connect P1 to P2 using wires in PEC 16Hz module.

Connect P8 to P9 using wires in PEC 16Hz module.
Connect P4 to P5 to P7 using wires in PEC module.
Connect PMDC motor between P5 and P6 in the same.
Connect PMDC signal cable to PEC 16 HV2B module 9 pin connector.
Connect motor feedback cable to PEC 16 HV2B module 9 pin connector.
Connect 3 pin power chord in PEC 16 HV2B module back side.
Switch ON the supply.

Prerequisite Questions:
1. Define encoder.
2. List the different types of encoders.
3. Mention the applications of encoders.
4. State the principle of shaft angle encoder.
5. Differentiate between Differential and Single Ended outputs.

Inference:

TABULATION 1:
69

Open loop forward

S.No

Set point

Actual point

TABULATION 2:
Close loop reverse
S.No

Set point

Actual point

70

ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE
INFERENCE
RECORD
VIVA
TOTAL

MAX.MARKS
30
30
10
30
100

MARKS

Result:
Thus the operation of shaft angle encoder was studied and used for the
measurement of angular position

71

Viva questions
72

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Define controller.
State set point and Actual point.
What is meant by PMDC?
Define QEP sensor
What is the purpose of using chopper and inverter?

73