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This assignment involves analyzing borehole geophysics data from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 204 and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311 to determine pore-water saturations and fractures. Key steps include: 1) Plotting resistivity, density, and neutron porosity logs from sites 1244D and 1251A. 2) Analyzing salinity and temperature trends to calculate pore-water resistivity. 3) Using density and neutron logs with grain density and pore-water density to calculate density porosity. 4) Performing Pickett plots to determine Archie parameters and calculate water saturation. 5) Comparing saturation results to published figures and identifying differences in Archie calculations. 6) Defining orientations of

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79 views3 pages

Questions and Instructions

This assignment involves analyzing borehole geophysics data from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 204 and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311 to determine pore-water saturations and fractures. Key steps include: 1) Plotting resistivity, density, and neutron porosity logs from sites 1244D and 1251A. 2) Analyzing salinity and temperature trends to calculate pore-water resistivity. 3) Using density and neutron logs with grain density and pore-water density to calculate density porosity. 4) Performing Pickett plots to determine Archie parameters and calculate water saturation. 5) Comparing saturation results to published figures and identifying differences in Archie calculations. 6) Defining orientations of

Uploaded by

Aditya Kurniawan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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EPSC-550 Borehole Geophysics

Assignment 02

This assignment is focused on the use of resistivity data and Archies law to determine
pore-water saturations. Review the sections of your course notes that deal with the use of
porosity (neutron- and density-porosity), electrical resistivity and Archies law.
We will utilize data from the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 204 for questions 1 7.
Trhu, A.M., Bohrmann, G., Rack, F.R., Torres, M.E., et al., 2003. Proc. ODP, Init.
Repts., 204 Available from: Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College
Station TX 77845-9547, USA. [HTML]
Question 8 utilizes data from IODP Expedition 311.
Riedel, M., Collett, T.S., Malone, M.J., and the Expedition 311 Scientists, 2006. Proc.
IODP, 311: Washington, DC (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management
International, Inc.). doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.311.2006

(1) Download the logging while drilling data for the following two holes from the
indicated websites:
Hole 1244D (LWD)
Hole 1251A (LWD)
http://iodp.ldeo.columbia.edu/DATA/ODP/index.html
Get all documentation and the standard and high-resolution (hr) data for these two holes.
[Extract the data using the normal windows tools available on your PC. The data should
be opened with Excel to generate graphs and to perform calculations.]
(a) Plot the downhole RING resistivity for both sites;
[the data is in the file with res-hr-rab; column RING]
(b) Plot the downhole bulk density for both sites;
[the data is in the file with den-adn, column RHOB]
(c) Plot the downhole neutron porosity for both sites;
[the data is in the file with por-adn; column TNPH]
(2) We need some core-data to perform all required calculations. All data from cores are
available from the ODP JANUS database:
http://iodp.tamu.edu/janusweb/links/links_all.shtml
Go to JANUS and get the geochemistry data of salinity (the link is to the Interstitial
Water data) for all cores taken at the Sites 1244 and 1251.
Plot the salinity as function of depth and define a meaningful and smooth background
trend. Exclude apparent fresher salinity values from hydrates if found. It may be required
to define a piece-wise function of background salinity for Site 1244.
Use your own judgment to what data points you exclude from the profile.

(3) Downhole temperatures


(a) Use the attached temperature values and plot the temperature as function of
depth for both Sites.
(b) Define a meaningful downhole temperature profile by performing a linerregression of the data and determine the geothermal gradient.
(4) Pore-water resistivity (Rw)
Calculate what a normal, hydrate-free, pore-water resistivity (Rw) would be at depth for
Site 1244 and 1251 using the international equation of state of seawater and the
information you have on background salinity and temperature. Define the Rw values
down to a depth of maximum LWD data penetration. It is probably sufficient to define
10-15 data points upon which you then generate a best-fit regression with Excel.
http://fermi.jhuapl.edu/denscalc.html
On this online calculator you need to specify only temperature and salinity; conductivity
(1 / res) is updated automatically; leave pressure effect out of the calculation.
(5) Porosity
There are two measures for porosity from the neutron and density tool. While neutron
porosity is readily available, we need to calculate density-porosity ourselves.
Review your course notes and find the equation on density porosity. You will find that
two parameters are missing: grain density (GD) and water-density.
GD is routinely measured on all cores onboard the drillship. Use the JANUS database to
find the measurements of grain density. You will have to use the link to Moisture and
density MAD for this.
(a) Download all data of grain density (GD) and core porosity for Sites 1244 and
1251 and plot GD as function of depth [same download].
(b) Define a logical grain density trend for both sites or use an average value for
all further calculations.
(c) Use the international equation of state of seawater to determine the density of
pore-water for your given salinity values. Determine one average value for
both sites.
(d) Calculate density porosity using the LWD density data (Question 1b) and your
assumptions on grain density and pore-water density. Plot a combined graph
of density-porosity, neutron-porosity and core-porosity (from MAD data) for
both sites.
(e) Since salinity changes as function of depth at both sites and temperature
generally increases, the downhole pore-water density would change
automatically, too. Evaluate the effect on your porosity calculation of ignoring
this trend and using an average pore-water density value instead. Use your
own approach and ideas of how to approach this task!

(6) Perform Picket-Plot analyses to find Archies parameters a and m


Use density porosity and RING resistivity in all calculations.
Using Archies approach, a cross plot of porosity (on x-axis) and formation factor (on yaxis) would yield a statistical measure for the value a and m. This is called a Picket-Plot.
(a) Determine the formation factor (FF) for the LWD resistivity data of Site 1244
and 1251 and plot FF as function of porosity (in decimals between 0 and 1).
(b) Perform a regression analysis to find a and m on your data cloud using
Archies basic equation.
(7) Saturation calculations
Archies law can be used to find partial pore-water saturations. Review the equation for
partial saturations in your course notes. You will find that we need one more empirical
parameter: exponent n. Assume n = 1.96 in all further calculations.
(a) Calculate the pore-water saturations (Sw) and gas hydrate saturations (Sh = 1-Sw)
for both sites and plot them as function of depth. Note: it does not make sense to
show negative values!
(b) Go to http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/204_IR/204ir.htm
Browse through the online IR volume and find the results for Sites 1244 and
1251. Select the chapters on downhole logging and compare your results on gas
hydrate saturations to those obtained onboard ship (Figure F50 for Site 1244 and
F46 for Site 1251). Include a figure captured from the ODP website on the
saturation calculations in your answer.
What are the main differences in the Archie-calculation that were performed
onboard ship compared to your analyses? You may have to read a bit through the
logging section under the paragraph of gas hydrate saturation calculations.
(8)

RAB images and definition of fractures


Use the RAB images to define the orientation and dip of some (minimum 3!)
fractures that you can identify. The data is plotted with depth vertically increasing
down (each image spans 20 m). Resistivity is plotted with North being at 360 at
the right edge (which is also equal to 0 degrees, i.e. the images ties together).
Consult your course notes on some examples of how to define fractures.
U1326A-deep_S_60_80
U1326A-deep_S_180_200
U1326A-med_S_260_280

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