Balancing Equation

Strategy
Balance elements that occur in only one
compound on each side first.
Balance free elements last.
Balance unchanged polyatomics as
groups.
Fractional coefficients are acceptable and
can be cleared at the end by multiplication.
Please practice on your own.
Tons of exercises are available at
the end of the chapter

FeSO4 Fe2O3 + SO2 + O2

STOICHIOMETRY
- the study of the
quantitative
aspects of
chemical
reactions.

PROBLEM: If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes,

how much N2O and H2O are formed? What is
the theoretical yield of products?
STEP 1
Write the balanced chemical
equation

NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 2 Convert mass reactant
(454 g) moles

STEP 3 Convert moles reactant (5.68 mol) moles

product

Relate moles NH4NO3 to moles product

expected: 1 mol NH4NO3 2 mol H2O
Express as STOICHIOMETRIC

FACTOR
2 mol H2O made
1 mol NH4NO2

1 mol NH4NO 3 used

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 3 Convert moles reactant (5.68 mol)
moles product

= 11.4 mol H2O produced

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

18.02
g
STEP11.4
4 Convert
moles
product
mol H2O
= 204(11.4
g H 2O
1 mol
mol) mass product
This is called the THEORETICAL
YIELD

ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE STEPS IN

SOLVING STOICHIOMETRY
PROBLEMS!

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 5 How much N2O is formed?

Total mass of reactants =
total mass of products
454 g NH4NO3 = ___ g N2O + 204 g H2O
mass of N2O = 250. g

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

When you decomposed 454 g NH4NO3 you
obtained 131g of N2O. What is the percent
yield of N2O?

This compares the theoretical (250. g)

and actual (131 g) yields.

theoretical yield

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

Calculate the percent

131 g yield
% yield =

250. g

100% = 52.4%

GENERAL PLAN FOR

STOICHIOMETRY
CALCULATIONS
Mass
product

Mass
reactant

Moles
reactant

Stoichiometric
factor

Moles
product

Example
Additional Conversion Factors in a
Stoichiometric Calculation: Volume, Density,
and Percent Composition.
An alloy used in aircraft structures consists of
93.7% Al and 6.3% Cu by mass. The alloy
has a density of 2.85 g/cm3. A 0.691 cm3
piece of the alloy reacts with an excess of
HCl(aq). If we assume that all the Al but
none of the Cu reacts with HCl(aq), what is
the mass of H2 obtained?

Example Experimental Setup

Write and Balance the Chemical

Equation:

2 Al + 6 HCl 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2

Example
2 Al + 6 HCl 2 AlCl3 +
Plan the strategy:

3 H2

cm3 alloy g alloy g Al mole Al mol H2 g H2

density
%
A.M. stoich.
M.W.
We need 5 conversion factors!
Write the Equation and Calculate:
93.7 g Al
mH2 = 0.691 cm3 alloy 2.85 g alloy

100 g alloy
1 cm3
1 mol Al 3 mol H2 2.016 g H2 = 0.207 g H
2
2 mol Al
26.98 g Al
1 mol H2

Example
2 Al + 6 HCl 2 AlCl3 +
Plan the strategy:

3 H2

cm3 alloy g alloy g Al mole Al mol H2 g H2

density
%
A.M. stoich.
M.W.
We need 5 conversion factors!
Write the Equation and Calculate:
93.7 g Al
mH2 = 0.691 cm3 alloy 2.85 g alloy

100 g alloy
1 cm3
1 mol Al 3 mol H2 2.016 g H2 = 0.207 g H
2
2 mol Al
26.98 g Al
1 mol H2

Trouble in understanding?
Try this then:

For the reaction

For the reaction
For the reaction
For the reaction

A
A
2A
2A

B
3B
B
3B

1 mole A will give 1 mole B

1 mole A will give 3 mole B
1 mole A will give 1/2 mole B
1 mole A will give 3/2 mole B

Concentrations of Solutions
Close contact between reagents is
necessary for chemical reaction to occur
can be achieved by using solutions
Solution: solute dissolved in solvent.
Solute: present in smallest amount.
Water as solvent = aqueous solutions.
The amount of solute in a solution is
given by its concentration.
Molarity: Moles of solute per liter of
solution.

Concentrations of Solutions
Molarity

If we know molarity and liters of

solution, we can calculate moles
(and mass) of solute.

Example
Calculating the Mass of Solute in a Solution of Known
Molarity.
We want to prepare exactly 0.2500 L (250 mL) of an 0.250
M K2CrO4 solution in water. What mass of K2CrO4 should
we use?
moles/V = M moles = MV
Plan strategy:

Volume moles mass

We need 2 conversion factors!

Write equation and

calculate:
mass
=
V

Mw

mK2CrO4 = 0.2500 L 0.250 mol 194.02 g = 12.1 g

1.00 mol
1.00 L

Introduction to Reactions in
Aqueous Solutions
Chapter 5
This Chapter is a general overview to the
types of reactions that we will see for the
remainder of the course

IONIC COMPOUNDS

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Many reactions involve ionic compounds, especially
reactions in water aqueous solutions.
Ions dissociate in water.
In solution, each ion is surrounded by water molecules.

Aqueous Solutions
How do we know ions are present in aqueous
solutions?
The solutions conduct electricity!
They are called ELECTROLYTES
HCl, KMnO4, MgCl2, and NaCl are strong
electrolytes. They dissociate completely
(or nearly so) into ions.

General Properties of Aqueous

Solutions
Strong and Weak Electrolytes
Strong electrolytes: completely dissociate in solution.
For example:

Weak electrolytes: produce a small concentration of ions

when they dissolve.
These ions exist in equilibrium with the unionized substance.
For example:
HC2H3O2(aq)
H+(aq) + C2H3O2-(

Aqueous Solutions
Some compounds dissolve in water but do not
conduct electricity. They are called nonelectrolytes.
If there are no ions in solution, there is nothing to
transport electric charge.
Examples include:
sugar
ethanol
ethylene glycol (in antifreeze)

Representation of Electrolytes
using Chemical Equations
A strong electrolyte:
MgCl2(s)

Mg

2+(aq)

+ 2 Cl-(aq)

A weak electrolyte:
CH3CO2H(aq)

CH3CO2-(aq) + H+(aq)

A non-electrolyte:
CH3OH(aq)

The Nature of the Solutions

(The example of KMnO4)

KMnO4(aq) K+(aq) + MnO4-(aq)

If you make a solution that is 0.30 M in KMnO4, this
means that
[K+] = [MnO4-] = 0.30 M

The Nature of a Na2CO3 Solution

This water-soluble compound is ionic
Na2CO3(aq) 2 Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
3 Na2CO3
If [Na2CO3] = 0.100 M, then
[Na+] = 0.200 M
[CO32-] = 0.100 M

USING MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is
required to make 250 mL of a 0.0500 M
solution?
Conc (M) = moles/volume = mol/V

moles = M V
Step 1: Calculate moles of acid required.
(0.0500 mol/L)(0.250 L) = 0.0125 mol
Step 2: Calculate mass of acid required.
(0.0125 mol )(90.00 g/mol) =

1.13 g

Concentrations of Solutions
Dilution
We recognize that the number of moles are the
same in dilute and concentrated solutions.
So we can dilute a concentrated solution to get one
that is less concentrated:
MdiluteVdilute = moles = MconcentratedVconcentrated

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M

NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What
do you do?
Add water to the 3.0 M solution to lower
its concentration to 0.50 M

Dilute the solution!

How much water is added?
The important point is that
moles of NaOH in ORIGINAL solution =
moles of NaOH in FINAL solution

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M

NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What
do you do?
Moles of NaOH in original solution =
M V = (3.0 mol/L)(0.050 L) = 0.15 mol NaOH
Therefore, moles of NaOH in final solution must
also equal 0.15 mol NaOH
(0.15 mol NaOH) / (0.50 mol) = 0.30 L
or 300 mL = volume of final solution
add enough water to make the initial 50.0 mL of
3.0 M NaOH to a final volume of 300 mL and the
final molarity will be 0.50 M NaOH.

Preparing Solutions by
Dilution
A shortcut
Minitial Vinitial = Mfinal Vfinal

Preparing a solution by dilution.

A particular analytical chemistry procedure requires
0.0100 M K2CrO4. What volume of 0.250 M K2CrO4
should we use to prepare 0.250 L of 0.0100 M K2CrO4?
Minitial Vinitial = Mfinal Vfinal
Plan strategy:

Mf = Mi

Vi
Vf

Vi = Vf

Mf
Mi

Calculate:
VK2CrO4 = 0.2500 L 0.0100 mol 1.000 L
= 0.0100 L
0.250 mol
1.00 L

SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
An Example
Zinc reacts with acids
to produce H2 gas.
If you have 10.0 g of
Zn, what volume of
2.50 M HCl is
needed to convert
the Zn completely?

Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas. If you

have 10.0 g of Zn, what volume of 2.50 M HCl is
needed to convert the Zn completely?

1.00 mol Zn
10.0 g Zn
= 0.153 mol Zn
g Zn equation
Step 1: Write the65.39
balanced
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Step 2: Calculate moles of Zn

Step 3: Use the stoichiometric factor to

calculate moles of HCl

2 mol HCl/1 mol Zn

2 mol HCl
0.153with
molacids
Zn to produce H2 gas.
= 0.306
Zinc reacts
If youmol HCl
1 mol of
Zn2.50 M HCl is
have 10.0 g of Zn, what volume
needed to convert the Zn completely?

Step 3: Use the stoichiometric factor to

calculate moles of HCl

1.00
L required
Step 4:0.306
Calculate
volume
of
HCl
mol HCl
= 0.122 L HCl
2.50 mol

Reactions Involving a

LIMITING REACTANT
Definition: In a given reaction, there is
not enough of one reagent to use up
the other reagent completely.
The reagent in short supply LIMITS
the quantity of product that can be
formed.
The stoichiometric coefficients are
used to determine the limiting reagent

LIMITING REACTANTS
React solid Zn with 0.100
mol HCl (aq)
The reaction:
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2

mass Zn (g)

Rxn 1
7.00

Rxn 2
3.27

Rxn 3
1.31

LIMITING REACTANTS
React solid Zn with 0.100
mol HCl (aq)
The reaction:
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2

mass Zn (g)
mol Zn
mol HCl
mol HCl/mol Zn

Rxn 1
7.00
0.107
0.100
0.93

Rxn 2
3.27
0.050
0.100
2.00

Rxn 3
1.31
0.020
0.100
5.00

Limiting reagent determines reaction yield

Reaction to be Studied
2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6

PROBLEM: Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of

Cl2. How many grams of Al2Cl6 can form?
Convert lab units into chemical units and then back
Mass
product

Mass
reactant

Moles
reactant

Stoichiometric
factor

Moles
product

Step 1 of LR problem:
compare actual mole ratio
of reactants to theoretical
mole ratio.

2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6
The ideal mole ration of reactants is:
Mole Cl2 / mole Al = 3/2

Determining the Limiting

Reactant
2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6
If

then there is not enough Al to

use up all the Cl2, and the
limiting reagent is

Al

Determining the Limiting

Reactant
2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6
If

then there is not enough Cl2 to

use up all the Al, and the limiting
reagent is

Cl2

5.40 g Al

27.0 g

= 0.200 mol Al

Step 2 of LR problem: Calculate

moles of each reactant
We have 5.40 g of Al and 8.10 g of Cl2

1 mol
8.10 g Cl2
= 0.114 mol Cl2
70.9 g

Find mole ratio of reactants

This
should be 3/2 or 1.5/1 if
reactants are present in the
exact stoichiometric ratio.
Limiting reagent is

Cl2

Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl2.

What mass of Al2Cl6 can form?

2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6
Limiting reactant = Cl2
Base all calculations on Cl2
grams
Cl2

moles
Cl2

grams
1 mol Al2 Cl6
Al2Cl6
3 mol Cl2

moles
Al2Cl6
Another stoichiometric factor

3 mol Cl2

CALCULATIONS: calculate mass of

Al2Cl6 expected.
Step 1: Calculate moles of Al2Cl6
expected based on LR.

266.4 g Al2Cl6
0.0380
mol Al2Cl6mass

= 10.1 g Al2Cl6
Step
2: Calculate
ofmol
Al2Cl6 expected

based on LR.

How much of which reactant will

remain when reaction is complete?
Cl2 was the limiting reactant. Therefore,
Al was in excess. But how much?
First find how much Al was required.
Then find how much Al is in excess.

Calculating Excess Al
2 Al + 3 Cl2
0.200 mol

products

0.114 mol = LR

Excess Al = Al available - Al required

= 0.200 mol - 0.0760 mol
= 0.124 mol Al in excess

Where are we?

Key concepts from Chapters 2 & 3
Definition of atomic mass units (amu)
Conversion between amu and g
Avogadro s number
Conversions between mass, moles, and # of atoms
Determination of atomic mass and molar mass
Determination of % composition by mass
Determination of empirical formula from % composition
Determination of molecular formula from empirical
formula and molar mass.

Where are we?

Key concepts from Chapter 4
Writing and balancing chemical equations
Law of conservation of mass
Define stoichiometric coefficient
Determine quantities of products formed when there is a
limiting reagent
Calculation of % yield
Calculating stoichiomteric amount in reactions
Using solutions rather than solids
Limiting reagent and calculation of yields.

Calculating Ion Concentrations in a Solution

of a Strong Electrolyte.
What are the aluminum and sulfate ion concentrations in
0.0165M Al2(SO4)3?.
Balanced Chemical Equation:
Al2(SO4)3 (s) 2 Al3+(aq) +

3 SO42-(aq)

Aluminum Concentration:
0.0165 mol Al2(SO4)3
2 mol Al3+
[Al] =

1L
1 mol Al2(SO4)3

= 0.0330 M Al3+

Sulfate Concentration:
[SO42-]

0.0165 mol Al2(SO4)3

3 mol SO42=

= 0.0495 M SO421L
1 mol Al2(SO4)3

COMMON REACTIONS
precipitation
acid-base
oxidation/reduction (redox)