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Transmission Modes

This document discusses different modes of data transmission. It describes serial transmission, which sends one bit at a time, and parallel transmission, which sends multiple bits simultaneously. Serial transmission is used more widely due to lower costs over long distances and avoiding timing problems. Serial modes include asynchronous, which allows variable idle time, and synchronous, which transmits bits continually. Transmission channels can operate as simplex (one direction), full-duplex (two directions simultaneously), or half-duplex (two directions but not simultaneously).

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Megha Omshree
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45 views17 pages

Transmission Modes

This document discusses different modes of data transmission. It describes serial transmission, which sends one bit at a time, and parallel transmission, which sends multiple bits simultaneously. Serial transmission is used more widely due to lower costs over long distances and avoiding timing problems. Serial modes include asynchronous, which allows variable idle time, and synchronous, which transmits bits continually. Transmission channels can operate as simplex (one direction), full-duplex (two directions simultaneously), or half-duplex (two directions but not simultaneously).

Uploaded by

Megha Omshree
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transmission Modes

A Taxonomy of Transmission
Modes
We use the term transmission mode to refer to
the manner in which data is sent over the
underlying medium
Transmission modes can be divided into two
fundamental categories:
Serial one bit is sent at a time
Serial transmission is further categorized according to
timing of transmissions

Parallel multiple bits are sent at the same


time
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A Taxonomy of Transmission
Modes

Parallel Transmission
Parallel transmission allows transfers of multiple
data bits at the same time over separate media
In general, parallel transmission is used with a
wired medium that uses multiple, independent
wires
Furthermore, the signals on all wires are
synchronized so that a bit travels across each of
the wires at precisely the same time
Figure 9.2 illustrates the concept, and shows why
engineers use the term parallel to characterize
the wiring
4

Parallel Transmission

Parallel Transmission
The figure omits two important details:
First, in addition to the parallel wires that each carry data
a parallel interface usually contains other wires that allow the
sender and receiver to coordinate

Second, to make installation and troubleshooting easy


the wires for a parallel transmission system are placed in a
single physical cable

A parallel mode of transmission has two chief


advantages:
High speed: it can send N bits at the same time
a parallel interface can operate N times faster than an
equivalent serial interface

Match to underlying hardware: Internally, computer and


communication hardware uses parallel circuitry
a parallel interface matches the internal hardware well
6

Serial Transmission
Serial transmission
sends one bit at a time

It may seem that anyone would choose parallel


transmission for high speeds
However, most communication systems use serial mode

There are two main reasons


First, serial networks can be extended over long distances
at much less cost
Second, using only one physical wire means that there is
never a timing problem caused by one wire being slightly
longer than another

Sender and receiver must contain a hardware that


converts data from the parallel form used in the
device to the serial form used on the wire
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Serial Transmission

Serial Transmission
The hardware needed to convert data between
an internal parallel form and a serial form can be
straightforward or complex
depending on the type of serial communication
mechanism

In the simplest case, a single chip that is known


as a Universal Asynchronous Receiver and
Transmitter (UART) performs the conversion
A related chip, Universal SynchronousAsynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (USART)
handles conversion for synchronous networks
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Asynchronous Transmission
It is asynchronous if the system allows the physical
medium to be idle for an arbitrary time between two
transmissions
The asynchronous style of communication is well-suited
to applications that generate data at random
(e.g., a user typing on a keyboard or a user that clicks on a link)

The disadvantage of asynchrony arises from the lack of


coordination between sender and receiver
While the medium is idle, a receiver cannot know how long the
medium will remain idle before more data arrives

Asynchronous technologies usually arrange for a sender


to transmit a few extra bits before each data item
to inform the receiver that a data transfer is starting
extra bits allow the receiver to synchronize with the incoming
signal
the extra bits are known as a preamble or start bits
10
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Asynchronous Character
Transmission

Consider the transfer of characters across copper


wires between a computer and a device such as a
keyboard
each data item represents one character

It is standardized by the Electronic Industries Alliance


(EIA)

It has become the most widely used for character communication


Known as RS-232-C, and commonly abbreviated RS-232

EIA standard specifies the details, such as

physical connection size (max cable length 50 feet long)


electrical details (range between -15v +15v)
the line coding being used
It can be configured to control the exact number of bits
per second
It can be configured to send 7-bit or 8-bit characters
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11

Asynchronous Character
Transmission

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Synchronous Transmission
A synchronous mechanism transmits bits of data
continually
with no idle time between bits
after transmitting the final bit of one data byte, the
sender transmits a bit of the next data byte

The sender and receiver constantly remain


synchronized
which means less synchronization overhead

Compare the 8-bit characters on


an asynchronous system as illustrated in Figure 9.5
and a synchronous system as illustrated in Figure 9.6

On a synchronous system
each character is sent without start or stop bits
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13

Synchronous Transmission

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Simplex, Half-Duplex, and FullDuplex Transmission


A communications channel is classified as one of
three types:
(depending on the direction of transfer)
Simplex
Full-Duplex
Half-Duplex

Simplex: a simplex mechanism can only transfer


data in a single direction
It is analogous to broadcast radio or television
Figure 9.8a illustrates simplex communication

Full-Duplex: allows transmission in two directions


simultaneously
It is analogous to a voice telephone conversation
in which a participant can speak even if they are able to hear
background music at the other end
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Simplex, Half-Duplex, and FullDuplex Transmission

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Simplex, Half-Duplex, and FullDuplex Transmission


Half-Duplex: A half-duplex mechanism involves a
shared transmission medium
The shared medium can be used for communication in
each direction
But the communication cannot proceed simultaneously
It is analogous to using walkie-talkies where only one
side can transmit at a time

An additional mechanism is needed at each end of


a half-duplex communication that coordinates
transmission
to insure that only one side transmits at a given time

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