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    Exception Handling: M. Krishna Kumar MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004 1

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    bhuvi2312
    The document discusses exception handling and data types in the 8087 coprocessor. It describes the six exception conditions detected by the 8087 during instruction execution. It also explains the three main data types supported - integer, packed BCD, and real. For real numbers, it describes the short, long, and temporary real formats. The document then provides examples of instructions to load and store values between these data types and memory or the processor. It outlines the four functional groups of 8087 instructions - data transfer, arithmetic, comparison, and transcendental. Finally, it gives a program example to calculate x to the power of y using 8087 instructions.

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    Exception Handling: M. Krishna Kumar MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004 1

    Uploaded by

    bhuvi2312
    57 views33 pages
    The document discusses exception handling and data types in the 8087 coprocessor. It describes the six exception conditions detected by the 8087 during instruction execution. It also explains the three main data types supported - integer, packed BCD, and real. For real numbers, it describes the short, long, and temporary real formats. The document then provides examples of instructions to load and store values between these data types and memory or the processor. It outlines the four functional groups of 8087 instructions - data transfer, arithmetic, comparison, and transcendental. Finally, it gives a program example to calculate x to the power of y using 8087 instructions.

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    m4l2mpmc

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    M4L2

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    The document discusses exception handling and data types in the 8087 coprocessor. It describes the six exception conditions detected by the 8087 during instruction execution. It also explains the three main data types supported - integer, packed BCD, and real. For real numbers, it describes the short, long, and temporary real formats. The document then provides examples of instructions to load and store values between these data types and memory or the processor. It outlines the four functional groups of 8087 instructions - data transfer, arithmetic, comparison, and transcendental. Finally, it gives a program example to calculate x to the power of y using 8087 instructions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    57 views33 pages

    Exception Handling: M. Krishna Kumar MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004 1

    Uploaded by

    bhuvi2312
    The document discusses exception handling and data types in the 8087 coprocessor. It describes the six exception conditions detected by the 8087 during instruction execution. It also explains the three main data types supported - integer, packed BCD, and real. For real numbers, it describes the short, long, and temporary real formats. The document then provides examples of instructions to load and store values between these data types and memory or the processor. It outlines the four functional groups of 8087 instructions - data transfer, arithmetic, comparison, and transcendental. Finally, it gives a program example to calculate x to the power of y using 8087 instructions.

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    Exception Handling

    1)
    2)
    3)
    4)
    5)
    6)

    The 8087 detects six different types of exception


    conditions that occur during instruction execution. These
    will cause an interrupt if unmasked and interrupts are
    enabled.
    INVALID OPERATION
    OVERFLOW
    ZERO DIVISOR
    UNDERFLOW
    DENORMALIZED OPERAND
    INEXACT RESULT

    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    Data Types
    Internally, all data operands are converted to the 80-bit
    temporary real format.
    We have 3 types.
    Integer data type
    Packed BCD data type
    Real data type

    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    Coprocessor data types

    Coprocessor Data Types


    Integer
    Word

    M. Krishna Kumar

    Short

    Packed BCD
    Long

    Real
    Short

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    Long

    Temporary

    Integer Data Type


    Word integer
    S

    2 bytes

    Magnitude
    0

    15

    Short integer
    S

    4 bytes
    Magnitude

    31

    Long integer
    S

    8 bytes
    Magnitude

    63
    M. Krishna Kumar

    0
    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    Packed BCD
    Packed BCD
    S 0
    79 78

    10 bytes

    d17

    d1 d0

    72

    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    Real data type


    Short real
    S
    31 30

    4 bytes

    8 bytes
    E

    79

    F
    0

    51

    Temporary real
    78

    M. Krishna Kumar

    = 4066540000000000h

    10 bytes

    = 4332A000h

    23

    Long real
    S
    63 62

    178.625 decimal

    F
    63

    = 4006B2A0000000000000h

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    Example
    Converting a decimal number into a Floating-point
    number.
    1) Converting the decimal number into binary form.
    2) Normalize the binary number
    3) Calculate the biased exponent.
    4) Store the number in the floating-point format.

    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    Example
    Step
    1
    2
    3
    4

    In step 3 the biased


    exponent is the exponent a
    26 or 110,plus a bias of
    01111111(7FH) ,single
    100.25
    1100100.01 = 1.10010001 * 26 precision no use 7F and
    double precision no use
    110+01111111=10000101
    3FFFH.
    Sign = 0
    IN step 4 the information
    Exponent =10000101
    found in prior step is
    combined to form the
    Significand =
    floating point no.
    10010001000000000000000

    M. Krishna Kumar

    Result

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    Instruction Set
    The 8087 instruction mnemonics begins with the letter F
    which stands for Floating point and distinguishes from
    8086.
    These are grouped into Four functional groups.
    The 8087 detects an error condition usually called an
    exception when it executing an instruction it will set the bit
    in its Status register.

    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    Types
    I.
    II.
    III.
    IV.

    DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS.


    ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTIONS.
    COMPARE INSTRUCTIONS.
    TRANSCENDENTAL INSTRUCTIONS.
    (Trigonometric and Exponential)

    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    10

    I.

    Data Transfers Instructions

    REAL TRANSFER
    FLD
    Load real
    FST
    Store real
    FSTP
    Store real and pop
    FXCH
    Exchange registers
    INTEGER TRANSFER
    FILD
    Load integer
    FIST
    Store integer
    FISTP
    Store integer and pop

    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    11

    I.

    Data Transfers Instructions


    (contd..)

    PACKED DECIMAL TRANSFER(BCD)


    FBLD
    Load BCD
    FBSTP
    Store BCD and pop

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    12

    Example

    FLD Source- Decrements the stack pointer by one and copies


    a real number from a stack element or memory location to the
    new ST.
    FLD
    ST(3)
    ;Copies ST(3) to ST.
    FLD
    LONG_REAL[BX] ;Number from memory
    ;copied to ST.
    FLD Destination- Copies ST to a specified stack position or
    to a specified memory location .
    FST
    ST(2)
    ;Copies ST to ST(2),and
    ;increment stack pointer.
    FST
    SHORT_REAL[BX] ;Copy ST to a memory at a
    ;SHORT_REAL[BX]

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    13

    Example (contd..)
    FXCH Destination Exchange the contents of ST with
    the contents of a specified stack element.
    FXCH
    ST(5) ;Swap ST and ST(5)
    FILD Source Integer load. Convert integer number
    from memory to temporary-real format and push on 8087
    stack.
    FILD
    DWORD PTR[BX] ;Short integer from
    memory at
    ; [BX].
    FIST Destination- Integer store. Convert number from
    ST to integer and copy to memory.
    FIST
    LONG_INT ;ST to memory locations named
    ;LONG_INT.
    M. Krishna Kumar

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    14

    Example (contd..)
    FISTP Destination-Integer store and pop. Identical to FIST
    except that stack pointer is incremented after copy.
    FBLD Source- Convert BCD number from memory to
    temporary- real format and push on top of 8087 stack.

    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    15

    II.

    Arithmetic Instructions.

    Four basic arithmetic functions:


    Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and
    Division.
    Addition
    FADD
    Add real
    FADDP
    Add real and pop
    FIADD
    Add integer

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    16

    II.

    Arithmetic Instructions (contd..)

    Subtraction
    FSUB
    FSUBP
    FISUB
    FSUBR
    FSUBRP
    FISUBR

    M. Krishna Kumar

    Subtract real
    Subtract real and pop
    Subtract integer
    Subtract real reversed
    Subtract real and pop
    Subtract integer reversed

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    17

    II.

    Arithmetic Instructions (contd..)

    Multiplication
    FMUL
    FMULP
    FIMUL

    M. Krishna Kumar

    Multiply real
    Multiply real and pop
    Multiply integer

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    18

    II.

    Arithmetic Instructions (contd..)

    Division
    FDIV
    FDIVP
    FIDIV
    FDIVR
    FDIVRP
    FIDIVR

    M. Krishna Kumar

    Division real
    Division real and pop
    Division integer
    Division real reversed
    Division real reversed and pop
    Division integer reversed

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    19

    II.

    Arithmetic Instructions (contd..)

    Advanced
    FABS
    FCHS
    FPREM
    FPRNDINT
    FSCALE
    FSQRT
    FXTRACT

    M. Krishna Kumar

    Absolute value
    Change sign
    Partial remainder
    Round to integer
    Scale
    Square root
    Extract exponent and mantissa.

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    20

    Example
    FADD Add real from specified source to specified destination
    Source can be a stack or memory location. Destination must be
    a stack element. If no source or destination is specified, then ST
    is added to ST(1) and stack pointer is incremented so that the
    result of addition is at ST.
    FADD
    ST(3), ST
    ;Add ST to ST(3), result in ST(3)
    FADD
    ST,ST(4)
    ;Add ST(4) to ST, result in ST.
    FADD
    ;ST + ST(1), pop stack result at ST
    FADDP
    ST(1)
    ;Add ST(1) to ST. Increment stack
    ;pointer so ST(1) become ST.
    FIADD
    Car_Sold
    ;Integer number from memory + ST
    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    21

    Example (contd..)
    FSUB - Subtract the real number at the specified source from
    the real number at the specified destination and put the result in
    the specified destination.
    FSUB
    ST(2), ST
    ;ST(2)=ST(2) ST.
    FSUB
    Rate
    ;ST=ST real no from memory.
    FSUB
    ;ST=( ST(1) ST)
    FSUBP - Subtract ST from specified stack element and put
    result in specified stack element .Then increment the pointer by
    one.
    FSUBP
    ST(1)
    ;ST(1)-ST. ST(1) becomes new ST
    FISUB Integer from memory subtracted from ST, result in
    ST.
    FISUB
    Cars_Sold
    ;ST becomes ST integer from
    ;memory
    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    22

    III.
    Comparison
    FCOM
    FCOMP
    FCOMPP
    FICOM
    FICOMP
    FTST
    FXAM

    M. Krishna Kumar

    Compare Instructions
    Compare real
    Compare real and pop
    Compare real and pop twice
    Compare integer
    Compare integer and pop
    Test ST against +0.0
    Examine ST

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    23

    IV.

    Transcendental Instruction

    Transcendental
    FPTAN
    FPATAN
    F2XM1
    FYL2X
    FYL2XP1

    M. Krishna Kumar

    Partial tangent
    Partial arctangent
    2x - 1
    Y log2X
    Y log2(X+1)

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    24

    Example
    FPTAN Compute the values for a ratio of Y/X for an angle
    in ST. The angle must be in radians, and the angle must be in
    the range of 0 < angle < /4.
    F2XM1 Compute Y=2x-1 for an X value in ST. The result Y
    replaces X in ST. X must be in the range 0X0.5.
    FYL2X - Calculate Y(LOG2X).X must be in the range of
    0 < X < any Y must be in the range -<Y<+.
    FYL2XP1 Compute the function Y(LOG2(X+1)).This
    instruction is almost identical to FYL2X except that it gives
    more accurate results when compute log of a number very
    close to one.

    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    25

    Constant Instructions
    Load Constant Instruction
    FLDZ
    FLDI
    FLDPI
    FLDL2T
    FLDL2E
    FLDLG2
    FLDLN2

    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    Load +0.0
    Load+1.0
    Load
    Load log210
    Load log2e
    Load log102
    Load loge2

    26

    Algorithm
    To calculate x to the power of y

    Load base, power.


    Compute (y )*( log2 x)
    Separate integer(i) ,fraction(f) of a real number
    Divide fraction (f) by 2
    Compute (2 f/2) * ( 2f/2)
    xy = (2x) * (2y )

    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    27

    Program
    Program to calculate x to the power of y
    .MODEL SMALL
    .DATA
    x
    Dq
    4.567 ;Base
    y
    Dq
    2.759 ;Power
    temp
    DD
    temp1
    DD
    temp2
    DD
    ;final real result
    tempint
    DD
    tempint1 DD
    ;final integer result
    two
    DW
    diff
    DD
    trunc_cw DW 0fffh
    M. Krishna Kumar

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    28

    Program (contd..)
    start:

    load:
    comput:

    M. Krishna Kumar

    .STACK 100h
    .CODE
    mov ax,@DATA
    mov ds,ax
    fld y
    fld x
    fyl2x
    fst temp

    ;init data segment

    ;load the power


    ;load the base
    ;compute (y * log2(x))
    ;save the temp result

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    29

    Program (contd..)
    trunc:

    fyl2x

    fldcw trunc_cw
    frndint
    fld temp

    ;set truncation command


    ;load real number of

    fist tempint

    getfrac:

    M. Krishna Kumar

    ;save integer after


    ;truncation
    fld temp
    ;load the real number
    fisub tempint ;subtract the integer
    fst diff
    ;store the fraction

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    30

    Program (contd..)
    fracby2:
    twopwrx:
    result
    result

    M. Krishna Kumar

    fidiv two
    f2xm1
    fst temp1

    ;divide the fraction by 2


    ;calculate the 2 to the
    ;power fraction
    ;minus 1 and save the

    fld1
    fadd

    ;load1
    ;add 1 to the previous

    fst temp1

    ;save the result

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    31

    Program (contd..)
    sqfrac:

    M. Krishna Kumar

    fmul st(0),st(0) ;square the result as fraction


    fst temp1
    ;was halved and save the
    ;result
    fild tempint
    ;save the integer portion
    fxch
    ;interchange the integer
    ;and power of fraction.

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    32

    Program (contd..)
    scale:

    fscale
    fst temp2
    fist tempint1

    over:

    M. Krishna Kumar

    mov ax,4c00h
    int 21h
    end start

    ;scale the result in real and


    ;integer
    ;in st(1) and store
    ;save the final result in real and
    ;integer
    ;exit to dos

    MM/M4/LU11/V1/2004

    33

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